Antroposen ve iklim krizi: Doğanın sömürülmesinden adaletsizliğe

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 1445 - 1468, 29.09.2025

Çağla Vural

https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.1622492

Öz

Bu çalışma; iklim krizinin tarihsel, toplumsal ve ekolojik kökenlerini analiz ederek, insan faaliyetlerinin (Antroposen) doğa üzerindeki etkilerini, bu süreçlerin neden olduğu adaletsizlikleri ve günümüzdeki sonuçlarını çok boyutlu bir perspektifle ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Esas olarak avcı-toplayıcı dönemde başlayan, tarımla birlikte yerleşik düzende de devam eden fakat en güçlü ve en yaygın etkisini Sanayi Devrimi’nden sonra geçen zaman içinde gösteren insan faaliyetlerinin doğa üzerindeki yıkıcı etkisi artık geri dönülemez bir noktadadır. Sanayileşme etkisiyle atmosfere salınan kirletici gazların sebep olduğu küresel ısınma ve bağlı olarak iklimde meydana gelen değişiklikler insanın da dâhil olduğu tüm türleri tehdit etmekte ve küresel düzeyde en acil sorun olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bununla birlikte bu tehditler coğrafi konum, gelişmişlik düzeyi, ekonomik gelir, sosyal statü, cinsiyet ve farklı alanların kesişimi ile birlikte ırk ve etnik köken gibi çeşitli faktörler üzerinden değişiklikler göstermektedir. Çalışmada tüm bu süreçler değerlendirilirken, insan faaliyetlerinin (Antroposen) doğa üzerindeki etkilerinin tarihsel bir perspektifle ele alınması hedefiyle retrospektif analiz; bu süreçlerin doğal kaynaklar ve toplum üzerindeki güncel etkilerinin detaylı bir şekilde incelenmesi hedefiyle ise betimleyici analiz yöntemleri kullanılmştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

antroposen , iklim değişikliği , küresel ısınma , kesişimsel çevrecilik , kesişimsel iklim adaleti

The anthropocene and the climate crisis: From the exploitation of nature to injustice

Öz

By analyzing the historical, social, and ecological origins of the climate crisis, this study aims to reveal the effects of human activities (Anthropocene) on nature, the injustices caused by these processes, and their current consequences from a multidimensional perspective. The destructive impact of human activities on nature, which started mainly in the hunter-gatherer period, continued in the settled order with agriculture, but showed its strongest and most widespread impact in the time after the Industrial Revolution, is now at an irreversible point. Global warming caused by pollutant gases released into the atmosphere due to industrialization and the resulting changes in the climate threaten all species, including humans, and is the most urgent problem at the global level. However, these threats vary based on various factors such as geographical location, level of development, economic income, social status, gender, and the intersection of different areas, as well as race and ethnicity. While evaluating all these processes in the study, retrospective analysis methods were used to examine the effects of human activities (Anthropocene) on nature from a historical perspective, and descriptive analysis methods were used to examine the current effects of these processes on natural resources and society in detail.

Anahtar Kelimeler

anthropocene , climate change , global warming , intersectional environmentalism , intersectional climate justice

