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Avrupa Birliği’nin Yükselen Güçler Politikası: BRICS ve MIKTA Ülkelerinin Meydan Okumaları

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 39 - 70, 21.09.2020

Öz

İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında küresel arenadaki varlığını bir bütün halinde sürdürmek isteyen Avrupa devletlerinin iktisadi yapılanmalarını yeniden tanzim etmek için meydana getirdiği Avrupa Birliği, yükselen güçler tarafından kaynaklanan çağdaş meydan okumalara karşı durabilmek için kurumsal yapısına ve diğer aktörlerle yürütmekte olduğu ilişkilerine birtakım yenilikler getirmektedir. Stratejik ortaklık konseptinin ve zirve diplomasilerinin bu (yeni) mekanizmalar arasında yer aldığı düşünülmektedir. Avrupa Birliği özellikle ticaret gibi işbirliği çerçevelerinden başlayan bu mekanizmalar sayesinde meydan okumaların şiddetini azaltacağını ve taraflar arasındaki münasebetleri çok daha ileriye taşıyacağını ümit etmektedir. Bu mucip üzere çalışmada yükselen güçlerin AB’ye yönelik ne tür meydan okumalar gerçekleştirdiği, AB’nin bunlara karşı kullandığı dış politika araçlarının neler olduğu ve bu araçların nasıl optimize edildiği tartışılacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • 2015 Turkish Presidency in G20. (t.y.). About G20. Erişim tarihi 17 Mart 2020 http://g20.org.tr/about-g20/.
  • 2019 Brazilian Presidency in BRICS. (2019). Previous Summits. Erişim tarihi 7 Şubat 2020 http://brics2019.itamaraty. gov.br/en/about-brics/previous-summits.
  • Akdemir, E. (2018). Avrupa Birliği’nin Dış İlişkileri ve Politikası: Avrupa Birliği’nin Bütünleş(eme)mesi Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, 17(2), 181-218.
  • BBC News. (1998). Boom to Bust: Asia’s Economic Crisis. Erişim tarihi 6 Nisan 2020 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/ special_report/1998/asian_economic_crises/45468.stm.
  • BBC News. (2003). Europe and Iraq: Who Stands Where?. Erişim tarihi 20 Mart 2020 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/ europe/2698153.stm.
  • BBC News. (2019). Gabon President Bongo Back Home a Week After Failed Coup. Erişim tarihi 18 Nisan 2020 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46885467.
  • Büyüktanır, D. (2010). Dış İlişkiler Kapsamında Avrupa Birliği’nin Tüzel Kişiliği ve Lizbon Antlaşması. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 7(27), 87-110.
  • China Daily. (2017). Themes and Results of BRICS Summits Over The Decade. Erişim tarihi 9 Şubat 2020 http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2017brics/2017-09/01/content_31369213.htm.
  • Çolakoğlu, S. ve Hecan, M. (2016). Turkey in Global Governance: An Evaluation of Turkey’s G20 Presidency and the Antalya Summit 2015. Global Summitry, 2(2), 143-160.
  • Delegation of the European Union to Turkey. (t.y.). Single European Act. Erişim tarihi 23 Mart 2020 https://www.avrupa.info.tr/sites/default/files/2016-08/SingleEuropeanAct-TekSenet_0.pdf.
  • Dinan, D. (2007). Fifty Years of European Integration: A Remarkable Achievement. Fordham International Law Journal, 5(31), 1118-1142.
  • Drummond, P. ve Liu, E. X. (2013). Africa’s Rising Exposure to China: How Large Are Spillovers Through Trade?. IMF Working Paper, 13, 4-24.
  • Engin, B. ve Baba, G. (2015). MIKTA: A Functioning Product of “New” Middle Power-ism?. Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika. 11(42), 1-40.
  • Erarslan, C. ve Timurtaş, M. E. (2015). Avrupa Borç Krizinin Seçilmiş Ülke Örnekleri Üzerindeki Etkileri. Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 1(2), 17-54.
  • European Commission. (2019). Statistic. Erişim tarihi 21 Mayıs 2020 http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/statistics.
  • European Commission. (2020). Brexit in Brief. Erişim tarihi 22 Mart 2020 https://ec.europa.eu/info/european-union-and-united-kingdom-forging-new-partnership/brexit-brief_en.
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  • Eurostat (2019). Database. Erişim tarihi 18 Şubat 2020 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database.
