KORUMA SORUMLULUĞUNDA ULUSLARARASI TOPLUMUN SEÇİCİ YAKLAŞIMI: LİBYA VE SURİYE ÖRNEKLERİ

Yıl 2022, , 1157 - 1175, 15.07.2022

Asiye Gün Güneş Gülal

https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.1104254

Öz

Uluslararası toplumun, ortak insanlığı koruma ve insanlığın güvenliğini sağlama görevi bulunduğu tartışması 17. yüzyıla kadar götürülebilmektedir. Bu tartışma, uluslararası toplumun harekete geçmemesi veya geçmekte geç kalması nedeniyle yeniden gündeme gelmiş ve koruma sorumluluğu kavramı ortaya atılmıştır. Dünya Zirvesi Sonuç Belgesi’nde yer alan koruma sorumluluğunun kapsamı daha sonraki BM Güvenlik Konseyi kararlarında netleştirilmiştir. Libya ve Suriye’de başlayan ayaklanmaların iç savaşa dönüşmesi, sivillerin korunması amacıyla koruma sorumluluğunu gündeme getirmiştir. Aynı süreç içinde başlayan ve benzer değişkenlere sahip olan iki örnekten birinde müdahale kararı alınırken diğerinde neden alınmadığı sorusu iki ülkeyi karşılaştırmanın temel gerekçesini oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı uluslararası toplumun koruma sorumluluğunu işletmede seçici davrandığını Libya ve Suriye örnek olayları çerçevesinde ortaya koymaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Koruma Sorumluluğu, Uluslararası Toplum, BM Güvenlik Konseyi, Libya, Suriye

Kaynakça

• AB Türkiye Delegasyonu. (2011). Libya ile ilgili olarak Yüksek Temsilci Catherine Ashton tarafından Avrupa Birliği adına yapılan açıklama. https://www.avrupa.info.tr/tr/news/libya-ile-ilgili-olarak-yuksek-temsilci-catherine-ashton-tarafindan-avrupa-birligi-adina
• Akbarzadeh, S., Saba, A. (2018). UN paralysis over Syria: the responsibility to protect or regime change?. International Politics, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-018-0149-x
• Al Jazeera. (2011a). GCC: Libya regime lost legitimacy. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/3/11/gcc-libya-regime-lost-legitimacy
• Al Jazeera. (2011b). Syria’s Assad: I didn’t order forces to kill. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/12/8/syrias-assad-i-didnt-order-forces-to-kill
• Annan, K. (2004). A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility, Report of the Secretary General’s Report High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change. https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/gaA.59.565_En.pdf
• Annan, K. (2000). We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century. https://www.un.org/en/events/pastevents/pdfs/We_The_Peoples.pdf
• Atlıoğlu, Y. (2018). Suriye İç Savaşı ve Müzmin Toplumsal Çatışma. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 73(1), 129-156. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002492.
• Backzo, A., Dorronsoro G. vd. (2018). Suriye: Bir İç Savaşın Anatomisi. Meral, A. (Çev.). İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
• Batty, D., Shenker, J. (2011). Syria suspended from Arab League. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/12/syria-suspended-arab-league
• BBC. (2013). Guide to the Syrian opposition. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15798218
• BBC. (2011f). Syria’s Assad grants nationality to Hasaka Kurds. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-12995174
• BBC. (2011e). Libya: Zuma says Gaddafi will not quit. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13597702
• BBC. (2011d). Libya protests: Defiant Gaddafi refuses to quit. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-12544624
• BBC. (2011c). Syria unrest: Arab League adopts sanctions in Cairo. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15901360
• BBC. (2011b). “Libya’nın geçici yönetimi BM askerî istemiyor. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2011/08/110831_libya_un
• BBC. (2011a). Libya: Gaddafi forces attacking rebel-held Benghazi. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-12793919
• Bellamy, A., Wheeler, N. (2016). Humanitarian Intervention in World Politics. J. Baylis, S. Smith, P. Owens (Ed.), The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 479-492.