Kaynakça

• Acar, S. (2020). İklim Değişikliği ve Turizm İlişkisinde Güncel Trendler Sürdürülebilir Dönüşüm İhtiyacına Nasıl Işık Tutabilir? İklim Haber. https://www.iklimhaber.org/iklim-degisikligi-ve-turizm-iliskisinde-guncel-trendler-surdurulebilir-donusum-ihtiyacina-nasil-isik-tutabilir/
• Adger, W.N. vd. (2014) Human security. C. B. Field vd. (Eds.), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change içinde (ss.755-791). Cambridge University Press.
• Akdeniz Koruma Derneği (t.y.). Balon Balığı’nın Etkilerinin ve Alternatif Değerlendirme Yöntemlerinin Saptanması. https://akdenizkoruma.org.tr/tr/calismalarimiz/projeler/b/balon-baliginin-etkilerinin-ve-alternatif-degerlendirme-yontemlerinin-saptanmasi
• Alper, D. & Anbar, A. (2008). İklim Değişikliğinin Finansal Hizmet Sektörüne Etkileri. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(23), 223-253.
• Arent, D.J. vd. (2014). Key economic sectors and services. C. B. Field vd. (Eds.), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change içinde (ss. 659-708). Cambridge University Press.
• Arndt, N. & Pinti D. L. (2011). Mass Extinctions. M. Garguad (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Astrobiology (ss. 999-1002). Springer.
• Ataöv, T. (2009). Kapitalizm ve Çevre. İleri Yayınları.
• Ayas, D., Agılkaya, G. S., Kosker, A. R., Durmus, M., Ucar, Y. & Bakan, M. (2018). The Chemical Composition of the Lionfish (Pterois miles, Bennett 1828), the New Invasive Species of the Mediterranean Sea. NESciences, 3(2),103-115.
• Barlas, N. (2013). Küresel Krizlerden Sürdürülebilir Topluma Çağımızın Çevre Sorunları. Boğaziçi Yayınevi.
• Barron, B., Rambin, W. N. & Wade, D. L. (2018). Washed Away: What Hurricane Harvey Wrought and What It Left Behind. FDCC Annual Meeting. Wailea Beach Resort Kihei, Hawaii.
• Barnosky, A. D. vd. (2011). Has the Earth’s Sixth Mass Extinction Already Arrived? Nature 471(7336), 51-57.
• Biter, N. (2021). İklim Mültecileri. Polen Ekoloji. https://www.polenekoloji.org/iklim-multecileri/
• Buchholz, K. (2020). Rising Sea Levels Will Threaten 200 Million People by 2100. https://www.statista.com/chart/19884/number-of-people-affected-by-rising-sea-levels-per-country/#
• Buckingham, S. (2015). Ecofeminism. In S. Buckingham & V. Kulcur (Eds.), Gender and Environment in an Unequal World (ss. 25–42). Routledge.
• Butzengeiger, S. & Horstmann, B. (2004). Sea-level Rise in Bangladesh and the Netherlands: One Phenomenon, Many Consequences. https://germanwatch.org/en/2755
• Chiarenza, A., Farnsworth, A., Mannion, P. D., Lunt, D. J., Valdesc, P. J., Morgan, V. J. and Allison, P. A. (2020). Asteroid impact, not volcanism, caused the end-Cretaceou dinosaur extinction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117.
• Climate Change Post (2021). Netherlands: Coastal flood risk The Netherlands. https://www.climatechangepost.com/netherlands/coastal-floods/#
• Corlew, L. K. (2012). The Cultural Impacts of Climate Change: Sense of Place and Sence of Community in Tuvalu, A Country Threatened by Sea Level Rise. [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.
• Corlew, L.K. & Johnson-Hakim, S.M. (2013). Community and cultural responsivity: Climate change research in Tuvalu. Global Journal of Community Psychology Practice, 4(3), 1-11.
• Crutzen, P. J. (2002). The “Anthropocene”. Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings), 12(10), 1-5.
• Crutzen, P. J. & Stoermer E. F. (2000). The “Anthropocene”. Global Change Newsletter, 41, 17-18.
• Cubasch, U. vd. (2007). Historical Overview of Climate Change Science/ Working Group I. S. Solomon vd. (Eds.). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change İçinde (ss. 94-127). Cambridge University Press.
• Curtis, J., Brenner, M., Hodell, D. A., Balser, R. A., Islebe, G. A. & Hooghiemstra, H. (1998). A multi-proxy study of Holocene Environmental Change in the Maya Lowlands of Peten, Guatemala. Journal of Paleolimnology, 19, 139-159.
• D’Alisa, G., Demaria, F. & Kallis, G. (2020). Küçülme: Yeni Bir Çağ İçin Kavram Dağarcığı. (A. C. Sarı, B. Öktem, B. Gürden & Y. Kurtsal Çev.). Metis Yayınları.
• Dasgupta, P. vd. (2014). Rural areas. C. B. Field vd. (Eds.). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change içinde (ss. 613-657). Cambridge University Press.
