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Kamusal Mekan Tasarımında Bir Yöntem Olarak Dürtü Teorisi: Pandemi Koşullarına Yönelik Mekansal Çözümler

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 409 - 431, 30.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.26835/my.1045499

Öz

Covid-19 pandemi süreci uygulanan zorunlu izolasyonlar nedeni ile gündelik yaşantı askıya alınmış; dolayısıyla kamusal mekan ile ilişki, mekana dair algı ve sonuç olarak mekan içindeki davranış biçimleri bu süreçte etkilenmiştir. Bu bağlamda kamusal mekanın sağlık açısından daha nitelikli olarak ele alınması ve toplumun da bu açıdan yönlendirilmesi gerekliliği ortaya çıkmıştır. Özellikle çevresel etkiler ile davranış biçimlerini pozitif olarak etkilemeyi, bunu “dürtüler” aracılığı ile seçme özgürlüğü sunarak ve bir şeyi dikte etmenin önüne geçerek sağlamayı amaçlayan “seçim mimarisi”nin farklı disiplinlerdeki uygulama örnekleri günümüzde yeni tartışma konularından biridir. Bu çalışma sağlıklı kentlerin tasarımında kullanıcının katılımını sağlamak adına “seçim mimarisi” ve “dürtü”nün kentsel tasarım ve mimarlık alanındaki uygulamalarda bir yöntem olarak kullanılması potansiyelini irdelemektedir. Bu kapsamda konuya ilişkin literatür araştırması yapılmış ve seçilen örnekler analiz edilerek somut tasarım çözümleri incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak mekansal dürtmenin uyarma, hatırlatma, sosyal yaşantıdaki normlara dikkat çekerek teşvik etme, kamusal yaşamda daha pozitif alışkanlıklar kazandırarak davranışı etkileyebilme gücünün salgın sürecinde ve sonrasında sağlıklı yaşam çevreleri oluşturma adına önemli bir potansiyel taşıdığı değerlendirilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Abastante, F., Corrente, S., Greco, S., Ishizaka, A. ve Lami, I. M. (2018). Choice architecture for architecture choices: Evaluating social housing initiatives putting together a parsimonious ahp methodology and the choquet integral. Land Use Policy, 78, 748-762.
  • Abdel-Aziz, D. (2021). Architecture as a part of cure: will living spaces turn into hospitals after the Covıd-19 pandemic? The World After The Pandemıc "Scıence & Technology", 12, 173-186.
  • Adıgüzel Özbek, D. (2016). Mimari mekanın tanımlanması üzerine bir çalışma. (Yayın No. 421365) [Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi].
  • Almaas, H.A. (2013). Nudges for a better architecture? Arkitektur N. https://www.architecturenorway.no/questions/cities-sustainability/nudge/ Erişim Tarihi: 03.06.2021.
  • Andrei Fezi, B. (2021). The role of architecture and urbanism in preventing pandemics. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98294 Erişim Tarihi: 22.11.2021.
  • Aslan, R. (2020). Tarihten günümüze epidemiler, pandemiler ve Covid-19. Ayrıntı Dergisi, 8(65), 35-41.
  • Avcı, H. (2021). Kamusal alanlarda virüse karşı yüksek koruma: “urban sun”. https://www.arkitera.com/haber/kamusal-alanlari-dakikalar-icinde-virussuz-hale-getiren-urban-sun/ Erişim Tarihi: 06.12.2021.
  • Boyd, O. (2020). Shove, actually: Nudge theory in the built environment, The Possible https://www.the-possible.com/designing-spaces-that-influence-occupants/ Erişim Tarihi: 14.11.2021.
  • Budds, D. (2020). Design in the age of pandemics. https://www.curbed.com/ 2020/3/17/21178962/design-pandemics-coronavirus-quarantine Erişim Tarihi: 12.05.2021.
  • Connor, T. (2019). Helping people make better choices — Nudge theory and choice architecture. https://medium.com/10x-curiosity/helping-people-make-better-choices-nudge-theory-and-choice-architecture-431a3a40b688 Erişim Tarihi: 30.05.2021.
  • Duygun Gürkıvrak, G (2021). Dürtülerin kentsel mekân algısına etkileri. Uluslararası İnsan ve Sanat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1): 84-94.
  • Fairs, M. (2021). “Urban Sun is not intended to create a guaranteed safe space” says Studio Roosegaarde. https://www.dezeen.com/2021/03/04/urban-sun-studio-roosegaarde-interview/ Erişim Tarihi: 07.12.2021.