  • Gardner, H. 2019. IR Theory, Historical Analogy and Major Power War, Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Global Firepower (2019). 2018 Military Strength Ranking. Erişim tarihi 7-18 Şubat 2020 https://www.globalfirepower.com/countries-listing.asp.
  • Griffiths, M.,O’Callaghan, T. ve Roach, S. C. (2007). International Relations: The Key Concepts. London: Routledge.
  • Hameiri, S. ve Jones, L. (2015). Rising Powers and State Transformation: The Case of China. European Journal of International Relations, 22(1), 72-98.
  • Hashiru, M. ve Tüfekçi, Ö. (2018). Putting The ‘N’ or Replacing The ‘S’ in The BRICS? Nigeria’s Rise As An Emerging Power. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 16(3), 11-23.
  • Hawksworth, J. ve Cookson, G. (2009). Beyond the BRICs: A Broader Look at Emerging Market Growth Prospects. Erişim tarihi 25 Nisan 2020 https://www.pwc.com/la/ en/publications/assets/world_2050_brics.pdf.
  • Heywood, A. (2013). Küresel Siyaset, (N. Uslu ve H. Özdemir, Çev.). Ankara: Adres Yayınları.
  • Hürriyet. (2009). Karadan Girdi. Erişim tarihi 29 Mart 2020 http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/karadan-girdi-10695236.
  • International Money Fund (2019). World Economic Outlook Databese – 2017. Erişim tarihi 7 Şubat 2020 https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/index.aspx.
  • International Money Fund (t.y.). Quota and Voting Shares Before and After Implementation of Reforms Agreed in 2008 and 2010. Erişim tarihi 9 Mayıs 2020 https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2011/pdfs/quota_tbl.pdf.
  • Kaplan, M. A. (2005). System and Process in International Politics. Colchester: The ECPR Press.
  • Karagöl, E. T. (2014). Kıtalar Arası Ekonomik İşbirliği: MIKTA. Seta Perspektif, (62), 1-5.
  • Keukeleire, S. ve Hoojmaaijers, B. (2013). The BRICS and Other Emerging Powers Alliances and Multilateral Organisations in the Asia-Pacific and the Global South:
  • Challenges for the European Union and Its View on Multilateralism. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 52(3), 582-599.
  • Kınık, H. ve Tüfekçi Ö. (2018). Rising Powers and the Dynamics of Conflict and Cooperation within Eurasia. Ö. Tüfekçi, H. Tabak ve R. Dağ (Der.), Politics of Conflictand Cooperation in Eurasia içinde (ss. 18-36). Newcastle Upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Kingah, S. (2011). Increasing Influence of BRICs in Africa: How Should The EU Respond?. Trade Negotiations Insights, 10(4), 10-12.
  • Lawson, S., Heacock D. ve Stupnytska A. (2007). Beyond the BRICS: A Look AT the ‘Next 11’. Erişim tarihi 6 Ocak 2020 https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/archive/archive-pdfs/brics-book/brics-chap-13.pdf.
  • Hess, N. M. (2012). EU Relations With “Emerging” Strategic Partners: Brazil, Indiaand South Africa. German Institute of Global and Area Studies, 4, 1-7.
  • Miller, M. C. (2016). The Role of Beliefs in Identifying Rising Power. The Chinese Journal of International Relations Politics, 9(2), 211-238.
  • Ministry of Commerce People’s Republic of China (2018). Statistic on China-AfricaBilateralTrade in 2017. Erişim tarihi 19 Nisan 2020 http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/statistic/ lanmubb/AsiaAfrica/201803/20180302719613.shtml.
  • Mor, H. (2010). Avrupa (Birliği) Bütünleşme Süreci ve Sorunları. Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(1), 499-541.
  • Narlikar, A. (2013). Introduction: Negotiating The Rise of New Powers. International Affairs, 89(3), 561-577.
  • O’Neill, J. (2001). Building Better Global Economics BRICs. Erişim tarihi 5 Ocak 2020 https://www.goldmansachs.com /insights/archive/archive-pdfs/build-better-brics.pdf.
  • O’Neill, J. (2014). The Mint Countries: Next Economic Giants?. Erişim tarihi 5 Ocak 2020 https://www.bbc.com/news /magazine-25548060.
  • Official Website of MIKTA. (2020). History. Erişim tarihi 9 Şubat 2020 http://www.mikta.org/about/history.php.
  • Parlar Dal, E. (2018). 10. Güney Afrika Zirvesi, BRICS Plus ve Türkiye. Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat 2020 https://www.aa.com.tr /tr/analiz-haber/10-guney-afrika-brics-zirvesi-brics-plus-ve-turkiye/1214365#.