• De Châtel, F. (2014). The Role of Drought and Climate Change in the Syrian Uprising: Untangling the Triggers of the Revolution. Middle Eastern Studies, 50 (4), 521-535.
• Demir, A. (2009). Küresel İklim Değişikliğinin Biyolojik Çeşitlilik ve Ekosistem Kaynakları Üzerine Etkisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), 37 – 54.
• Diamond, J. (2019). Çöküs: Toplumlar Basarisizligi ya da Basariyi Nasil Secerler? (Çev. B. Baysal). Pegasus Yayınları.
• Doğan, M. (2021). Çad Gölü Havzası: İklim Değişikliği ve Bölgesel Etkileri. AFAM. https://afam.org.tr/cad-golu-havzasi-iklim-degisikligi-ve-bolgesel-etkileri/
• Douglas, P. M., Pagani, M., Canuto, M. A., Brenner, M., Hodell, D. A., Eglinton, T. I. & Curtis, J. H. (2015). Drought, agricultural adaptation, and sociopolitical collapse in the Maya Lowlands. Journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(18), 5607-5612.
• Dunning, N. P., Beach, T. P., Luzzadder-Beach, S. (2012). Kax and kol: Collapse and resilience in lowland Maya civilization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(10), 3652–3657.
• Earth Justice (2021). How Climate Change Is Fueling Extreme Weather https://earthjustice.org/features/how-climate-change-is-fueling-extreme-weather
• Eckstein, D., Künzel, V. & Schäfer, L. (2021). Global Climate Risk Index: Who Suffers Most from Extreme Weather Events? Weather-Related Loss Events in 2019 and 2000-2019. Germanwatch Brifing Paper.
• Ekşi, N. (2016). İklim Mültecileri. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 10-58.
• El-Sayed, N. (2017). Nile River: Extreme droughts and heavy rains. Nature Middle East. https://www.natureasia.com/en/nmiddleeast/article/10.1038/nmiddleeast.2017.84
• Emont, J. (2017). Rising Waters and a Smaller Island: What Should Physicians Do for Tuvaluans? AMA Journal of Ethics, 19(12), 1211-1221.
• EPA (t.y.a). Learn About Environmental Justice. https://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/learn-about-environmental-justice
• Fields, D. B., Melott, A. L., Ellis, J., Ertel, A. F., Fry, B. J.,…, Thomas, B. C. (2020). Supernova Triggers for end-Devonian Extinctions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,117(35), 21008-21010.
• Fleischman, L. & Franklin, M. (2017). Fumes Across the Fence-Line: The Health Impacts of Air Pollution from Oil & Gas Facilities on African American Communities. NAACP & CATF.
• Floyd, R. & Matthew, R. A. (Eds.) (2013). Environmental Security Studies: Approaches and İssues. Oxon: Routledge.
• Foster, J. B. (2015). Late Soviet Ecology and the Planetary Crisis. Monthly Review https://monthlyreview.org/2015/06/01/late-soviet-ecology-and-the-planetary-crisis/#en6
• Gaard, G. (2015). Ecofeminism and climate change. Women’s Studies International Forum, 49, 20–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2015.02.004
• Gencer, B. (2013). Liberalizmin Kalbine Yolculuk. Liberal Düşünce, 18(69-70), 245-268.
• Gibbens, S. (2020, June 4). Scientists are Trying to Save Coral Reefs. Here's What's Working. Nat Geo. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/scientists-work-to-save-coral-reefs-climate-change-marine-parks#
• Gleick, P. H. (2006). The Implications of Global Climatic Change for International Security. Pasific Institute. http://pacinst.org/app/uploads/2013/04/gleick_testimony_congress_5-16-06.pdf
• Gönenç, D. (2021). Çevresel Adalet. Z. Savaşan, Ç. Söker & F. H. Yılmaz (Eds.), Çevre Hukuku ve Politikaları: Kavramlar, Teoriler ve Tartışmalar içinde (ss. 83-108). Seçkin.
• Greshko, M. (2019). What are Mass Extinctions, and What Causes Them? Nat Geo. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/mass-extinction
• Grooten, M. & Almond, R.E.A. (2018). Living Planet Report - 2018: Aiming Higher. WWF.
• Gül, F. (2013). Insan Doğa İlişkisi Bağlamında Çevre Sorunları ve Felsefe. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 14,17-21.
• Haddock, F. (2020). What is Intersectional Environmentalism, and Why is it so Important? https://curious.earth/blog/what-is-intersectional-environmentalism/
• Hassan, O. M. & Tularam, G. A. (2018). The Effects of Climate Change on Rural-Urban Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)—The Cases of Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya and Niger, Applications in Water Systems Management and Modeling. IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.72226.