  • Freud, S. (2002). Metapsikoloji. Kapkın, A. ve E. (çev.), Payel Yayınları.
  • Fuchs, C. (2020). Everyday life and everyday communication in coronavirus capitalism. tripleC 18(1), 375-399.
  • Garland, E., Garland, V., Peters, D., Doucette, J., Thanik, E., Rajupet, S. ve Sanchez, S.H. (2018). Active design in affordable housing: A public health nudge. Preventive Medicine Reports, 10, 9-14.
  • Harrouk, C. (2020). The gastro safe zone: A public space proposal that considers social distancing measures. https://www.archdaily.com/938599/the-gastro-safe-zone-a-public-space-proposal-respecting-social-distancing-measures Erişim Tarihi: 06.12.2021.
  • ICON (2014). Profile: Snøhetta. https://www.iconeye.com/architecture/features/profile-snohetta Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2021.
  • Irwin, J. ve Tupponce, J. (2021). Cities worldwide took space for cars and gave it to people during the pandemic. Will it stick? https://news.vcu.edu/article/cities_worldwide_took_space_for_cars_and_gave_it_to_people_during Erişim Tarihi: 07.12.2021.
  • Johnson, E. J., Shu, S.B., Dellaert, B. G. C., Fox, C., Goldstein, D. G., Häubl, G., Larrick, R. P., Payne, J.W., Peters, E., Schkade, D., Wansink, B. ve Weber, E. U. (2012). Beyond nudges: Tools of a choice architecture. Mark Lett, 23, 487–504. DOI 10.1007/s11002-012-9186-1
  • Just, D.R. ve Wansink, B. (2009). Smarter lunchrooms: Using behavioral economics to improve meal selection. Choices: The Magazine of Food, Farm and Resource Issues, 24(3).
  • Kahneman, D. Ve Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263-292. https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185
  • Kınağ, M. (2018). George Herbert Mead'ın eylem kuramı. Bozok Üniversitesi İ.F. Dergisi 14(14), 363- 390
  • Koca, A. Ve Tutal, O. (2021). Covıd 19 salgını sürecinde değişen dinamikler üzerinden yeni kamusal alan olasılıkları. The Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication, 11 (2), 360-377.
  • Köybaşı, E. (2020). Freud’un zıhın kuramı bize ne anlatır? Madde, Diyalektik ve Toplum, 3(3), 185-193.
  • Lefebvre, H. (1991). The production of space, Nicholson- Smith, D. (İng. çev.), Blackwell.
  • McLeod, S. (2018). Sigmund Freud's theories. https://www.simplypsychology.org/Sigmund-Freud.html Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2021.
  • Mead, G. H. (1938). The philosophy of the act. The University of Chicago Press.
  • Megahed, N.A., Ghoneim, E.M. (2020). Antivirus-built environment: lessons learned from covid-19 pandemic. Sustainable Cities and Society, 61, 2210-6707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102350
  • Mehaffy, M. W. (2018). Neighborhood “choice architecture”: a new strategy for lower-emissions urban planning? Urban Planning, 3(2), 113-127. DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i2.1296
  • Merleau-Ponty, M. (1996). Göz ve tin, Soysal, A. (çev.), Metis Yayınları.
  • Merli, G.A. ve Graciano, G.S. (2021). Cities in times of pandemic: a reflective essay. ACE: Architecture, City and Environment, 16(46), 9375. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ace.16.46.9375
  • Miller, E .ve Cushing, D. (2020). Theory-storming in the urban realm: Using nudge theory to inform the design of health-promoting places for all ages. The Journal of Design Strategies, in press. Special Issue: The Design of Influence
  • NACTO (2020). Pandemi müdahalesi ve toparlanma sırasında sokaklar. https://globaldesigningcities.org/covid-19-resources-center/#turkish Erişim Tarihi: 07.12.2021. Norberg-Schulz, C. (1966). Intentions in architecture. MIT Press.
  • Pallasmaa, J. (2011). Tenin gözleri: mimarlık ve duyular, Kılıç, A.U. (çev.), YEM Yayınları.
  • Pinheiro, M.D., ve Luís, N.C. (2020). Covıd-19 could leverage a sustainable built environment. Sustainability, 12, 5863. doi:10.3390/su12145863
