Adaptation of the Meaning Making in Grief Scale to Turkish

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 414 - 427, 25.06.2024

İsmail Kuşci Nagihan Oğuz Duran

https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.1262672

Öz

The aim of this study is to adapt the Meaning Making in Grief Scale (MMGS), originally developed by Yang and Lee (2022), and to examine its validity and reliability evidence. Data were collected from 226 participants who had lost a loved and beloved close person within the last two years and voluntarily participated in the study (176 females and 50 males, X̄ = 24.78 years; SD = 6.79). Data were collected by the MMGS, the Purpose in Life Test, the Texas Revised Inventory of Grief, and the Personal Information Form. Confirmatory factor analysis and Pearson correlation analyses were conducted with the collected data. Within the scope of the criterion-related validity of the MMGS, the MMGS scores were found to be significantly and positively correlated with the Purpose in Life scores (r=.48, p<.05). At the same time, there was a significant and negative relationship (r=-.24, p<.05) between the MMGS scores and Present Feelings scores. There was no significant (r=-.12, p>.05) relationship between Past Behaviors scores and MMGS scores. In the scope of reliability analysis, Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient was calculated as .92 for the MMGS. The findings showed that the Turkish version of the MMGS is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used to measure the meaning making levels of individuals in the grieving process.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Meanin making, Validity, Reliability, Grieving process

Proje Numarası

Yok

Yas Sürecinde Anlam Oluşturma Ölçeği'nin Türkçeye uyarlanması

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, orijinali Yang ve Lee (2022) tarafından geliştirilen Yas Sürecinde Anlam Oluşturma Ölçeği’nin (YASÖ)’ Türkçe formunu oluşturmak ve geçerlik ve güvenirlik kanıtlarını incelemektir. Çalışmanın amacı kapsamında son iki yıl içerisinde sevilen bir yakınını kaybeden ve çalışmaya gönüllü olarak katılan 226 katılımcıdan veriler toplanmıştır (176 kadın ve 50 erkek, X ̅= 24.78 yaşlar; SS = 6.79). Veriler Yas Sürecinde Anlam Oluşturma Ölçeği, Hayatın Amacı Ölçeği, Teksas Düzeltilmiş Yas Ölçeği ve Kişisel Bilgi Formu aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Elde edilen verilerle doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ve Pearson korelasyon analizleri yapılmıştır. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucu YASÖ’nün üç faktörlü bir yapıya sahip olduğunu doğrulamıştır. YASÖ’nün ölçüt bağıntılı geçerliğini incelemek amacıyla yapılan analizlerde YASÖ puanlarının Hayatın Amacı puanları ile orta düzeyde anlamlı ve pozitif yönde (r=.48, p<.05) ilişkili olduğu, ayrıca Teksas Düzeltilmiş Yas Ölçeği alt boyutlarıyla YASÖ puanları arasındaki ilişkiler incelendiğinde Şimdiki Duygular ile YASÖ puanları arasında anlamlı ve negatif yönde (r=-.24, p<.05) ilişki bulunurken, Geçmiş Davranışlar ile YASÖ puanları arasında ise anlamlı (r=-.12, p>.05) bir ilişki bulunmamıştır. Çalışma kapsamında, tüm ölçeğin Cronbach Alfa iç tutarlılık katsayısı .92 ve McDonald Omega katsayısı ise .92 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular YASÖ’nün yas sürecinde olan bireylerin anlam oluşturma düzeylerini ölçmede kullanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğunu göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anlam oluşturma, geçerlik, güvenirlik, yas süreci

