Araştırma Makalesi

Comparison of the Performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in Predicting International Classification of Diseases Codes (ICD-10) Using Turkish Neurology Doctor Reports

Cilt: 1 Sayı: 3 26 Eylül 2025
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Comparison of the Performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in Predicting International Classification of Diseases Codes (ICD-10) Using Turkish Neurology Doctor Reports

Öz

Objective: Accurate and efficient use of International Classification of Diseases Clinical Modification Codes (ICD-10) in neurology is vital for healthcare reimbursement, research, and patient health surveillance. However, manually extracting these codes from physician reports is both time-consuming and prone to errors. This study evaluates the performance of several large language models (LLMs) in automatically predicting ICD-10 diagnosis codes specifically from Turkish neurology physician reports. Method: The study evaluates the performance of ten LLMs (ChatGPT, Cohere Coral, Claude, DeepSeek, Qwen, Groq, Gemini, Meta Llama, Mistral, and Perplexity) on a dataset of 51 de-identified neurology doctor reports. A standardized prompt was used to instruct each LLM to extract ICD-10 codes relevant to the diagnoses documented in the reports. The LLM-generated codes were then compared to a gold standard set of codes assigned by certified neurology coding specialists. Performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall and F1-score, were used to assess the models' effectiveness. Results: Among the LLMs, ChatGPT emerged as the top performer with an accuracy of 68.6% and an F1-score of 0.812, demonstrating strong precision (0.686) and perfect recall (1.0). It excelled in identifying common neurological conditions such as migraines (G45.9), transient ischemic attacks (TIA), and motor neuron disorders. Gemini followed closely with 58.8% accuracy (F1-score: 0.750), while Qwen and Claude showed moderate performance (54.9% and 49.0% accuracy, respectively). Conversely, Groq and Meta AI exhibited significant limitations, with accuracies of 25.5% and 27.5%, respectively. Conclusion: While LLMs show promise for automating ICD-10 coding from neurology reports, there is considerable variability in their performance. High-performing models like ChatGPT demonstrate strong potential, but further refinement is needed to improve the accuracy and reliability of lower-performing systems. Future research should focus on enhancing training datasets, incorporating rule-based algorithms, and integrating human oversight to address discrepancies, particularly in complex or rare neurological cases.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Destekleyen Kurum

Başkent University, Faculty of Medicine

Proje Numarası

Project no:KA25/180

Etik Beyan

This study was approved by Baskent University Institutional Review Board (Project no:KA25/180) and supported by Baskent University Research Fund.

Kaynakça

  1. Albassam, D., Cross, A., & Zhai, C. (2025). Leveraging LLMs for Predicting Unknown Diagnoses from Clinical Notes. arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.22092.
  2. Barrit, S., Torcida, N., Mazeraud, A., Boulogne, S., Benoit, J., Carette, T., Carron, T., Delsaut, B., Diab, E., Kermorvant, H., Maarouf, A., Maldonado Slootjes, S., Redon, S., Robin, A., Hadidane, S., Harlay, V., Tota, V., Madec, T., Niset, A., ... Carron, R. (2025). Specialized Large Language Model Outperforms Neurologists at Complex Diagnosis in Blinded Case-Based Evaluation. Brain Sciences, 15(4), 347.
  3. Dai H, Wang C, Chen C, Liou C, Lu A, Lai C, Shain B, Ke C, Wang W, Mir T, Simanjuntak M, Kao H, Tsai M, Tseng V. (2024). Evaluating a Natural Language Processing–Driven, AI-Assisted International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification, Coding System for Diagnosis Related Groups in a Real Hospital Environment: Algorithm Development and Validation Study. J Med Internet Res;26:e58278,
  4. Dong, H., Falis, M., Whiteley, W., Alex, B., Matterson, J., Ji, S., Chen, J., & Wu, H. (2022). Automated clinical coding: What, why, and where we are? Npj Digital Medicine, 5(1), 1-8.
  5. Kalani, M., & Anjankar, A. (2024). Revolutionizing Neurology: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Advancing Diagnosis and Treatment. Cureus, 16(6), e61706.
  6. Kocaman, V. (2024, April 20). Comparing Spark NLP for healthcare and ChatGPT in extracting ICD10-CM codes from clinical notes . John Snow Labs. Retrieved [Insert Date of Retrieval] from https://www.johnsnowlabs.com/comparing-spark-nlp-for-healthcare-and-chatgpt-in-extracting-icd10-cm-codes-from-clinical-notes/
  7. Lee, S. A., & Lindsey, T. (2024). Can Large Language Models abstract Medical Coded Language?. arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.10822.
  8. Puts, S., Zegers, C. M. L., Dekker, A., & Bermejo, I. (2025). Developing an ICD-10 Coding Assistant: Pilot Study Using RoBERTa and GPT-4 for Term Extraction and Description-Based Code Selection. JMIR Formative Research, 9, e60095.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Sağlık Hizmetleri ve Sistemleri (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Meryem Koruk Bu kişi benim
Türkiye