  • Pinto M.R., Viola, S., Fabbricatti K. ve Pacifico, M.G. (2020). Adaptive reuse process of the historic urban landscape Post-Covid-19. the potential of the inner areas for a “new normal”. Vitruvio International journal of Architecture Technology and Sustainability, 5(2), 87-105. https://doi.org/10.4995/vitruvio-ijats.2020.14521
  • Pintos, P. (2020). Seoul city architectural ıdeas competition: preparing for the post covıd-19 era. https://www.archdaily.com/949088/seoul-city-architectural-ideas-competition-preparing-for-the-post-covid-19-era?ad_medium=gallery Erişim Tarihi: 06.12.2021.
  • Ravenscroft, T. (2020). Precht designs Parc de la Distance for outdoor social distancing. https://www.dezeen.com/2020/04/16/studio-precht-parc-de-la-distance-social-distancing-coronavirus/ Erişim Tarihi: 03.06.2021.
  • Reyes, R., Ahn, R., Thurber, K. ve Burke, T.F. (2013). Urbanization and infectious diseases: General principles, historical perspectives, and contemporary challenges. Challenges in Infectious Diseases,. Emerging Infectious Diseases of the 21st Century. Springer. DOI.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4496-1_4.
  • Sent, E. M. (2004). Behavioral economics: How psychology made its (limited) way back into economics. History of Political Economy, 36(4), 735–760.
  • Simon, H. A. (1956). Rational choice and the structure of the environment. Psychological Review, 63(2), 129-138.
  • Suleiman, H.K. (2021). An outlook of post Covıd-19 urban planning & design. The World After The Pandemıc "Scıence & Technology", 12, 145-157.
  • Szczygiel, B. ve Hewitt, R.R. (2000). Nineteenth-century medical landscapes: John H. Rauch, Frederick Law Olmsted, and the search for salubrity. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 74(4):708-34.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2020). https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66530/zoonoz.html. Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2021.
  • Tekeli, İ. (2020). Covid-19 krizi bizim yaşamımızı ve kentlerimizi nasıl etkiliyor ve etkileyecek? https://noktahaberyorum.com/covid-19-krizi-bizim-yasamimizi-ve-kentlerimizi-nasil-etkiliyor-ve-etkileyecek-ilhan-tekeli.html. Erişim Tarihi: 28.05.2021.
  • Thaler, R., Sunstein,C., (2008). Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness. Yale University Press.
  • Tulodziecki, D. (2011). A case study in explanatory power: John Snow’s conclusionsabout the pathology and transmission of cholera. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 42, 306-316.
  • Ünal, S. (2020). Dürtü kuramı. Conference: Sigmund Freud'un Dürtü Kuramı. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.31629.56806
  • Venter, Z.S., Barton, D.N., Gundersen, V., Figari, H. ve Nowell, M. (2020). Urban nature in a time of crisis: Recreational use of green space increases during the Covid-19 outbreak in Oslo, Norway. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341296345 Doi: 10.31235/osf.io/kbdum Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2021.
  • Vereycken, K. (2010). Leonardo da Vinci imagines the first modern city. EIR, 37,53–55.
  • Zeybekoğlu Akbaş, Ö., Dursun, C. (2020). Koronavirüs (Covid-19) pandemisi sürecinde özel alanına kamusal alanı sığdıran çalışan anneler. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(5), 78-94.
  • URL 1. https://www.archdaily.com/919974/olympic-house-3xn Erişim Tarihi: 23.11.2021.
  • URL 2. https://www.publicspace.org/works/-/project/j235-mierigi Erişim Tarihi: 23.11.2021.
  • URL 3. https://laud8.wordpress.com/2016/11/15/segre-street/ Erişim Tarihi: 23.11.2021.
  • URL 4. https://www.codaworx.com/projects/reverberations-crosswalk-live-baltimore/ Erişim Tarihi: 23.11.2021.
  • URL 5. https://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/20-cool-urban-designs-from-around-the-world/85894212/?image=85894218 Erişim Tarihi: 23.11.2021.
  • URL 6. https://www.studioroosegaarde.net/project/urban-sun Erişim Tarihi: 06.11.2021.
  • URL 7. https://use.metropolis.org/case-studies/pop-up-bike-lanes#casestudydetail Erişim Tarihi: 07.11.2021.

