Potansiyel Doğal Bir Antioksidan İlaç Olarak Goji Meyvelerinin Moleküler Mekanizmaları, Biyolojik ve Farmakolojik Özellikleri

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 67 - 76, 24.01.2022

Sevgi Gezici

https://doi.org/10.31020/mutftd.1009225

Öz

Diyet ile alınan gıdalarda bulunan fonksiyonel veya biyoaktif bileşenler, metabolizmada pek çok süreci ve moleküler sinyal yolağını modüle etme yeteneğine sahip biyomoleküllerdir. Son yıllarda, gıda ve ilaç olarak kullanım potansiyelleri kanıtlanmış, zengin biyolojik aktivitelere ve farmakolojik özelliklere sahip pek çok bitkisel doğal ürün tanımlanmıştır. Sentetik antioksidanların olası toksik etkilerinin rapor edilmesiyle birlikte, doğal antioksidan bileşikler içeren tıbbi ve aromatik bitkilere yönelik araştırmalar hız kazanmıştır. ‘Gojiberry’, ‘Goji meyveleri’, ‘wolfberry’, ‘kurt üzümü’ veya ‘süper meyve’ olarak bilinen meyveler Lycium chinense Mill., L. barbarum L. ve L. ruthenicum Murr. bitki türlerinin meyveleridir. Polisakkaritler, flavonoidler, fenolikler, karotenoidler, vitaminler, yağ asitleri, betain ve peptidoglikanlar gibi çeşitli fonksiyonel bileşenlerin varlığının tanımlandığı goji meyveleri doğal antioksidan kaynağıdır. Zengin biyoaktif bileşenleri sayesinde; yaşlanma karşıtı, yara iyileştirici, antikanser, nöroprotektif, sitoprotektif, anti-diyabetik, anti-inflamatuvar ve immün sistem güçlendirici olarak pek çok biyolojik aktiviteye sahiptir. Goji meyvelerinin, tıp alanında özellikle glokom, böbrek yetmezliği, karaciğer hasarı, kanser, hepatit, hiperlipidemi, tromboz, diyabet ve kısırlık tedavisinde kullanım potansiyeline sahip olduğu rapor edilmiştir. Güçlü antioksidan kapasitesi ve zengin fitokimyasal bileşimi ile gerek ilaç sanayisinin gerekse bilim camiasının dikkatini çeken, Goji meyvelerinin fitokimyasal içerikleri, nutrasötik değeri, geleneksel kullanımları, moleküler etki mekanizmaları, etkili oldukları sinyal yolakları ile farmakolojik özellikleri bu makalenin konusunu oluşturmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

biyoaktif bileşikler, farmakolojik özellikler, Goji meyveleri, gen-hastalık, moleküler mekanizma, şifalı bitki

Molecular Mechanisms, Biological and Pharmacological Properties of Goji Berries as a Potential Natural Antioxidant Medicine

Öz

Functional or bioactive components in dietary foods are biomolecules that have the ability to modulate many processes and molecular signaling pathways in metabolism. In recent years, many herbal natural products, having rich biological activities and pharmacological properties have been identified that have proven potential for use as food and medicine. Due to the reporting of possible toxicity of synthetic antioxidants, research on medicinal and aromatic plants containing natural antioxidant compounds has gained momentum. Berries known as 'gojiberry', 'goji berries', 'wolfberry', 'wolfberry' or 'superfruit' are the fruits of Lycium chinense Mill., L. barbarum L., and L. ruthenicum Murr. Goji berries are a natural source of antioxidants, with the presence of various functional components such as polysaccharides, flavonoids, phenolics, carotenoids, vitamins, fatty acids, betaine and peptidoglycans. Thanks to its rich bioactive components; it has many biological activities as anti-aging, wound healing, anticancer, neuroprotective, cytoprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and immune system-boosting. It has been reported that goji berries have the potential to be used in the medical field, especially in the treatment of glaucoma, kidney failure, liver damage, cancer, hepatitis, hyperlipidemia, thrombosis, diabetes and infertility. The phytochemical contents, nutraceutical value, traditional uses, molecular mechanisms of action, signaling pathways and pharmacological properties of Goji berries, which attract the attention of both the pharmaceutical industry and the scientific community with their strong antioxidant capacity and rich phytochemical composition have been formed the subject of this article.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bioactive compounds, Pharmacological properties, Goji berries, Gene-disease, Molecular mechanism, Medicinal plant