Mehmet Çağlar Akpinar Bu kişi benim
Türkiye

Mehmet İbrahim Öksüz Bu kişi benim
Türkiye

Yasmin Ayşe Öztoklu Bu kişi benim
Türkiye

Sevin Suyla Turan Bu kişi benim
Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi

26 Eylül 2025

Gönderilme Tarihi

20 Temmuz 2025

Kabul Tarihi

5 Eylül 2025

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2025 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA
Koçak, M., Kibaroglu, S., Koruk, M., Akpinar, M. Ç., Ademoğulları, H., Öksüz, M. İ., Öztoklu, Y. A., & Turan, S. S. (2025). Comparison of the Performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in Predicting International Classification of Diseases Codes (ICD-10) Using Turkish Neurology Doctor Reports. Northern Journal of Health Sciences, 1(3), 190-201. https://izlik.org/JA56EY24YM
AMA
1.Koçak M, Kibaroglu S, Koruk M, vd. Comparison of the Performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in Predicting International Classification of Diseases Codes (ICD-10) Using Turkish Neurology Doctor Reports. North J Health Sci. 2025;1(3):190-201. https://izlik.org/JA56EY24YM
Chicago
Koçak, Murat, Seda Kibaroglu, Meryem Koruk, vd. 2025. “Comparison of the Performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in Predicting International Classification of Diseases Codes (ICD-10) Using Turkish Neurology Doctor Reports”. Northern Journal of Health Sciences 1 (3): 190-201. https://izlik.org/JA56EY24YM.
EndNote
Koçak M, Kibaroglu S, Koruk M, Akpinar MÇ, Ademoğulları H, Öksüz Mİ, Öztoklu YA, Turan SS (01 Eylül 2025) Comparison of the Performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in Predicting International Classification of Diseases Codes (ICD-10) Using Turkish Neurology Doctor Reports. Northern Journal of Health Sciences 1 3 190–201.
IEEE
[1]M. Koçak vd., “Comparison of the Performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in Predicting International Classification of Diseases Codes (ICD-10) Using Turkish Neurology Doctor Reports”, North J Health Sci., c. 1, sy 3, ss. 190–201, Eyl. 2025, [çevrimiçi]. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA56EY24YM
ISNAD
Koçak, Murat - Kibaroglu, Seda - Koruk, Meryem - Akpinar, Mehmet Çağlar - Ademoğulları, Hüseyin - Öksüz, Mehmet İbrahim - Öztoklu, Yasmin Ayşe - Turan, Sevin Suyla. “Comparison of the Performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in Predicting International Classification of Diseases Codes (ICD-10) Using Turkish Neurology Doctor Reports”. Northern Journal of Health Sciences 1/3 (01 Eylül 2025): 190-201. https://izlik.org/JA56EY24YM.
JAMA
1.Koçak M, Kibaroglu S, Koruk M, Akpinar MÇ, Ademoğulları H, Öksüz Mİ, Öztoklu YA, Turan SS. Comparison of the Performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in Predicting International Classification of Diseases Codes (ICD-10) Using Turkish Neurology Doctor Reports. North J Health Sci. 2025;1:190–201.
MLA
Koçak, Murat, vd. “Comparison of the Performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in Predicting International Classification of Diseases Codes (ICD-10) Using Turkish Neurology Doctor Reports”. Northern Journal of Health Sciences, c. 1, sy 3, Eylül 2025, ss. 190-01, https://izlik.org/JA56EY24YM.
Vancouver
1.Murat Koçak, Seda Kibaroglu, Meryem Koruk, Mehmet Çağlar Akpinar, Hüseyin Ademoğulları, Mehmet İbrahim Öksüz, Yasmin Ayşe Öztoklu, Sevin Suyla Turan. Comparison of the Performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in Predicting International Classification of Diseases Codes (ICD-10) Using Turkish Neurology Doctor Reports. North J Health Sci. [Internet]. 01 Eylül 2025;1(3):190-201. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA56EY24YM