The Mapuche Conflict in Chile within the Framework of Basic Human Needs Theory

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 165 - 199, 31.10.2021

Sezai Ozcelik Sedat Taşkıran

Öz

The Mapuche are an indigenous community with a history dating back to B.C. They have lived within the borders of Chile. They were invaded by the Inca Empire and the Spaniards and resisted them. After the State of Chile gained its final independence on February 12, 1818, the Mapuches have started to live within the borders of the State of Chile that tried to maintain its national unity from this date on. The Chilian State have gone through periods of ups and downs that sometimes include conflict and violence. This relationship between the State of Chile and the Mapuches have started after independence and extended to the present time that results in a conflict situation. This study aims to analyze and discuss in chronological order within the framework of John Burton's Basic Human Needs (BHNs) Theory argues that not satisfying the basic human needs, especially identity and security, causes conflicts. In this context, this study has emerged as a scientific study in the field of Latin American indigenous people's movements and conflict resolution that has an important place in the international literature. Due to the lack of and inadequacy in the field of conflict analysis and resolution about Latin America studies in Turkey, this academic study hopes to contribute to the Turkish literature. In addition, this study is applied to the qualitative research method with the literature review by analyzing the scope of obtained historical data. The basic needs of the Mapuche society and the Chilean State were determined in the light of the findings obtained by examining the relations between the Chilean State and the Mapuche society from a political, economic and sociological point of view and evaluating them within the framework of the BHNs Theory. As a result, it has been seen that basic needs that are not adequately met and satisfied are the deep-rooted and protracted nature of the conflicts. In this research, it is suggested that conflicts may be prevented before they break out in violent conflict in Chile by addressing the basic human needs issues, especially identity and security.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Chile, Mapuche, Conflict Analysis, Conflict Resolution, Basic Human Needs Theory

Temel İnsan İhtiyaçları Teorisi ve Şili’deki Mapuçe Çatışması

Öz

Mapuçeler, tarihi geçmişi M.Ö.’ye dayanan yerli topluluktur. Şili sınırları içinde yaşamaktadırlar. İnka İmparatorluğu ve İspanyolların işgaline uğramış ve direnmişlerdir. Mapuçeler, nihai bağımsızlığını 12 Şubat 1818 tarihinde elde ederek bu tarihten itibaren ulusal birliğini sağlamaya çalışan Şili Devleti sınırları içinde yaşamaya başladıktan sonra bazen çatışma ve şiddet içeren inişli ve çıkışlı dönemler geçirmişlerdir. Bağımsızlık sonrası başlayan ve günümüze kadar uzanan bu ilişki ve buna bağlı ortaya çıkan çatışma durumu, John Burton’un, temel insan ihtiyaçlarının karşılanmamasının veya engellenmesinin çatışmalara neden olduğunu savunan Temel İnsan İhtiyaçları Teorisi (TİİT) çerçevesinde kronolojik düzen içerisinde ele alınmıştır. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışma ile uluslararası literatürde önemli yere sahip Latin Amerika yerli halk hareketleri ve çatışma çözümü alanında bilimsel çalışma olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Latin Amerika’ya yönelik çatışma analizi ve çözümü alanındaki yetersiz durumu, Türkçe alan yazınına akademik çalışmayla katkıda bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca nitel araştırma yöntemine başvurulan bu çalışma kapsamında literatür taraması sonucu elde edilen tarihi veriler analiz edilmiştir. Şili Devleti ile Mapuçe toplumu arasındaki ilişkilerin politik, ekonomik ve sosyolojik açıdan incelenmesi ve TİİT çerçevesinde değerlendirilmesi suretiyle elde edilen bulgular ışığında Mapuçe toplumu ile Şili Devleti’nin temel ihtiyaçları belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, bu araştırmayla yeterince karşılanmayan temel ihtiyaçların çatışmalara neden olduğu görülmüş ve buna bağlı olarak Şili’de şiddetli çatışma potansiyeli olan konuda çatışmaların çıkmadan önlenebilmesine olanak sağlayabilecek öneriler sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Şili, Mapuçe, Çatışma Analizi, Çatışma Çözümü, Temel İnsan İhtiyaçları Teorisi

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