• Bellamy, A. (2015). The Responsibility to Protect Turns Ten. Ethics and International Affairs, 29(2), 161-185. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0892679415000052
• Bellamy, A. (2014). From Tripoli to Damascus? Lesson learning and the implementation of the Responsibility to Protect. International Politics, 51(1), 23-44. https://doi.org/10.1057/ip.2013.42
• Bellamy, A., Dunne, T. (2012). Responsibility to Protect on Trial or Assad?. Ethics and International Affairs. https://www.ethicsandinternationalaffairs.org/2012/responsibility-to-protect-on-trial-or-assad-3/ ( Bellamy, A. (2009). Realizing the Responsibility to Protect. International Studies Perspectives, 10(2), 111-128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-3585.2009.00365.x
• Bernstein, J. M. (2010). Between Rock and A Hard Place: Unauthorised Humanitarian Intervention and the Preservation of International Law. Potentia, 23-38.
• Bianet. (2011). Kaddafi yokuş aşağı gidiyor. https://m.bianet.org/bianet/siyaset/128218-kaddafi-yokus-asagi-gidiyor
• Blair, E., Samir, A. (2012). Arabs seek UN support for Syria peace plan. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-arabs-un/arabs-seek-u-n-support-for-syria-peace-plan-idUSTRE80N0XU20120124
• Britannica. Libya revolt of 2011. https://www.britannica.com/event/Libya-Revolt-of-2011
• Brookings Doha Center. (2011). Where Does the Organization of Islamic Cooperation Stand on the Arab Uprisings?. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/1213-Event-Transcript.pdf
• Bull, H., Kingsbury, B. ve Roberts A. (2016). Hugo Grotius ve Uluslararası İlişkiler. Beşgül, B. (Çev.). Uluslararası İlişkiler Kütüphanesi, İstanbul.
• Bumiller, E., Kirkpatrick, D. (2011). Obama Warns Libya, but Attacks Go on. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/19/world/africa/19libya.html
• Chen, Z. (2016). China and the responsibility to protect. Journal of Contemporary China, 25(101), 686-700. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2016.1160500
• CNN. (2011). Rebel leader calls for immediate action on no-fly zone. http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/03/09/libya.civil.war/
• Demirtaş, E. (2014). Ortadoğu’da Devlet ve İktidar: Otoriter Rejimler Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Metis Yayınları, İstanbul.
• Deng, F. vd. (1996). Sovereignty as Responsibility: Conflict Management in Africa. Brooking Institutions Press, Washington.
• Deutsche Welle. (2011). Arap Birliği Libya’ya Uçuş Yasağı İstiyor. https://p.dw.com/p/10YTL
• Diken. (2018). BAE’nin ardından Bahreyn de Şam’da elçiliğini açıyor. http://www.diken.com.tr/baenin-ardindan-bahreyn-de-samda-elciligini-aciyor/
• Dünya. (2011). Kaddafi ateşkes emri verdi. https://www.dunya.com/dunya/kaddafi-ateskes-emri-verdi-haberi-140923
• Eldem, T. (2015). Koruma Sorumluluğu Normunun Libya ve Suriye Krizleri Bağlamında İşlevselliği. Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika, 11(43), 1-38.
• EU External Action. (2019). The EU and the ciris in Syria”. https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/22664/eu-and-crisis-syria-factsheet_en
• Foust, J. (2012). Syria and the Pernicious Consequences of Our Libya Intervention. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/02/syria-and-the-pernicious-consequences-of-our-libya-intervention/252631/
• Franck, T. (2004). Recourse to Force: State Action Against Threats and Armed Attacks. Cambridhe University Press, Cambridge.