Nudge Theory as a Method in Public Space Design: Examples of Pandemic Architecture

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 409 - 431, 30.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.26835/my.1045499

Öz

Everyday life has been suspended due to the mandatory isolation during the Covid-19 pandemic process; therefore, the relationship with the public space, the perception of the space and as a result, the behavior patterns in the space were affected in this process.. In this context, it has emerged that the public space should be considered more qualified in terms of health and the society should be directed in this respect. Application examples of "choice architecture" in different disciplines, which aims to positively affect environmental effects and behavior patterns, offering freedom of choice through "nudges" and avoiding dictating something, is one of the new topics of discussion today. This study examines the potential of using "choice architecture" and "nudge" as a method in urban design and architectural practices to ensure user participation in the design of healthy cities. In this context, a literature research on this subject is conducted and various design solutions are examined by analyzing the selected examples. As a result, it has been evaluated that the power of spatial nudging to stimulate, remind, encourage by drawing attention to the norms in social life, and influence behavior by gaining more positive habits in public life, has an important potential for creating healthy living environments during and after the epidemic.

Kaynakça

  • Abastante, F., Corrente, S., Greco, S., Ishizaka, A. ve Lami, I. M. (2018). Choice architecture for architecture choices: Evaluating social housing initiatives putting together a parsimonious ahp methodology and the choquet integral. Land Use Policy, 78, 748-762.
  • Abdel-Aziz, D. (2021). Architecture as a part of cure: will living spaces turn into hospitals after the Covıd-19 pandemic? The World After The Pandemıc "Scıence & Technology", 12, 173-186.
  • Adıgüzel Özbek, D. (2016). Mimari mekanın tanımlanması üzerine bir çalışma. (Yayın No. 421365) [Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi].
  • Almaas, H.A. (2013). Nudges for a better architecture? Arkitektur N. https://www.architecturenorway.no/questions/cities-sustainability/nudge/ Erişim Tarihi: 03.06.2021.
  • Andrei Fezi, B. (2021). The role of architecture and urbanism in preventing pandemics. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98294 Erişim Tarihi: 22.11.2021.
  • Aslan, R. (2020). Tarihten günümüze epidemiler, pandemiler ve Covid-19. Ayrıntı Dergisi, 8(65), 35-41.
  • Avcı, H. (2021). Kamusal alanlarda virüse karşı yüksek koruma: “urban sun”. https://www.arkitera.com/haber/kamusal-alanlari-dakikalar-icinde-virussuz-hale-getiren-urban-sun/ Erişim Tarihi: 06.12.2021.
  • Boyd, O. (2020). Shove, actually: Nudge theory in the built environment, The Possible https://www.the-possible.com/designing-spaces-that-influence-occupants/ Erişim Tarihi: 14.11.2021.
  • Budds, D. (2020). Design in the age of pandemics. https://www.curbed.com/ 2020/3/17/21178962/design-pandemics-coronavirus-quarantine Erişim Tarihi: 12.05.2021.
  • Connor, T. (2019). Helping people make better choices — Nudge theory and choice architecture. https://medium.com/10x-curiosity/helping-people-make-better-choices-nudge-theory-and-choice-architecture-431a3a40b688 Erişim Tarihi: 30.05.2021.
  • Duygun Gürkıvrak, G (2021). Dürtülerin kentsel mekân algısına etkileri. Uluslararası İnsan ve Sanat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1): 84-94.
  • Fairs, M. (2021). “Urban Sun is not intended to create a guaranteed safe space” says Studio Roosegaarde. https://www.dezeen.com/2021/03/04/urban-sun-studio-roosegaarde-interview/ Erişim Tarihi: 07.12.2021.
  • Freud, S. (2002). Metapsikoloji. Kapkın, A. ve E. (çev.), Payel Yayınları.
  • Fuchs, C. (2020). Everyday life and everyday communication in coronavirus capitalism. tripleC 18(1), 375-399.
