MODERN STANDART ARAPÇA VE BAZI ARAP DİYALEKTLERİNDE GELECEK ZAMAN FORMLARI

Öz

Arap dilinin tarihi üzerine kafa yoran bilim insanları arasında, bu dilin tarihî dönemlerine yönelik çeşitli adlandırmalar yapılmışsa da konu üzerinde tam bir mutabakat sağlanabilmiş değildir. Bununla birlikte, günümüzde, tüm Arap ülkelerince ortak olarak kullanılan standart bir kültür / yazı dilinin varlığından söz edilebilir. Gazete, roman, öykü vb. gibi türler çoğunlukla bu dilde yazılır; genele hitap eden hatip, aydın ve muhabirler de bu dille konuşurlar. Bununla birlikte Arapçanın; konuşulmakta olduğu hemen her coğrafi bölgede, geniş halk kitleleri tarafından günlük yaşamda kullanılan, hatta bazen tiyatro vb. türde eserlere de yansıyan birçok dilsel varyasyonunun bulunduğu da bir gerçektir. Bu farklılıklar, Arapça asıllı lehçe veya Batı dillerinden alıntı diyalekt kavramlarıyla ifade edilir. Daha çok konuşmada kendisini gösteren telaffuz farklılıkları ise şive (accent / لُكْنَة) olarak nitelendirilir. Lehçe veya diyalekt, pek tabi ki aynı dile ait ama farklı özellikler sergileyen şubeleri ifade etmekte kullanılır. Bugün farklı ülkelerde veya bölgelerde konuşulmakta olan Arapça dil şubelerinin çok büyük bir kısmının hem telaffuz, hem kelime dağarcığı, hem de gramer yapıları açısından yer yer ciddi denebilecek farklılıklar göstermekte olduğunu; dolayısıyla da bu şubelerin, lehçe kavramı içerisinde değerlendirilebileceğini; bununla birlikte aynı lehçenin konuşulduğu bölgenin farklı yörelerinde de lehçe olarak değerlendirilemeyecek küçük bazı farklılıkların (ağız, aksan, şive vb.) söz konusu olabileceği rahatlıkla söyleyenebilir. Bu çalışmada günümüz Arapçasının standart olan şubesiyle bazı lehçeleri, gelecek zaman işaretleyicileri açısından değerlendirilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Arap Dili
• zaman
• gelecek zaman işaretleyicileri
• lehçe
• ağız

Future Markers in Modern Standard Arabic and Some Arabic Dialects

Abstract

Today, the Arabic language is spoken by more than 300 million people in more than 20 countries and has an important place among the world's languages with its richness and diversity of dialects and accents. These dialects, each of which has its own phonetic, morphological, syntactic and lexical features; present a very different typological aspect, especially in terms of verb tense markers. Perhaps the most striking of the structures used to mark the tense of action in the Arabic dialects spoken today are future tense markers. Because these markers vary according to almost every dialect, they exceed 20 in number. Some of these markers, all of which are brought before the verb, are procilitics, while others are clitics / prefixes. Whether in preform or prefix form, these structures have the function of indicating the future tense and have been produced through the grammaticalization of some structures that were previously lexical units. In terms of these future tense markers mentioned in this concise research, Modern Standard Arabic and some important Arabic dialects that continue to be spoken today are discussed. The dialects that we discuss in this article are seen in such as Egypt, Oman, Palestine, Jordan, Yemen, Algeria, Libya and Morocco.

Keywords

• Arabic Language
• tense
• future markers
• dialect
• accent

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