• Garamone, J. (2011). Coalition launches “Operation Odyssey Dawn”. The Official Homepage of the US Air Force. https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/113888/coalition-launches-operation-odyssey-dawn/
• Garwood-Gowers, A. (2016). China’s ‘Responsible Protection’ Concept: Reinterpreting the Responsibility to Protect and Military Intervention for Humanitarian Purposes. Asian Journal of International Law, 6(1), 89-118. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2044251314000368
• Gazete Duvar. (2018). Suriye 2019’da Arap Birliği’ne geri dönecek. https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/dunya/2018/12/26/the-guardian-suriye-2019da-arap-birligine-geri-donecek
• Gilligan, A. (2011). Assad: challenge Syria at your peril. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/8857898/Assadchallenge-Syria-at-your-peril.html
• Global Centre for the Responbilibility to Protect. (2018). R2P Monitor 15 September 2018 Issue 41. https://www.globalr2p.org/publications/r2p-monitor-issue-41-15-september-2018/
• Gutterman, S. (2011). Russia recognises Libya’s Transitional Council. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-russia-idUSTRE7800WS20110901
• Habertürk. (2011). Libya’dan orduya ateşkes emri. https://www.haberturk.com/dunya/haber/612401-libyadan-orduya-ateskes-emri
• House of Commons Defence Committee. (2012). Operations in Libya, Ninth Report of Session 2010-12. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmdfence/950/950.pdf
• Human Rights Watch. (2011). Libya: Arrests, Assaults in Advance of Planned Protests. https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/02/16/libya-arrests-assaults-advance-planned-protests
• Human Rights Watch. (2019). World Report 2019. https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/world_report_download/hrw_world_report_2019.pdf
• I am Syria. Death Tolls. http://www.iamsyria.org/death-tolls.html
• ICISS. (2001). The Responsibility to Protect: The Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. https://www.globalr2p.org/resources/the-responsibility-to-protect-report-of-the-international-commission-on-intervention-and-state-sovereignty-2001/
• Kuwait News Agency. (2011). Arab League calls on Syria to stop violence, security raids. https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2183929&language=en
• Luck, E. (2009). Sovereignty, Choice, and the Responsibility to Protect. Global Responsibility to Protect, 1, 10-21. https://doi.org/10.1163/187598409X405451
• Lust, E. (2017). The Middle East. CQ Press, California.
• Macfarquhar, N. (2011). Arab League Votes to Suspend Syria Over Crackdown. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/13/world/middleeast/arab-league-votes-to-suspend-syria-over-its-crackdown-on-protesters.html
• Marsh, K., Chulov M. (2011). Assad blames conspirators for Syrian protests. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/30/syrian-protests-assad-blames-conspirators
• Massingham. E. (2009). Military intervention for humanitarian purposes: does the Responsibility to Protect doctrine advance the legality of the use of force for humanitarian purposes. International Review of Red Cross, 91(876), 803-831. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383110000068
• Miller, D. (Ed.). (1991). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Political Thought. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford.
• National Transitional Council-Libya. http://ntclibya.org/
• NATO. (2011). NATO Secretary General’s statement on no-fly zone over Libya. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_71722.htm
• O’brien, E., Sinclair, A. (2011). The Libyan War: A Diplomatic History. https://cic.es.its.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/libya_diplomatic_history.pdf
• Ovalı, A. Ş. (2010). Westfalyan Adaletten İnsan Merkezli Adalete: Uluslararası Adalet ve adaletsizliğin Gündemi. Ege Akademik Bakış, 10(3), 911-931.
• Parekh, B. (1997). Rethinking Humanitarian Intervention”. International Political Science Review, 18(1), 49-69. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251297018001005
• Payandeh, M. (2012). The United Nations, Military Intervention and Regime Change in Libya. Virginia Journal of International Law, 52(2), 355-403.
• Pinto, P. (2013). Syria. P. Amar, V. Prashad (Ed.). Dispatches from the Arab Spring: Understanding the New Middle East. University of Minnesota Press, 204-242.
• Platon. (2007). Devlet. İş Bankası Yayınları, İstanbul.
• Posner, E. (2013). Obama is Only Making His War Powers Mightier. Slate. https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2013/09/obama-going-to-congress-on-syria-hes-actually-strengthening-the-war-powers-of-the-presidency.html
• Reliefweb. (2011). Pillay denounces escalation of Government crackdown in Syria, calls for immediate end to killings. https://m.reliefweb.int/report/398234
• Reuters. (2011b). Statement from Paris summit on Libya. https://www.reuters.com/article/libya-summit-text-idAFLDE72I0JY20110319
• Reuters. (2011a). Arab League suspends Libya delegation. https://www.reuters.com/article/libya-protests-league-idUSLDE71L2GK20110222
• Sak, Y. (2015). Uluslararası Hukukta İnsancıl Müdahale ve Libya Örneği: Suriye’de Yaşanan ya da Yaşanacaklar için Dersler. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 11(44), 121-153.