Kaynakça

• 1. Gezici S, Sekeroglu N. Current perspectives in the application of medicinal plants against cancer: novel therapeutic agents. Anti-Cancer Agents Med Chem 2019;19(1):101-11.
• 2. Ahamed A, et al. Molecular perspective and anticancer activity of medicinal plants. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020;27(2):666-75
• 3. Akhtar MF, et al. Anticancer natural medicines: An overview of cell signaling and other targets of anticancer phytochemicals. Eur J Pharmacol 2020;173488.
• 4. Gezici S, Sekeroglu N. Comparative biological analyses on kenger and kenger coffee as novel functional food products. J Food Sci Tech 2021;1-11.
• 5. Kulczyński B, Gramza-Michałowska A. Goji berry (Lycium barbarum): composition and health effects–a review. Polish J Food Nutr Sci 2016;66(2):67-76.
• 6. Ma ZF, et al. Goji berries as a potential natural antioxidant medicine: An insight into their molecular mechanisms of action. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2019.
• 7. Qian D, et al. Systematic review of chemical constituents in the genus Lycium (Solanaceae). Molecules 2017;22(6):911.
• 8. Luo Q, et al. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects and antioxidant activity of fruit extracts from Lycium barbarum. Life Sci 2004;76(2):137-49.
• 9. Wang CC, et al. Isolation of carotenoids, flavonoids and polysaccharides from Lycium barbarum L. and evaluation of antioxidant activity. Food Chem 2010;120(1):184-92.
• 10. Amagase H, Farnsworth NR. A review of botanical characteristics, phytochemistry, clinical relevance in efficacy and safety of Lycium barbarum fruit (Goji). Food Res Int 2011;44(7):1702-17.
• 11. Cheng J, et al. evidence-based update on the pharmacological activities and possible molecular targets of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides. Drug Des Dev Ther 2015;9:33.
• 12. Wawruszak A, et al. Anticancer effect of ethanol Lycium barbarum (Goji berry) extract on human breast cancer T47D cell line. Nat Prod Res 2016;30(17):1993-6.
• 13. Manthey AL, Chiu K, So KF. Effects of Lycium barbarum on the Visual System. Int Rev Neurobiol 2017;135:1-27.
• 14. Chen D, et al. Chemical constituents from Lycium barbarum (Solanaceae) and their chemophenetic significance.Biochem Syst Ecol 2021;97:104292.
• 15. Donno D, et al. Goji berry fruit (Lycium spp.): antioxidant compound fingerprint and bioactivity evaluation. J Funct Foods 2015;18:1070-1085.
• 16. Shah, T., Bule, M., & Niaz, K. Goji Berry (Lycium barbarum)—A Superfood. In Nonvitamin and Nonmineral Nutritional Supplements 2019;(pp. 257-264). Academic Press.
• 17. Wenli S, Shahrajabian MH, Qi C. Therapeutic roles of goji berry and ginseng in traditional Chinese. J Nutr Food Secur 2019;4(4):293-305.
• 18. Kwok SS, et al. A systematic review of potential therapeutic use of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides in disease. BioMed Res Int 2019;1-18.
• 19. Davis AP, et al. Comparative toxicogenomics database (CTD): update 2021. Nucleic Acids Res 2021;49(1):1138-43.
• 20. Hai-Yang G, et al. Therapeutic effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) on mitomycin C (MMC)-induced myelosuppressive mice. J Exp Ther Oncol 2004;4(3).
• 21. Gong H, et al. Therapeutic effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) on irradiation or chemotherapy-induced myelosuppressive mice. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2005;20(2):155-62.
• 22. Li XM, Ma YL, Liu XJ. Effect of the Lycium barbarum polysaccharides on age-related oxidative stress in aged mice. J Ethnopharm 2007;111(3):504-11.
• 23. Yang X, et al. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides reduce intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injuries in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2013;204(3):166-72.
• 24. Masci A, et al. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides: Extraction, purification, structural characterisation and evidence about hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects. A review. Food Chem 2018;254:377-89.
• 25. Wu DT, et al. Review of the structural characterization, quality evaluation, and industrial application of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018;79:171-83.
• 26. Potterat O. Goji (Lycium barbarum and L. chinense): phytochemistry, pharmacology and safety in the perspective of traditional uses and recent popularity. Planta Medica 2010;76(01);7-19.
• 27. Kim HP, et al. Zeaxanthin dipalmitate from Lycium chinense has hepatoprotective activity. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 1997;97(3):301-14.