  • Patrick, S. M. (2018). MIKTA in The Middle: A Little-Known Multilateral Group Turns Five. Erişim tarihi 28 Şubat 2020 https://www.cfr.org/blog/mikta-middle-little-known-multilateral-group-turns-five.
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of ForeignAffairs. (2018). MIKTA Foreign Ministers’ Statement on MIKTA’S Fifth Anniversary. Erişim tarihi 25 Şubat 2020 http://www.mfa.gov.tr /data/mikta-ortak-aciklama.pdf.
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2020). Turkey-Africa Relations. Erişim tarihi 23 Nisan 2020 http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey-africa-relations.en.mfa.
  • Renard, T. (2009). A BRIC in The World: Emerging Powers, Europe and The Coming Order. Gent: Academia Press.
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  • Rosenau, J. N. (1995). Governance in the Twenty-first Century. Global Governance, 1(1), 13-43.
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The European Union's Response to Rising Powers: The Challenges of the BRICS and MIKTA Countries

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 39 - 70, 21.09.2020

Öz

The European Union was established after the Second World War by countries that wanted to maintain their presence in the global arena as a whole and reorganise economic structures. The rising powers challenged the European Union with the start of the millennium. In order to counter challenges, the European Union has developed a number of mechanisms for its institutional structure and its relations with other actors. These mechanisms included the concept of strategic partnership and summit diplomacy. The mechanisms started with cooperation frameworks such as trade. The mechanisms were thought to reduce the intensity of the challenges and further the relations between the states. For this reason, in this study, it will be discussed which challenges the rising powers have made against the EU and to what extent the foreign policy tools used by the EU against these challenges have effects will be discussed.

Kaynakça

  • 2015 Turkish Presidency in G20. (t.y.). About G20. Erişim tarihi 17 Mart 2020 http://g20.org.tr/about-g20/.
  • 2019 Brazilian Presidency in BRICS. (2019). Previous Summits. Erişim tarihi 7 Şubat 2020 http://brics2019.itamaraty. gov.br/en/about-brics/previous-summits.
  • Akdemir, E. (2018). Avrupa Birliği’nin Dış İlişkileri ve Politikası: Avrupa Birliği’nin Bütünleş(eme)mesi Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, 17(2), 181-218.
  • BBC News. (1998). Boom to Bust: Asia’s Economic Crisis. Erişim tarihi 6 Nisan 2020 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/ special_report/1998/asian_economic_crises/45468.stm.
  • BBC News. (2003). Europe and Iraq: Who Stands Where?. Erişim tarihi 20 Mart 2020 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/ europe/2698153.stm.
  • BBC News. (2019). Gabon President Bongo Back Home a Week After Failed Coup. Erişim tarihi 18 Nisan 2020 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46885467.
  • Büyüktanır, D. (2010). Dış İlişkiler Kapsamında Avrupa Birliği’nin Tüzel Kişiliği ve Lizbon Antlaşması. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 7(27), 87-110.
  • China Daily. (2017). Themes and Results of BRICS Summits Over The Decade. Erişim tarihi 9 Şubat 2020 http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2017brics/2017-09/01/content_31369213.htm.
  • Çolakoğlu, S. ve Hecan, M. (2016). Turkey in Global Governance: An Evaluation of Turkey’s G20 Presidency and the Antalya Summit 2015. Global Summitry, 2(2), 143-160.
  • Delegation of the European Union to Turkey. (t.y.). Single European Act. Erişim tarihi 23 Mart 2020 https://www.avrupa.info.tr/sites/default/files/2016-08/SingleEuropeanAct-TekSenet_0.pdf.
  • Dinan, D. (2007). Fifty Years of European Integration: A Remarkable Achievement. Fordham International Law Journal, 5(31), 1118-1142.
  • Drummond, P. ve Liu, E. X. (2013). Africa’s Rising Exposure to China: How Large Are Spillovers Through Trade?. IMF Working Paper, 13, 4-24.
  • Engin, B. ve Baba, G. (2015). MIKTA: A Functioning Product of “New” Middle Power-ism?. Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika. 11(42), 1-40.
  • Erarslan, C. ve Timurtaş, M. E. (2015). Avrupa Borç Krizinin Seçilmiş Ülke Örnekleri Üzerindeki Etkileri. Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 1(2), 17-54.