• Simon, S. G. (1993). The Contemporary Legality of Humanitarian Intervention. California Western International Law Journal, 24(1), 117-153.
• Spegele, B. (2011). China Recognizes Libya’s NTC. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903532804576566691732240406
• Stavridis, S. (2016). EU incoherence and inconsistency over Libya: evidence to the contrary. Mediterranean Studies, 89, 159-179. https://doi.org/10.4000/cdlm.7767
• Süer, B. (2012). Suriye’de Değişim Çabaları: Bir Bağlam ve Süreç Analizi. Akademik Orta Doğu, 6(2), 1-20.
• Tahhan, Z. (2018). Does Israel want Syria’s Bashar al-Assad in power?. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/7/5/does-israel-want-syrias-bashar-al-assad-in-power
• Taylor, A. (2017). Bashar al-Assad says relations between syria and China are on the rise. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/03/12/bashar-al-assad-says-relations-between-syria-and-china-are-on-the-rise/
• Teson, F. R. (2001). The Liberal Case for Humanitarian Intervention. FSU College of Law, Public Law Research Paper 39, 1-55.
• Thakur, R. (2012). Find common ground with critics to work out norm for responsibility to protect operations. The Japan Times. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2012/02/27/commentary/find-common-ground-with-critics-to-work-out-norm-for-responsibility-to-protect-operations/
• The Arab League. (2011). The outcome of the Council of the League of Arab States meeting at the Ministerial level in its extraordinary session on The implications of the current events in Libya and the Arab position. responsibilitytoprotect.org/Arab%20League%20Ministerial%20level%20statement%2012%20march%202011%20-%20english(1).pdf
• The Guardian. (2011b). Syrian opposition moves towards setting up national council. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/23/syrian-opposition-national-council
• The Guardian. (2011a). Libya military action – Saturday 19 March part 1. https://www.theguardian.com/world/blog/2011/mar/19/libya-live-blog-ceasefire-nofly
• The White House Office of Press Secretary. (2013). Remarks by President Obama in Address to the United Nations General Assembly. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/09/24/remarks-president-obama-address-united-nations-general-assembly
• The White House Office of Press Secretary. (2011b). Weekly Address: President Obama Says the Mission in Libya is Succeeding. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/03/26/weekly-address-president-obama-says-mission-libya-succeeding
• The White House Office of the Press Secretary. (2011a). Executive order 13572. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/04/29/executive-order-13572-blocking-property-certain-persons-respect-human-ri
• Tiewa, L., Haibin, Z. (2014). Debates in China about the responsibility to protect as a developing international norm: a general assessment. Conflict, Security and Development, 14(4), 403-427. https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2014.930590
• Tuck, R. (2013). Grotius, Hobbes and Pufendorf on humanitarian intervention. S. Recchia ve J. M. Welsh (Ed.). Just and Unjust Military Intervention: European Thinkers from Vitoria to Mill. Cambridge University Press, New York, 96-112.