  • Garland, E., Garland, V., Peters, D., Doucette, J., Thanik, E., Rajupet, S. ve Sanchez, S.H. (2018). Active design in affordable housing: A public health nudge. Preventive Medicine Reports, 10, 9-14.
  • Harrouk, C. (2020). The gastro safe zone: A public space proposal that considers social distancing measures. https://www.archdaily.com/938599/the-gastro-safe-zone-a-public-space-proposal-respecting-social-distancing-measures Erişim Tarihi: 06.12.2021.
  • ICON (2014). Profile: Snøhetta. https://www.iconeye.com/architecture/features/profile-snohetta Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2021.
  • Irwin, J. ve Tupponce, J. (2021). Cities worldwide took space for cars and gave it to people during the pandemic. Will it stick? https://news.vcu.edu/article/cities_worldwide_took_space_for_cars_and_gave_it_to_people_during Erişim Tarihi: 07.12.2021.
  • Johnson, E. J., Shu, S.B., Dellaert, B. G. C., Fox, C., Goldstein, D. G., Häubl, G., Larrick, R. P., Payne, J.W., Peters, E., Schkade, D., Wansink, B. ve Weber, E. U. (2012). Beyond nudges: Tools of a choice architecture. Mark Lett, 23, 487–504. DOI 10.1007/s11002-012-9186-1
  • Just, D.R. ve Wansink, B. (2009). Smarter lunchrooms: Using behavioral economics to improve meal selection. Choices: The Magazine of Food, Farm and Resource Issues, 24(3).
  • Kahneman, D. Ve Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263-292. https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185
  • Kınağ, M. (2018). George Herbert Mead'ın eylem kuramı. Bozok Üniversitesi İ.F. Dergisi 14(14), 363- 390
  • Koca, A. Ve Tutal, O. (2021). Covıd 19 salgını sürecinde değişen dinamikler üzerinden yeni kamusal alan olasılıkları. The Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication, 11 (2), 360-377.
  • Köybaşı, E. (2020). Freud’un zıhın kuramı bize ne anlatır? Madde, Diyalektik ve Toplum, 3(3), 185-193.
  • Lefebvre, H. (1991). The production of space, Nicholson- Smith, D. (İng. çev.), Blackwell.
  • McLeod, S. (2018). Sigmund Freud's theories. https://www.simplypsychology.org/Sigmund-Freud.html Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2021.
  • Mead, G. H. (1938). The philosophy of the act. The University of Chicago Press.
  • Megahed, N.A., Ghoneim, E.M. (2020). Antivirus-built environment: lessons learned from covid-19 pandemic. Sustainable Cities and Society, 61, 2210-6707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102350
  • Mehaffy, M. W. (2018). Neighborhood “choice architecture”: a new strategy for lower-emissions urban planning? Urban Planning, 3(2), 113-127. DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i2.1296
  • Merleau-Ponty, M. (1996). Göz ve tin, Soysal, A. (çev.), Metis Yayınları.
  • Merli, G.A. ve Graciano, G.S. (2021). Cities in times of pandemic: a reflective essay. ACE: Architecture, City and Environment, 16(46), 9375. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ace.16.46.9375
  • Miller, E .ve Cushing, D. (2020). Theory-storming in the urban realm: Using nudge theory to inform the design of health-promoting places for all ages. The Journal of Design Strategies, in press. Special Issue: The Design of Influence
  • NACTO (2020). Pandemi müdahalesi ve toparlanma sırasında sokaklar. https://globaldesigningcities.org/covid-19-resources-center/#turkish Erişim Tarihi: 07.12.2021. Norberg-Schulz, C. (1966). Intentions in architecture. MIT Press.
  • Pallasmaa, J. (2011). Tenin gözleri: mimarlık ve duyular, Kılıç, A.U. (çev.), YEM Yayınları.
  • Pinheiro, M.D., ve Luís, N.C. (2020). Covıd-19 could leverage a sustainable built environment. Sustainability, 12, 5863. doi:10.3390/su12145863
  • Pinto M.R., Viola, S., Fabbricatti K. ve Pacifico, M.G. (2020). Adaptive reuse process of the historic urban landscape Post-Covid-19. the potential of the inner areas for a “new normal”. Vitruvio International journal of Architecture Technology and Sustainability, 5(2), 87-105. https://doi.org/10.4995/vitruvio-ijats.2020.14521
  • Pintos, P. (2020). Seoul city architectural ıdeas competition: preparing for the post covıd-19 era. https://www.archdaily.com/949088/seoul-city-architectural-ideas-competition-preparing-for-the-post-covid-19-era?ad_medium=gallery Erişim Tarihi: 06.12.2021.
