Anayasallık Denetiminde İstisnai Bir Örnek: Sovyetler Birliği Anayasal Gözetim Komitesi

Öz

Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği’nde cari olan kuvvetler birliği anlayışı, yasama faaliyetine katılan siyasi aktörler tarafından gerçekleştirilen siyasi denetim dışında bir denetime uzun yıllar geçit vermemişti. Birliği ayağa kaldırmak amacıyla girişilen 1988 Anayasa Reformu, parlamenter demokrasi ve sosyalist bir hukuk devleti inşasını gaye edinmiş; bu gaye anayasanın üstünlüğünün müeyyidesi olacak bir denetim mekanizması kurulmasını elzem kılmıştı. Anayasallık denetimine ilişkin birçok seçeneğin masaya yatırıldığı yoğun tartışmaların neticesinde Anayasal Gözetim Komitesi kurulmuştu. Bir yargı organı olarak nitelendirilemeyecek, ancak saf bir siyasi organ görüntüsünden de oldukça uzak olan Komite, üyelerinin profilleri ve sahip oldukları güvencelerin yanı sıra yargısal olan inceleme usulü ile anayasallık denetiminin istisnai bir örneğini oluşturuyordu. Kural olarak normun uygulamasını askıya alabilen, iptal yetkisi bulunmayan Komitenin temel hak ve özgürlüklerin ihlal edildiği yönündeki tespiti normun geçersizliği sonucunu doğuruyordu. Çok zor bir dönemde varlık bulan Komite, kucağında bulduğu süregiden ağır hak ve özgürlük sorunlarına çözüm bulmaya çalışmış; büyük çoğunluğunu re’sen harekete geçerek verdiği bir dizi önemli karara imza atmıştı. Sovyetler Birliğinin dağıldığını kabul ederek kendini fesheden Komite, çok kısa süren ömrünü kuşatan çetin politik koşullara karşın etkili olmaya gayret göstermişti.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Anayasallık Denetimi
• Anayasal Tarih
• Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği
• Sovyetler Birliği Anayasal Gözetim Komitesi

An Exceptional Example of Constitutional Review: The Committee of Constitutional Supervision of the USSR

Öz

For decades, grounded in its conception of the unity of powers, the Soviet Union categorically rejected any form of constitutional oversight beyond the political review performed by actors within the legislative process. The 1988 Constitutional Reform, intended to preserve the Union, sought to establish a parliamentary democracy and a socialist state of law. This objective made the creation of a control mechanism that would ensure the supremacy of the constitution crucial. Following extensive deliberation on various models of constitutional review, the parliament established a committee: the Committee of Constitutional Supervision. The Committee, neither a judicial nor a purely political body, constituted an exceptional example of constitutional review due to the profile of its members, the guarantees they enjoyed, and its highly judicial procedure. In principle, the Committee lacked the power to annul norms but possessed the authority to suspend them. Nevertheless, the Committee's finding of violations of fundamental rights and freedoms immediately rendered the norm invalid. Formed amid severe political turmoil, the Committee sought to address serious issues concerning rights and freedoms and issued a series of important rulings, most of which were initiated ex officio. The Committee dissolved itself following the collapse of the Soviet Union. It strove to be as effective as possible despite the severe political conditions surrounding its brief lifespan.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• constitutional review
• constitutional history
• The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
• The Committee of Constitutional Supervision of the USSR.

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