• UN. (2011d). Security Council Pledges Strengthened UN Effectiveness in Preventing Conflict, Including Through Use of Early Warning, Preventive Deployment, Mediation. https://www.un.org/press/en/2011/sc10392.doc.htm
• UN. (2011c). Secretary-General Tells Security Council Time to Consider Concrete Action in Libya, as Loss of Time Means More Loss of Lives. https://www.un.org/press/en/2011/sgsm13418.doc.htm
• UN. (2011b). Syrian Army Carrying Out “Major Military Operation” Against Key City. https://news.un.org/en/story/2011/04/373292-syrian-army-carrying-out-major-military-operation-against-key-city-un-official
• UN. (2011a). Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General. https://www.un.org/press/en/2011/db110218.doc.htm
• UN Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia. (2018). Experts discuss post-conflict reconstruction policies after political agreement in Syria. https://www.unescwa.org/news/experts-discuss-post-conflict-reconstruction-policies-after-political-agreement-syria
• UN General Assembly. (2014b). Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic (A/HRC/27/60). https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/a_hrc_27_60.pdf
• UN General Assembly. (2014a). Fulfilling our collective responsibility: international assistance and the responsibility to protect, Report of the Secretary General (A/68/947-S/2014/449). https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/N1446379.pdf
• UN General Assembly. (2011). Situation of Human Rights in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G11/115/24/PDF/G1111524.pdf?OpenElement
• UN General Assembly. (2009). Report of the Secretary General: Implementing the responsibility to protect (A/63/677). https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/SG_reportA_63_677_en.pdf
• UN General Assembly. (2005). Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly on 16 September 2005, A/RES/60/1 World Summit Outcome. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_60_1.pdf
• Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2011b). Pillay calls for international inquiry into Libyan violence and justice for victims. https://newsarchive.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10743&L
• Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2011a). Bahrain / Libya: UN experts urge authorities to guarantee right to protest without fear of being injured or killed. http://newsarchive.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10737&LangID=E
• UN Press Release. (2011). UN Secretary-General Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide, Francis Deng, and the Special Adviser on the Responsibility to Protect, Edward Luck, on the Situation in Libya. http://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/media/statements/2011/English/2011-02-22-OSAPG,%20Special%20Advisers%20Statement%20on%20Libya,%2022%20February%202011.pdf
• UN Secretary-General. (2011). Statement on Libya. https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2011-03-17/statement-libya
• UN Secretary-General. (2009). Address to the 64th General Assembly: “Now Is Our Time”. https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2009-09-23/address-64th-general-assembly-now-our-time
• UN Security Council. (2014). 7155th meeting (S/PV.7155). https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_pv_7155.pdf
• UN Security Council. (2013). Identical letters dated 13 December 2013 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the General Assembly and the President of the Security Council (A/68/663-S/2013/735). https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_2013_735.pdf
• UN Security Council. (2011g). Resolution 2017 (S/RES/2017). https://www.undocs.org/S/RES/2017%20(2011)
• UN Security Council. (2011f). Resolution 2009 (S/RES/2009). https://www.undocs.org/S/RES/2009%20(2011)
• UN Security Council. (2011e). Resolution 1973 (S/RES/1973). https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/s/res/1973-%282011%29
• UN Security Council. (2011d). Resolution 1970 (S/RES/1970). https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/s/res/1970-%282011%29
• UN Security Council. (2011c). Resolution 2022 (S/RES/2022). https://undocs.org/S/RES/2022(2011)
• UN Security Council. (2011b). 6520th meeting (S/PV.6520). https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/un-documents/document/ip-spv-6520.php
• UN Security Council. (2011a). 6524th meeting (S/PV.6524). https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/un-documents/document/syria-s-pv-6524.php
• UN Security Council. (2006). Resolution 1674. https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/S-Res-1674%20on%20protection%20civilians%20in%20armed%20conflict%20(28Apr06).pdf
• Voa News. (2011). Arab League: Violence Against Protesters Must Come to End. https://www.voanews.com/world-news/middle-east-dont-use/arab-league-violence-against-protesters-must-come-end
• Walzer, M. (2006). Haklı Savaş Haksız Savaş: Tarihten Örneklerle Desteklenmiş Ahlaki Bir Tez. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi, İstanbul.
• Weiss, T. (2011). “RtoP Alive and Well After Libya”. Ethics and International Affairs, 25(3), 287-292. ttps://doi.org/10.1017/S0892679411000220
• Wheeler, N. (2003). Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society. Oxford University Press, New York. Yoshida, Y. (2013). A Theoretical Assessment of Humanitarian Intervention and R2P. E-International Relations Students, https://www.e-ir.info/2013/01/16/from-kosovo-to-libya-theoretical-assessment-of-humanitarian-intervention-and-the-responsibility-to-protect/