Destekleyen Kurum

Yok

Proje Numarası

Yok

Kaynakça

• Balcı-Çelik, S. (2006). Yas ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 25, 105-111.
• Boehmer, S., Luszczynska, A., & Schwarzer, R. (2007). Coping and quality of life after tumor surgery: Personal and social resources promote different domains of quality of life. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal, 20(1), 61–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800701195439
• Bonanno, G. A., & Kaltman, S. (2001). The varieties of grief experience. Clinical Psychology Review, 21(5), 705-734. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(00)00062-3
• Bulut, M. B. (2017). Adapting the multidimensional mortality awareness measure: A study of validity and reliability. The Journal of International Social Research, 10(49), 268-275. https://doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2017.1578
• Bulut, M. B. (2022). Turkish version of the interpretation of death scale: Cultural adaptation and validation. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 65(1), 24-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2021.1920536
• Burnett, P., Middleton, W., Raphael, B., & Martinek, N. (1997). Measuring core bereavement phenomena. Psychological Medicine, 27(1), 49–57. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291796004151
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2011). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (17. bs.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
• Byrant, C. D. (2003). Handbook of death and dying. Sage.
• Byrne, B. M. (2016). Adaptation of assessment scales in cross-national research: Issues, guidelines, and caveats. International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation, 5(1), 51–65. https://doi.org/10.1037/ipp0000042
• Cengiz, H. (2014). The effects of voluntary sımplıcıty behavıors on attıtudes toward death consumptıon: A cross-cultural comparıson between turkey and the unıted states. [Doktora Tezi]. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi.
• Coleman, R. A., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2010). Measuring meaning: searching for and making sense of spousal loss in late-life. Death Studies, 34(9), 804–834. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481181003761625
• Crumbaugh, J. C., & Maholick, L. T. (1964). An experimental study in existentialism: The psychometric approach to Frankl’s concept of noogenic neurosis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 20(2), 200-207.
• Davis, C. G., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Larson, J. (1998). Making sense of loss and benefiting from the experience: Two construals of meaning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(2), 561–574. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.2.561
• Davis, C. G., Wortman, C. B., Lehman, D. R., & Silver, R. C. (2000). Searching for meaning in loss: are clinical assumptions correct. Death Studies, 24(6), 497–540. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180050121471
• Engelkemeyer, S. M., & Marwit, S. J. (2008). Posttraumatic growth in bereaved parents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21(3), 344–346. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20338
• Faschingbauer, T. R., Devaul, R. A., & Zisook, S. (1977). Development of the Texas Inventory of Grief. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 134(6), 696–698. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.134.6.696
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382–388. https://doi.org/10.2307/3150980
• Friedman, V. J., & Rogers, T. (2008). Action science: Linking causal theory and meaning making in action research. The SAGE handbook of action research: Participative inquiry and practice, 252-265.
• George, D. & Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference, 17.0 update (10a ed.) Boston: Pearson.
• Gillies, J., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2006). Loss, grief, and the search for significance: Toward a model of meaning reconstruction in bereavement. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 19(1), 31–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/10720530500311182
• Gillies, J., Neimeyer, R. A., & Milman, E. (2014). The meaning of loss codebook: construction of a system for analyzing meanings made in bereavement. Death Studies, 38(1-5), 207–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2013.829367
• Gillies, J. M., Neimeyer, R. A., & Milman, E. (2015). The Grief and Meaning Reconstruction Inventory (GMRI): Initial validation of a new measure. Death Studies, 39(2), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2014.907089
• Hair, J. F., Tatham, R. L., Anderson, R. E., & Black, W. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th Ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.
• Hayes, A. M., Beevers, C. G., Feldman, G. C., Laurenceau, J. P., & Perlman, C. (2005). Avoidance and processing as predictors of symptom change and positive growth in an integrative therapy for depression. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 12(2), 111–122. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm1202_9
• Hogan, N. S., & Schmidt, L. A. (2002). Testing the grief to personal growth model using structural equation modeling. Death Studies, 26(8), 615–634. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180290088338
• Holland, J. M., Currier, J. M., Coleman, R. A., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2010). The Integration of Stressful Life Experiences Scale (ISLES): Development and initial validation of a new measure. International Journal of Stress Management, 17(4), 325–352. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020892
• Hoppes, S., & Segal, R. (2010). Reconstructing meaning through occupation after the death of a family member: accommodation, assimilation, and continuing bonds. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 64(1), 133–141. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.64.1.133
• Kıraç, F. (2015). Psychometric properties of the purpose in life scale: Factor structure and reliability. The Journal of International Social Research, 8(39), 490-500. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12514/334
• Klass, D. (1999). Developing a cross-cultural model of grief: The state of the field. OMEGA – Journal of Death and Dying, 39(3), 153–178. https://doi.org/10.2190/BDTX-CYE0-HL3U-NQ
• Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
• Kumar, S. M. (2005). Grieving mindfully: A compassionate and spiritual guide to coping with loss. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.