  • Ravenscroft, T. (2020). Precht designs Parc de la Distance for outdoor social distancing. https://www.dezeen.com/2020/04/16/studio-precht-parc-de-la-distance-social-distancing-coronavirus/ Erişim Tarihi: 03.06.2021.
  • Reyes, R., Ahn, R., Thurber, K. ve Burke, T.F. (2013). Urbanization and infectious diseases: General principles, historical perspectives, and contemporary challenges. Challenges in Infectious Diseases,. Emerging Infectious Diseases of the 21st Century. Springer. DOI.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4496-1_4.
  • Sent, E. M. (2004). Behavioral economics: How psychology made its (limited) way back into economics. History of Political Economy, 36(4), 735–760.
  • Simon, H. A. (1956). Rational choice and the structure of the environment. Psychological Review, 63(2), 129-138.
  • Suleiman, H.K. (2021). An outlook of post Covıd-19 urban planning & design. The World After The Pandemıc "Scıence & Technology", 12, 145-157.
  • Szczygiel, B. ve Hewitt, R.R. (2000). Nineteenth-century medical landscapes: John H. Rauch, Frederick Law Olmsted, and the search for salubrity. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 74(4):708-34.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2020). https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66530/zoonoz.html. Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2021.
  • Tekeli, İ. (2020). Covid-19 krizi bizim yaşamımızı ve kentlerimizi nasıl etkiliyor ve etkileyecek? https://noktahaberyorum.com/covid-19-krizi-bizim-yasamimizi-ve-kentlerimizi-nasil-etkiliyor-ve-etkileyecek-ilhan-tekeli.html. Erişim Tarihi: 28.05.2021.
  • Thaler, R., Sunstein,C., (2008). Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness. Yale University Press.
  • Tulodziecki, D. (2011). A case study in explanatory power: John Snow’s conclusionsabout the pathology and transmission of cholera. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 42, 306-316.
  • Ünal, S. (2020). Dürtü kuramı. Conference: Sigmund Freud'un Dürtü Kuramı. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.31629.56806
  • Venter, Z.S., Barton, D.N., Gundersen, V., Figari, H. ve Nowell, M. (2020). Urban nature in a time of crisis: Recreational use of green space increases during the Covid-19 outbreak in Oslo, Norway. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341296345 Doi: 10.31235/osf.io/kbdum Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2021.
  • Vereycken, K. (2010). Leonardo da Vinci imagines the first modern city. EIR, 37,53–55.
  • Zeybekoğlu Akbaş, Ö., Dursun, C. (2020). Koronavirüs (Covid-19) pandemisi sürecinde özel alanına kamusal alanı sığdıran çalışan anneler. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(5), 78-94.
  • URL 1. https://www.archdaily.com/919974/olympic-house-3xn Erişim Tarihi: 23.11.2021.
  • URL 2. https://www.publicspace.org/works/-/project/j235-mierigi Erişim Tarihi: 23.11.2021.
  • URL 3. https://laud8.wordpress.com/2016/11/15/segre-street/ Erişim Tarihi: 23.11.2021.
  • URL 4. https://www.codaworx.com/projects/reverberations-crosswalk-live-baltimore/ Erişim Tarihi: 23.11.2021.
  • URL 5. https://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/20-cool-urban-designs-from-around-the-world/85894212/?image=85894218 Erişim Tarihi: 23.11.2021.
  • URL 6. https://www.studioroosegaarde.net/project/urban-sun Erişim Tarihi: 06.11.2021.
  • URL 7. https://use.metropolis.org/case-studies/pop-up-bike-lanes#casestudydetail Erişim Tarihi: 07.11.2021.
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mimarlık
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ayşe Barutçu 0000-0002-2755-6354

Sebla Arın Ensarioğlu 0000-0002-7341-4875

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Barutçu, A., & Arın Ensarioğlu, S. (2022). Kamusal Mekan Tasarımında Bir Yöntem Olarak Dürtü Teorisi: Pandemi Koşullarına Yönelik Mekansal Çözümler. Mimarlık Ve Yaşam, 7(1), 409-431. https://doi.org/10.26835/my.1045499

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