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  • Gardner, H. 2019. IR Theory, Historical Analogy and Major Power War, Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Global Firepower (2019). 2018 Military Strength Ranking. Erişim tarihi 7-18 Şubat 2020 https://www.globalfirepower.com/countries-listing.asp.
  • Griffiths, M.,O’Callaghan, T. ve Roach, S. C. (2007). International Relations: The Key Concepts. London: Routledge.
  • Hameiri, S. ve Jones, L. (2015). Rising Powers and State Transformation: The Case of China. European Journal of International Relations, 22(1), 72-98.
  • Hashiru, M. ve Tüfekçi, Ö. (2018). Putting The ‘N’ or Replacing The ‘S’ in The BRICS? Nigeria’s Rise As An Emerging Power. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 16(3), 11-23.
  • Hawksworth, J. ve Cookson, G. (2009). Beyond the BRICs: A Broader Look at Emerging Market Growth Prospects. Erişim tarihi 25 Nisan 2020 https://www.pwc.com/la/ en/publications/assets/world_2050_brics.pdf.
  • Heywood, A. (2013). Küresel Siyaset, (N. Uslu ve H. Özdemir, Çev.). Ankara: Adres Yayınları.
  • Hürriyet. (2009). Karadan Girdi. Erişim tarihi 29 Mart 2020 http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/karadan-girdi-10695236.
  • International Money Fund (2019). World Economic Outlook Databese – 2017. Erişim tarihi 7 Şubat 2020 https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/index.aspx.
  • International Money Fund (t.y.). Quota and Voting Shares Before and After Implementation of Reforms Agreed in 2008 and 2010. Erişim tarihi 9 Mayıs 2020 https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2011/pdfs/quota_tbl.pdf.
  • Kaplan, M. A. (2005). System and Process in International Politics. Colchester: The ECPR Press.
  • Karagöl, E. T. (2014). Kıtalar Arası Ekonomik İşbirliği: MIKTA. Seta Perspektif, (62), 1-5.
  • Keukeleire, S. ve Hoojmaaijers, B. (2013). The BRICS and Other Emerging Powers Alliances and Multilateral Organisations in the Asia-Pacific and the Global South:
  • Challenges for the European Union and Its View on Multilateralism. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 52(3), 582-599.
  • Kınık, H. ve Tüfekçi Ö. (2018). Rising Powers and the Dynamics of Conflict and Cooperation within Eurasia. Ö. Tüfekçi, H. Tabak ve R. Dağ (Der.), Politics of Conflictand Cooperation in Eurasia içinde (ss. 18-36). Newcastle Upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Kingah, S. (2011). Increasing Influence of BRICs in Africa: How Should The EU Respond?. Trade Negotiations Insights, 10(4), 10-12.
  • Lawson, S., Heacock D. ve Stupnytska A. (2007). Beyond the BRICS: A Look AT the ‘Next 11’. Erişim tarihi 6 Ocak 2020 https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/archive/archive-pdfs/brics-book/brics-chap-13.pdf.
  • Hess, N. M. (2012). EU Relations With “Emerging” Strategic Partners: Brazil, Indiaand South Africa. German Institute of Global and Area Studies, 4, 1-7.
  • Miller, M. C. (2016). The Role of Beliefs in Identifying Rising Power. The Chinese Journal of International Relations Politics, 9(2), 211-238.
  • Ministry of Commerce People’s Republic of China (2018). Statistic on China-AfricaBilateralTrade in 2017. Erişim tarihi 19 Nisan 2020 http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/statistic/ lanmubb/AsiaAfrica/201803/20180302719613.shtml.
  • Mor, H. (2010). Avrupa (Birliği) Bütünleşme Süreci ve Sorunları. Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(1), 499-541.
  • Narlikar, A. (2013). Introduction: Negotiating The Rise of New Powers. International Affairs, 89(3), 561-577.
  • O’Neill, J. (2001). Building Better Global Economics BRICs. Erişim tarihi 5 Ocak 2020 https://www.goldmansachs.com /insights/archive/archive-pdfs/build-better-brics.pdf.
  • O’Neill, J. (2014). The Mint Countries: Next Economic Giants?. Erişim tarihi 5 Ocak 2020 https://www.bbc.com/news /magazine-25548060.
  • Official Website of MIKTA. (2020). History. Erişim tarihi 9 Şubat 2020 http://www.mikta.org/about/history.php.