• Kuşci İ. (2023). Kültürümüzde yas destek ritüelleri. B. Dilmaç ve V. Bakır (Ed.), Kayıp ve yas içinde (s. 205 -234). Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
• Neimeyer, R. A. (2000). Searching for the meaning of meaning: Grief therapy and the process of reconstruction. Death Studies, 24(6), 541–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180050121480
• Neimeyer, R. A. (Ed.). (2012). Techniques in Grief Therapy (p. 86). Taylor & Francis..
• Neimeyer R. A. (2019). Meaning reconstruction in bereavement: Development of a research program. Death Studies, 43(2), 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2018.1456620
• Neimeyer, R. A., & Currier, J. M. (2009). Grief therapy: Evidence of efficacy and emerging directions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(6), 352–356. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01666.x
• Neimeyer, R. A., Harris, D. L., Winokuer, H. R., & Thornton, G. F. (Eds.), (2011). Grief and bereavement in contemporary society: Bridging research and practice. New York, NY: Routledge
• Neimeyer, R. A., Klass, D., & Dennis, M. R. (2014). A social constructionist account of grief: loss and the narration of meaning. Death Studies, 38(6-10), 485–498. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2014.913454
• Neimeyer, R. A., & Thompson, B. E. (2014). Meaning making and the art of grief therapy. In B. E. Thompson & R. A. Neimeyer (Eds.), Grief and the expressive arts: Practices for creating meaning (pp. 3–13). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
• Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Larson, J., & Larson, J. M. (2013). Coping with loss. Routledge.
• Pakenham, K. I. (2008). Making sense of caregiving for persons with multiple sclerosis (MS): The dimensional structure of sense making and relations with positive and negative adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 241–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222345
• Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS. Routledge.
• Park, C. L. (2010). Making sense of the meaning literature: An integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 257–301. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018301
• Park, C. L. (2011). Meaning, coping, and health. In S. Folkman (Ed.), Oxford handbook of stress, health, and coping (pp. 227–241). Oxford University Press
• Park, C. L., Folkman, S., & Bostrom, A. (2001). Appraisals of controllability and coping in caregivers and HIV+ men: testing the goodness-of-fit hypothesis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(3), 481–488. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.69.3.481
• Riley, L. P., LaMontagne, L. L., Hepworth, J. T., & Murphy, B. A. (2007). Parental grief responses and personal growth following the death of a child. Death Studies, 31(4), 277–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180601152591
• Rosenblatt, P. C. (2008). Grief across cultures: A review and research agenda. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, H. Schut, & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research and practice: Advances in Theory and Intervention (pp. 207–222). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14498-010
• Rubin, S. S., Nadav, O. B., Malkinson, R., Koren, D., Goffer-Shnarch, M., & Michaeli, E. (2009). The two-track model of bereavement questionnaire (TTBQ): development and validation of a relational measure. Death Studies, 33(4), 305–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180802705668
• Sarıçiçek-Aydoğan, A., Gülseren, S., Öztürk-Sarikaya, O., & Özen, C. (2015). Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of Abdel-Khalek’s death anxiety scale among college students. Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 52(4), 371–375. https://doi.org/10.5152/npa.2015.8820
• Sarıkaya, Y., & Baloğlu, M. (2016). The development and psychometric properties of the Turkish death anxiety scale (TDAS). Death Studies, 40(7), 419–431. https://doi.org/10. 1080/07481187.2016.1158752
• Selvi, Y., Öztürk, R. I., Agargün, M. Y., Besiroglu, L. ve Çilli, A. S. (2011). Temel yas unsurları ölçegi Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Noro-Psikyatri Arsivi, 48(2), 129-134.
• Stroebe, M., Schut, H., & Stroebe, W. (2007). Health outcomes of bereavement. Lancet (London, England), 370(9603), 1960–1973. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61816-9
• Tanhan, F. (2010). The effects of death educatıon on death anxıetıes and psychologıcal wellbeıngs. [Yayınlamamış doktora tezi]. Ankara Üniversitesi.
• Thompson, N. (2019). The social context of grief and loss. In D. L. Harris (Ed.). Non-death loss and grief: Context and clinical implications (pp. 17–23). Routledge.
• Thimm, J. C., & Holland, J. M. (2017). Early maladaptive schemas, meaning making, and complicated grief symptoms after bereavement. International Journal of Stress Management, 24(4), 347–367. https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000042
• Uren, T. H., & Wastell, C. A. (2002). Attachment and meaning-making in perinatal bereavement. Death Studies, 26(4), 279–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/074811802753594682
• Weiss, R. S. (2001). Grief, bonds, and relationships. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, W. Stroebe, ve H. Schut (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care (pp. 47-62). American Psychological Association
• Weston, R., Martin, T., & Anderson, Y. (Eds.). (1998). Loss and bereavement: Managing change. Oxford: Blackwell Science.
• Wilson, J. (2014). Supporting people through loss and grief an ıntroduction for counsellors and other caring practitioners. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
• van den Heuvel, M., Demerouti, E., Schreurs, B. H. J., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). Does meaning-making help during organizational change?: Development and validation of a new scale. The Career Development International, 14(6), 508–533. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430910997277
• Yalom, I. D. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. United States of America: Basic Books.
• Yıldız, H., & Cimete, G. (2011). Adaptation study of the Texas Revised Inventory of Grief. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 12(1) 30–36.
• Yang, N., & Lee, S. M. (2022). The development and validation of the Meaning Making in Grief Scale. Death Studies, 46(1), 178–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1725929
• Zeyrek, E. Y., & Lester, D. (2008). Cronbach alpha reliability and concurrent validity of the Collett-Lester fear of death scale in a Turkish sample. Psychological Reports, 102(3), 706–708. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.102.3.706-708