• 28. Cui B, et al. Antitumour activity of Lycium chinensis polysaccharides in liver cancer rats. Int J Biol Macromol 2012;51(3):314-8.
• 29. Tang WM, et al. A review of the anticancer and immunomodulatory effects of Lycium barbarum fruit. Inflammopharmacology 2012;20(6):307-14.
• 30. Ahn M, et al. Hepatoprotective effects of Lycium chinense Miller fruit and its constituent betaine in CCl4-induced hepatic damage in rats. Acta Histochem 2014;116(6):1104-12.
• 31. Chen W, et al. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides prevent memory and neurogenesis impairments in scopolamine-treated rats. PLoS One 2014;9(2):e88076.
• 32. Pavan, B., Capuzzo, A., & Forlani, G. High glucose-induced barrier impairment of human retinal pigment epithelium is ameliorated by treatment with Goji berry extracts through modulation of cAMP levels. Exp Eye Res 2014;120:50-4.
• 33. Yousaf T, et al. Phytochemical profiling and antiviral activity of Ajuga bracteosa, Ajuga parviflora, Berberis lycium and Citrus lemon against Hepatitis C Virus. Microb Pathog 2018;118:154-8.
• 34. Wang Y, et al. The assembly and antitumor activity of lycium barbarum polysaccharide-platinum-based conjugates. J Inorg Biochem 2020;205:111001.
• 35. Zhao XQ, et al. Lycium barbarum L. leaves ameliorate type 2 diabetes in rats by modulating metabolic profiles and gut microbiota composition. Biomed Pharmacother 2020;121:109559.
• 36. Fu YW, et al. Lycium barbarum polysaccharide-glycoprotein preventative treatment ameliorates aversive stimuli-induced depression. Neural Regen Res 2021;16(3):543.
• 37. Zheng X, et al. Protective effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on ovariectomy induced cognition reduction in aging mice. Int J Mol Med 2021;48(1):1-13.
• 38. Chu PH, et al. Effect of Lycium barbarum (wolfberry) polysaccharides on preserving retinal function after partial optic nerve transection. PLoS One 2013;8(12):e81339.
• 39. Zhu Y, et al. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides attenuates N-methy-N-nitrosourea-induced photoreceptor cell apoptosis in rats through regulation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and caspase expression. J Ethnopharmacol 2016;191:125-34.
• 40. Yu H, et al. Dietary wolfberry upregulates carotenoid metabolic genes and enhances mitochondrial biogenesis in the retina of db/db diabetic mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013;57(7):1158-69.
• 41. Bucheli P, et al. Goji berry effects on macular characteristics and plasma antioxidant levels. Optom Vis Sci 2011;88(2):257-62.
• 42. Song MK, et al. Lycium barbarum (Goji Berry) extracts and its taurine component inhibit PPAR-γ-dependent gene transcription in human retinal pigment epithelial cells: possible implications for diabetic retinopathy treatment. Biochem Pharmacol 2011;82(9):1209-18.
• 43. Hsu HJ, et al. Preparation of carotenoid extracts and nanoemulsions from Lycium barbarum L. and their effects on growth of HT-29 colon cancer cells. Nanotech 2017;28(13):135103.
• 44. Ooi VE, Liu F. Immunomodulation and anti-cancer activity of polysaccharide-protein complexes. Curr Med Chem 2000;7(7):715.
• 45. Gan L, et al. Immunomodulation and antitumor activity by a polysaccharide–protein complex from Lycium barbarum. Int Immunopharmacol 2004;4(4):563-9.
• 46. Tang HL, et al. Biochemical analysis and hypoglycemic activity of a polysaccharide isolated from the fruit of Lycium barbarum L. Int J Biol Macromol 2015;77:235-42.
• 47. Ho YS, et al. Polysaccharides from wolfberry antagonizes glutamate excitotoxicity in rat cortical neurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009;29(8):1233-44.
• 48. Jing L, et al. Evaluation of hypoglycemic activity of the polysaccharides extracted from Lycium barbarum. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2009;6(4).
• 49. Jia YX, et al. The effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on vascular tension in two-kidney, one clip model of hypertension. Sheng Li Xue Bao Acta Physiologica Sinica 1998;50(3):309-14.
• 50. Gao Y, et al. Lycium barbarum: a traditional Chinese herb and a promising anti-aging agent. Aging Dis 2017;8(6):778.
• 51. Kim DH, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of betaine on AOM/DSS induced colon tumorigenesis in ICR male mice. Int J Oncol 2014;45(3):1250-16.
• 52. Ballarin SM, et al. Anaphylaxis associated with the ingestion of Goji berries (Lycium barbarum). J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2011;21(7):567-70.