  • Parlar Dal, E. (2018). 10. Güney Afrika Zirvesi, BRICS Plus ve Türkiye. Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat 2020 https://www.aa.com.tr /tr/analiz-haber/10-guney-afrika-brics-zirvesi-brics-plus-ve-turkiye/1214365#.
  • Patrick, S. M. (2018). MIKTA in The Middle: A Little-Known Multilateral Group Turns Five. Erişim tarihi 28 Şubat 2020 https://www.cfr.org/blog/mikta-middle-little-known-multilateral-group-turns-five.
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of ForeignAffairs. (2018). MIKTA Foreign Ministers’ Statement on MIKTA’S Fifth Anniversary. Erişim tarihi 25 Şubat 2020 http://www.mfa.gov.tr /data/mikta-ortak-aciklama.pdf.
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2020). Turkey-Africa Relations. Erişim tarihi 23 Nisan 2020 http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey-africa-relations.en.mfa.
  • Renard, T. (2009). A BRIC in The World: Emerging Powers, Europe and The Coming Order. Gent: Academia Press.
  • Renard, T. (2010). G20: Towards a New World Order. Studia Diplomatica, 63(2), 7-21.
  • Renard, T. (2012). The EU Strategic Review: Ten Guiding Principles. Erişim tarihi 15 Mayıs 2020 https://www.ies.be/files/ private/28)%20Renard%20-%20Ten%20Guiding%20Principles.pdf.
  • Rosenau, J. N. (1995). Governance in the Twenty-first Century. Global Governance, 1(1), 13-43.
  • RussiaToday. (2012). Are MIST Countries Becoming the New BRICS?. Erişim tarihi 6 Şubat 2020 https://www.rt.com/business/mist-fund-investment-growth-039/.
  • Russia Today (2014). BRICS Establish 100 Billion Dollar Bank and Currency Pool to Cut Out Western Dominance. Erişim tarihi 16 Şubat 2020 https://www.rt.com/business/173008-brics-bank-currency-pool/.
  • Sanahuja, J. A. (2015). Global Development and The Rise of Emerging Powers: The EU Cooperation Policy, Between Accommodation and Change. 23rd International Conference of Europeanists Bildiriler Kitabı, Philadelphia, 1-25.
  • Schwarze, J. (2006). The Development of the European Union From A Common Market to A Political Union. Restitution Law Review (RLR), (23), 91-98.
  • Smith, M. (2013). Beyond The Comfort Zone: Internal Crisis and External Challenge in The European Union’s Response to Rising Power. International Affairs, 89(3), 653-671.
  • Smith, M. (2016). The EU, Strategic Diplomacy and The BRIC Countries. M. Smith, S. Keukeleire ve S. Vanhoonacher (Der.), The Diplomatic System of the European Union içinde (ss. 115-128). New York: Routledge.
  • SIPRI. (2020). Biggest Miltary Spenders. http://visuals.sipri.org.
  • Soko, M. ve Qobo, M. (2016). Can the BRICS Countries Serve As Economic Drivers in Africa. Erişim tarihi 19 Nisan 2020 http://gnp.advancedmanagement.net/article/2016/12/can-brics-countries-serve-economic-drivers-africa.
  • Tank, P. (2012). The Concept of Rising Power. Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre (NOREF), 1-4.
  • Thakur, R. (2014). How Representative are BRICS?. Third World Quarterly, 35(10), 1791-1808.
  • The Guardian. (2011). How UNESCO Countries Voted on Palestinian Membership. Erişim tarihi 29 Mart 2020 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/01/unesco-countries-vote-palestinian-membership.
  • The Times (2011), Where are You Guys? Gabon’s Leader Asks The West, as China Head Race to Invest. Erişim tarihi 19 Nisan 2020 https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/where-are-you-guys-gabons-leader-asks-the-west-as-chinese-head-race-to-invest-spc9d2ccr6s.
  • Thesiko, M. ve Wyk, J. A. (2019). The Quest for African Permanent Membership of The UNSC: A Comparative Assessment of Nigeria and South Africa’s Eligibility.
  • Oluwaseun Tella (Der.), Nigeria-South Africa Relations and Regional Hegemonic Competence içinde (ss. 48-49). Cham: Springer.
  • Tüfekçi, Ö. (2016). Yükselen Güçler ve Dış Politika Aracı Olarak Dış Yardımlar. Erman Akıllı (Ed.), Türkiye’de ve Dünyada Dış Yardımlar içinde (101-119). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • University of Toronto BRICS Information Centre. (t.y.). Sixth BRICS Summit–Fortaleza Declaration. Erişim tarihi 16 Şubat 20 http://brics.itamaraty.gov.br/press-releases/214-sixth-brics-summit-fortaleza-declaration.