• Hautmann, M. (2012). Extinction: end-Triassic mass extinction. In eLS. Chichester. Wiley. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0001655.pub3
• Hodell, D. A., Curtis, J. H. & Brenner, M. (1995). Possible Role of Climate in The Collapse of Classic Maya Civilization. Nature, 365, 391-394.
• Howell, Z. (2020). Katrina, Climate, and Justice: A Future in Foreshadow? NRDC. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/katrina-climate-and-justice-future-foreshadow
• IPCC (2014a). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
• IPCC (2014b). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
• IPCC (2018). Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/download/
• Jimenez Cisneros, B. E. vd. (2014). Freshwater resources. C. B. Field vd. (Eds.), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change içinde (ss. 229-269). Cambridge University Press.
• Jafry, T, Mikulewicz, M. & Helwig, K. (2019). Introduction: Justice in the Era of climate change. İçinde T. Jafry (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Climate Justice. New York: Routledge, 1-9.
• Jurikova, H., Gutjahr, M., Wallmann, K., Flögel, S., Liebetrau, V.,…, Eisenhauer, A. (2020). Permian–Triassic Mass Extinction Pulses Driven By Major Marine Carbon Cycle Perturbations. Nature Geoscience, 13, 745–750.
• Kaeslin, E., Redmond, I. and Dudley, N. (2012). Wildlife in a changing climate. FAO Forestry Paper 167. ISBN 978-92-5-107089-5.
• Katsanevakis S, Coll M, Piroddi C, Steenbeek J, Ben Rais Lasram F, Zenetos A, Cardoso A. (2014). Invading the Mediterranean Sea: Human-Shaped Biodiversity Patterns. Frontiers in Marine Science, 1 (32).
• Kelley, Colin P. (2014). Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112(11), 3241-3246.
• Kimmelman, M. (2017). The Dutch Have Solutions to Rising Seas. The World Is Watching. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/06/15/world/europe/climate-change-rotterdam.html?mtrref=www.google.com&assetType=REGIWALL
• Kolbert, E. (2020). Altıncı Yok Oluş. Okuyanus Yayınları.
• Krause, E. and Reeves, V. (2017). Hurricanes hit the poor the hardest. Brookings https://www.brookings.edu/blog/social-mobility-memos/2017/09/18/hurricanes-hit-the-poor-the-hardest/
• Kumar, P. (2017). Green Revolution and its Impact on Environment. International Journal of Research in Humanities & Soc. Sciences, 5(3), 54-57.
• Lindsey, R. (2023, May 12). Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. NOAA. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide#
• Lucas, S. G. & Tanner, L. H. (2008). Reexamination of the End-Triassic Mass Extinction. A. M. T. Elewa (Ed.), Mass Extinction içinde (ss. 66-103). Springer.
• Lykke, N. (2009). Intersectional analysis: Black box or useful critical feminist thinking technology? Kvinder, Køn & Forskning, (2‑3), 47–57.
• Met Office (t.y.). What is Climate Change. http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate-guide/climate-change
• Micklin, P. P. (1988). Dessication of the Aral Sea: A Water Management Disaster in the Soviet Union. Science, 241, 1170-76.
• Milligan, S. (2018). The Forecast for Recovery. U.S.News. https://www.usnews.com/news/the-report/articles/2018-09-21/hurricanes-hit-everyone-but-the-poor-have-the-hardest-time-recovering
• Milman, O. (2018). Climate change is Making Hurricanes Even More Destructive, research finds. The Gurdian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/14/climate-change-hurricanes-study-global-warming
• Morse, R. (2008). Environmental Justice Through The Eye of Hurricane Katrine. Washington: Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies Health Policy Institute Inc.
• Murakami, L.F. R. H. (2020). Forced Migration, Conflict, And Climate Change In The Lake Chad Region: Perspectives On International Dynamics And The Anthropological Response To Enhancing Migrant Resilience And Community. A Project Paper for Cornell University.
• NASA (t.y.a). The Causes of Climate Change. https://climate.nasa.gov/causes/
• NASA (t.y.b). What is the Greenhouse Effect? https://climate.nasa.gov/faq/19/what-is-the-greenhouse-effect/#
• NASA (t.y.c). Global Climate Change, Vital Signs of The Planet, Graphic Global Warming from 1880 to 2016. https://climate.nasa.gov/climate_resources/139/video-global-warming-from-1880-to-2020/
• NASA (t.y.d). Global Climate Change, Evidence. https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/
