Nitel Araştırmalarda Görüşme Türleri ve Görüşme Tekniklerinin Uygulanma Süreci/ Interviews and Interviewing Techniques in Qualitative Research

Öz

In the study, firstly, information about data collection types and data collection activities was given. It is appropriate to decide with which technique the data will be collected, in line with the research design to be adopted for the research problem. For example; While various types of interviews can be done for a case study, face-to-face in-depth interviews are more suitable for phenomenology study. The purpose of using the interview technique in qualitative research is to provide a deep knowledge based on the meanings that individuals attribute to life experiences, situations, or events. Researchers try to understand the situation examined from the subjective perspectives of individuals by asking flexible questions with the interview technique. However, there may be difficulties in making sense of the inner world of individuals due to their different cultural structures. For this reason, it is important for the researcher to have information about the process of the interview technique to be planned in line with the research design. Interview types are classified in various ways in the literature. In this article, the information obtained from the literature has been summarized and categorized as "interview types according to the way of communicating with the participants" and "interview types according to the data collection tool" based on the developments in qualitative research. The data collection process for each interview type is carried out similarly. The process includes the stages of establishing the sample frame, establishing the harmony by developing rapport, selecting the sample, collecting the data, analyzing the data, ensuring validity and reliability, and reporting the results. In the study, detailed information about the progress of these processes is given. In qualitative research, the vital element is about the place and the characteristics of the working group. The people and places that will provide the most accurate information about the research problem should be chosen. For this reason, purposive sampling methods are often preferred as a sampling method. There are various views on determining the sample size for qualitative research. Examples of various views are given in the article. The data analysis process in qualitative research includes collecting data, creating codes, simplifying the codes, creating categories and themes, and presenting them by reporting. There are also many different definitions of the types of qualitative data analysis in the literature. However, there are some methods that are frequently used in the interview technique. The qualitative design in which the research was designed is a guide for the appropriate analysis method. In qualitative research interviews, ideal data collection and analysis usually occur simultaneously. Since qualitative studies are carried out in accordance with specific descriptions, they do not aim to generalize their findings. This situation also leads to the emergence of many different views on validity and reliability. The most accepted validity and reliability criteria was discussed in line with the literature. In addition, ethical issues need to be taken into account, as the interviews provide data on the confidential aspects of the participants. In this respect, it is necessary to inform the participants about every subject before participating in the interview. In addition, it is important to ensure that the participants are volunteers and that the confidentiality of the collected data is guaranteed.
This study shows that there are very different approaches at every stage of the application process of the interview technique in qualitative research. In this study, in order to clarify this complexity, the subject is discussed in detail in line with the methods frequently used in the literature, up to date sources. This study contributes to the literature on the relationship between research design and interview technique. In order to better understand qualitative research methods in future studies, it is recommended to conduct studies examining different techniques with relevant up-to-date sources. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Qualitative research
• ınterview technique
• data collection
• qualitative data analysis

Nitel Araştırmalarda Görüşme Türleri ve Görüşme Tekniklerinin Uygulanma Süreci/ Interviews and Interviewing Techniques in Qualitative Research

Öz

Son yıllarda sosyal bilimler alanında yapılan çalışmalarda bir paradigma değişimi yaşandığı ve nitel yöntemlerle tasarlanmış çalışmaların giderek arttığı görülmektedir. Yapılan bu nitel araştırmalarda veri toplama yöntemi olarak sıklıkla görüşme tekniğinden yararlanılmaktadır. Literatüre bakıldığında görüşme tekniklerinin; araştırmanın deseni, farklı disiplin perspektifleri ve farklı yaklaşımlar doğrultusunda çok çeşitli şekillerde ele alındığı ve nitel araştırma desenleri doğrultusunda görüşme sürecinin yürütülmesi ile ilgili bilgi eksikliği olduğu görülmektedir. Bu durum özellikle nitel araştırmalarda tecrübe sahibi olmayan araştırmacılar için kafa karışıklığı yaratabilmektedir. Çalışma kapsamında, nitel yaklaşıma yönelik görüşme tekniği süreçlerinin doğru anlaşılması amacıyla görüşme teknikleri kavramsal olarak ele alınmış ve görüşme teknikleri ile yapılan araştırmaların süreci hakkındaki bilgiler; sıklıkla kullanılan teknikler ve güncel kaynaklarla desteklenen detaylı bilgiler doğrultusunda ortaya koyulmuştur. Ayrıca çalışmada, görüşme tekniği nitel araştırma desenlerine göre incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın görüşme tekniği ile ilgili literatürde eksikliği hissedilen ve karışıklık yaratan durumların aydınlatılmasına fayda sağlayacağı ve nitel araştırmalara yeni başlayanlar için yol gösterici olacağı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Nitel araştırmalar
• görüşme tekniği
• veri toplama
• nitel veri analizi

Kaynakça

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