  • United Nations Conference on Tradeand Development. (2018). Foreign Direct Investment to Africa Fell by 21% in 2017, Says UN report. Erişim tarihi 21 Nisan 2020 https://unctad.org/en/pages/PressRelease.aspx?OriginalVersionID=461.
  • Weaver M. ve McCarthy T. (2012). UN General Assembly Recognises Palestinian State-As It Happened. Erişim tarihi 29 Mart 2020 https://www.theguardian.com/world/middle-east-live/2012/nov/29/egypt-crisis-morsi-constitution-live.
  • Wilson, D. ve Purushothaman R. (2003). Dreaming with BRICs: The Path to 2050. Erişim tarihi 15 Ocak 2020 https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/archive/archive-pdfs/brics-dream.pdf.
  • World Bank. (t.y.). Russian Federation. Erişim tarihi 25 Nisan 2020 https://data.worldbank.org/country/russian-federation?view=chart.
  • World Bank. (2010). World Bank Voice Reform: Enhancing Voice and Participation of Developing and Transition Countries in 2010 and Beyond. Erişim tarihi 9 Mayıs 2020 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DEVCOMMINT/ Documentation/22553921/DC2010-006(E)Voice.pdf.
  • World Bank. (2019). Data. Erişim tarihi 11 Şubat 2020 https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?most_recent_year_desc=false.
  • World TradeOrganization. (2019). World Trade Statistical Review 2017. Erişim tarihi 7 Şubat 2020 https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/wts2017_e/wts17_toc_e.htm.
Toplam 75 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Fevzi Kırbaşoğlu

Özgür Tüfekçi

Yayımlanma Tarihi 21 Eylül 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kırbaşoğlu, F., & Tüfekçi, Ö. (2020). Avrupa Birliği’nin Yükselen Güçler Politikası: BRICS ve MIKTA Ülkelerinin Meydan Okumaları. Novus Orbis: Siyaset Bilimi Ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 2(1), 39-70.
AMA Kırbaşoğlu F, Tüfekçi Ö. Avrupa Birliği’nin Yükselen Güçler Politikası: BRICS ve MIKTA Ülkelerinin Meydan Okumaları. Novus Orbis. Eylül 2020;2(1):39-70.
Chicago Kırbaşoğlu, Fevzi, ve Özgür Tüfekçi. “Avrupa Birliği’nin Yükselen Güçler Politikası: BRICS Ve MIKTA Ülkelerinin Meydan Okumaları”. Novus Orbis: Siyaset Bilimi Ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 2, sy. 1 (Eylül 2020): 39-70.
EndNote Kırbaşoğlu F, Tüfekçi Ö (01 Eylül 2020) Avrupa Birliği’nin Yükselen Güçler Politikası: BRICS ve MIKTA Ülkelerinin Meydan Okumaları. Novus Orbis: Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 2 1 39–70.
IEEE F. Kırbaşoğlu ve Ö. Tüfekçi, “Avrupa Birliği’nin Yükselen Güçler Politikası: BRICS ve MIKTA Ülkelerinin Meydan Okumaları”, Novus Orbis, c. 2, sy. 1, ss. 39–70, 2020.
ISNAD Kırbaşoğlu, Fevzi - Tüfekçi, Özgür. “Avrupa Birliği’nin Yükselen Güçler Politikası: BRICS Ve MIKTA Ülkelerinin Meydan Okumaları”. Novus Orbis: Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 2/1 (Eylül 2020), 39-70.
JAMA Kırbaşoğlu F, Tüfekçi Ö. Avrupa Birliği’nin Yükselen Güçler Politikası: BRICS ve MIKTA Ülkelerinin Meydan Okumaları. Novus Orbis. 2020;2:39–70.
MLA Kırbaşoğlu, Fevzi ve Özgür Tüfekçi. “Avrupa Birliği’nin Yükselen Güçler Politikası: BRICS Ve MIKTA Ülkelerinin Meydan Okumaları”. Novus Orbis: Siyaset Bilimi Ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, c. 2, sy. 1, 2020, ss. 39-70.
Vancouver Kırbaşoğlu F, Tüfekçi Ö. Avrupa Birliği’nin Yükselen Güçler Politikası: BRICS ve MIKTA Ülkelerinin Meydan Okumaları. Novus Orbis. 2020;2(1):39-70.