• NASA (2024). NASA Analysis Confirms 2023 as Warmest Year on Record. https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-analysis-confirms-2023-as-warmest-year-on-record/
• NASA Earth Observatory (t.y.). Shrinking Aral Sea https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/world-of-change/AralSea#:~:text=As
• Nawrotzki, R. J., Hunter, L. M., Runfola, D. M. and Riosmena, F. (2015). Climate change as a migration driver from rural and urban Mexico. Environ. Res. Lett. 10 114023.
• NOAA (t.y.). Global Sea Level Rise. https://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/socd/lsa/SeaLevelRise/
• NOAA (2016). What’s the difference between climate and weather? https://www.noaa.gov/explainers/what-s-difference-between-climate-and-weather
• NSDIC (t.y.). All About Glaciers, Glacier Types: Retreating. https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/glaciers/gallery/retreating.html
• Ocampo, A., Vajda, V. & Buffetau,t E. (2006). Unravelling the Cretaceous-Paleogene (KT) Turnover, Evidence from Flora, Fauna and Geology. C. Cockell, I. Gilmour, C. Koeberl (Eds.), Biological Processes Associated with Impact Events. Impact Studies içinde (ss. 197-219). Springer.
• O'leary, N. (2019). When Will the Netherlands Disappear? Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/when-will-the-netherlands-disappear-climate-change/
• Olsson, L. vd. (Eds.), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change içinde (s.793-832). Cambridge University Press.
• Onuoha, F. (2010). Climate Change Population Surge and Resource Overuse in the Lake Chad Area. D. Anthony & J. Wyk (Eds.), Climate Change and Natural Resources Conflict in Africa içinde (ss. 23-44). Make Peace Happen Institute for Security Studies.
• Osman-Elasha, B. (t.y.). Women...In The Shadow of Climate Change. United Nations. https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/womenin-shadow-climate-change
• Oxfam (2020). Confronting Carbon Inequality: Putting climate justice at the heart of the COVID-19 recovery. Oxam Media Briefing.
• Özmaden, B. (2019). Liberal Felsefenin Sosyal ve Siyasal Yönden Eleştirisi. Uluslararası Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, 2(1), 52-63.
• Perkins, P. E. (2019). Climate Justice, Gender and Intersectionality. T. Jafry (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Climate Justice içinde (ss. 347-358). Routledge.
• Ponting, C. (2012). Dünyanın Yeşil Tarihi Çevre ve Büyük Uygarlıkların Çöküşü (Çev. A. Başcı). Sabancı Üniversitesi. Porter, J.R. vd. (2014). Food security and food production systems. C. B. Field vd. (Eds.). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change içinde (ss. 485-533). Cambridge University Press.
• Powers, A. (2012). Sea-Level Rise and Its Impact on Vulnerable States: Four Examples. La. L. Rev., 73,151-173.
• Pörtner, H. vd. (2014). Ocean systems. C. B. Field vd. (Eds.), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change içinde (ss. 411-484). Cambridge University Press.
• Prăvălie, R. (2014). Nuclear Weapons Tests and Environmental Consequences: A Global Perspective. Ambio, 43(6), 729–744.
• Renner, M. (2015). Modern Tehditlerin Tohumları. Worldwatch Enstitüsü Dünyanın Durumu 2015: Sürdürülebilirliğin Önündeki Engellerle Yüzleşmek (Çev. G. Hotinli) içinde (ss. 3-26). Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
• Revi, A. vd. (2014). Urban areas. C. B. Field vd. (eds.). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change içinde (ss. 535-612). Cambridge University Press.
• Roy, J. vd. (2018). Sustainable Development, Poverty Eradication and Reducing Inequalities. V. Masson-Delmotte vd. (Eds.), Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. IPCC
• Sandberg, C.A., Morrow, J.R. & Ziegler, W. (2002). Late Devonian sea-level changes, catastrophic events, and mass extinctions. C. Koeberl & K. G. MacLeod (Eds), Catastrophic Events and Mass Extinctions: Impacts and Beyond: Boulder, Colorado içinde (s.473–487). Geological Society of America Special Paper 356.
• Sarıgöl, P. (2020). Kesişimsellik Teorisi ve Farklılıkların Feminizmi. Uluslararası İnsan Çalışmaları Dergisi, 3(6), 331-352.
• Settele, J. vd. (2014) Terrestrial and inland water systems. C.B. Field vd. (eds.). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change içinde (ss. 219-245). Cambridge University Press.
• Siam, M., & Eltahir, E. (2017). Climate Change Enhances İnterannual Variability of the Nile River Flow. Nature Clim Change, 7, 350–354.
• Shen, J., Chen, J., Algeo, T. J., Yuan, S., Feng , Qinglai Feng,…, Planavsky, N. J. (2019). Evidence for a Prolonged Permian–Triassic Extinction Interval From Global Marine Mercury Records. Nature Communications, 10(1563).
• Shiva, V. (2016). Staying Alive: Women, Ecology and Development (Rev. ed.). Zed Books.
• Smith, D. & Vivekananda, J. (2007). A Climate of Conflict: The Links Between Climate Change Peace and War. International Alert. Jason Print.
• Smith, K.R. vd. (2014). Human health: impacts, adaptation, and co-benefits. C.B. Field vd. (Eds.). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change içinde (ss. 709-754). Cambridge University Press.
• Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B.,Tignor, M. & Miller, H. L. (Eds.). (2007). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
• Sulak, H. (2018). İnsan-Doğa İlişkisinin Dönüşümü: Tarihsel Bir Perspektif. Kent Akademisi, 11 (1), 117-124.
• Szczepanski, M., Sedlar, F. & Shalant, J. (2018). Bangladesh: A Country Underwater, a Culture on the Move. NRDC. https://www.nrdc.org/onearth/bangladesh-country-underwater-culture-move
• Tang, M. C. (2020). Why the fight for climate justice is a fight for justice itself. Landcape News. https://news.globallandscapesforum.org/46649/why-the-fight-for-climate-justice-is-a-fight-for-justice-itself/
• Taub, M. ve Stalinski, J. (2020). From Environmental Racism to Climate Justice. Gensler Research&Insight. https://www.gensler.com/blog/from-environmental-racism-to-climate-justice
• The Declaration of the World Climate Conference (1979). https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=8346
• The Keeling Curve (2025). https://keelingcurve.ucsd.edu/
• The World Factbook (t.y.a). https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bangladesh/
• The World Factbook (t.y.b). https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tuvalu/#economy
• Thomas, L. (t.y.). We Must Protect Vulnerable Communities Alongside The Environment. The Good Trade. https://www.thegoodtrade.com/features/environmental-justice Topal, E., Özsoy, N. ve Şahinler, N. (2016). Küresel Isınma ve Arıcılığın Geleceği. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1), 112-120.
• Tubiello, F., Schmidhuber, J., Howden, M., Neofotis P. G., Park, S., Fernandes, E. & Thapa, D. (2008). Climate Change Response Strategies for Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities for the 21st Century. Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper No. 42, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, Washington.
• TÜDAV - Uluslararası Ortak Basın Bildirisi (2018). http://tudav.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Uluslararasi_Ortak_Basin_Bildirisi_TUDAV_zehirli_yabanci_turler2.pdf
• Varma, R. (2021). Bringing Intersectionality to Modern Environmentalism. The Outdoor Journal. https://www.outdoorjournal.com/featured/environment/bringing-intersectionality-to-modern-environmentalism/
• Watts, N., Amann, M., Arnell,N., Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Beagley, J.,…, Costello, A. (2021). The 2020 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: responding to converging crises. Lancet, 397(10269), 129-170.
• Whyte, K. (2018). Settler Colonialism, Ecology, and Environmental Injustice. Environment and Society, 9, 125–144. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26879582
• Wood, L. (2015). The Environmental Impacts of Colonialism. BSU Honors Program Theses and Projects. 119. https://vc.bridgew.edu/honors_proj/119/
• Wong, P.P., Losada, I. J., Gattuso, J.-P., Hinkel, J., Khattabi, A., McInnes, K. L., Saito, Y. & Sallenger, A. (2014). Coastal systems and low-lying areas. C. B. Field vd. (Eds.). Climate Change 2014: Impacts,Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change içinde (ss. 361-409). Cambridge University Press.
• Yaylı, H. (2006). Mekanik Düşünceden Ekolojik Düşünceye: Yeni Bir İnsan-Doğa İlişkisi Tasarımının Doğuşu. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Konferansları Dergisi, 34, 67-82.
• Zariç, S. (2017). Tarihsel Kökeninden Ülkelere Göre Türlerine Aydınlanma Felsefesi (Çağı) ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 3(28), 33-54.
• Zhang, X. (Ed.) (2012). Phenology and Climate Change. Rijeka: In Tech.