The Analysis of Etgar Keret’s Short Story “Breaking the Pig”

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 48, 27 - 42, 29.06.2019

Alper Sarıbaş

https://doi.org/10.32330/nusha.485130

Öz

Etgar Keret who was born in 1967 in Ramat Gan is one of the most
important figures of 21th-century Israeli literature and cinema. Although he
published his first book of short stories, Pipes (צנורות – Tsinorot), when he was
only twenty-five years old, in 1992, it was with his second book, Missing
Kissinger (געגועי
לקיסינג'ר - Ga‘agu‘ay Le’Kissinger), (1994), that
Keret attracted the attention of literary circles. Adopting a derisive attitude toward the political,
religious and military values held sacred by the Israeli society, the author
focuses in his stories on the relations between family members as well as on
friendships and relationships. Taken to task by some literary critics for
allegedly injuring the values of Israeli society and lacking these values
himself, Keret in fact adopts an alternative, more critical approach to certain
values exploited by the Zionist movement. The characters who take part in his
stories usually have been described as antiheroes but most of them ignore the
values, even when those are accepted by the society they live in, and stay to
loyal their beliefs. In this regard, the subject of his short story Breaking
the Pig (לשבור את החזיר) which found in the Missing
Kissenger is the criticism of materialism through the father-son
relations. Etgar Keret,
in this short story, shows how a child grows mature, but not in the way
demanded by the economic system and its representative in the house, his father. This short story has become one of the most famous stories of Etgar
Keret, many of which have been adapted for the cinema as well. 

Structured Abstract

Since the early nineties Etgar Keret has become world-famous with his
comic books and short stories, more than forty of which have been adapted for
the cinema as well. Although he published his first book of short stories,
Pipes (צנורות
– Tsinorot), when he was only twenty-five years old,
in 1992, it was with his second book, Missing Kissinger (געגועי לקיסינג'ר
- Ga‘agu‘ay Le’Kissinger), (1994), that Keret attracted the attention of
literary circles. Adopting a derisive attitude toward the political, religious
and military values held sacred by the Israeli society, the author focuses in
his stories on the relations between family members as well as on friendships
and relationships. Taken to task by some literary critics for allegedly
injuring the values of Israeli society and lacking these values himself, Keret
in fact adopts an alternative, more critical approach to certain values exploited
by the Zionist movement.

The subject of his short story Breaking the Pig (לשבור את החזיר) is the criticism of materialism through the
father-son relations, found in
his second book. The protagonist of this story is a child called Yoav, who
requests his father to buy him a Bart Simpson toy. His father firmly turns down
this request. Stating that his son should learn to apprise the value of money
and the things bought with it, he buys his son a piggy bank instead. In return
for his son drinking a glass of hot cocoa with the skin each day, he gives him
a shekel to be dropped into the piggy bank. Initially, Yoav drinks the cocoa
with the skin only in order to buy the Bart Simpson toy. Eventually, however,
he becomes emotionally attached to the piggy bank.

His nuclear family is a patriarchal one. Since the father figure in the
story is responsible for earning a living for the entire family, his authority
on his son and wife is strong. The mother figure, in turn, fulfills a
complementary role in the story, serving to throw into relief the relations
between the father and the son. Accordingly, Yoav’s father acts as the decision
maker in the house, and wants to impose on his son what he regards as the
correct way proceeding. In consumer societies everything has a price,
calculated in terms of money. The simple system of barter established between
the son and the father (a shekel in return for a glass of cocoa with the skin)
points to “money” as the most important link in the current economic system.

It is only natural for parents today to raise their children in
accordance with their own values. However, the father in the story is not
expecting his son to develop an attitude that would benefit himself, his
family, or the society. In contrast, he is expecting him to grow out of the
innocence of childhood to learn to love money and things bought with it. In
other words, he tries to make his son understand that all things he sees around
have a price. In this respect, he adopts a thoroughly materialistic attitude.

Although Yoav eventually rebels against this attitude, which lies at the
basis of the entire modern economic system, he acts instinctually at first.
According to our protagonist, who has a powerful imagination, once upon a time
there lived in postboxes a man called Pesahzon. The name Pesahzon also calls
into mind the Pesah fest celebrated by the Jews as marking their escape from
slavery in Egypt. Yoav begins to call the piggy bank by this name, as he
regards and treats it as a real animal. He even imagines himself to be feeding
the pig as he drops the shekels he has received from his father into the slot
at its back. He has in fact found the uninterested love he needed in the pig,
and he similarly loves it without any expectations in return.

Although Yoav obediently fulfilled the demands of his father until then,
his new, profound love for his pig hero leads him to rebel against his father’s
new command to break the piggy bank and retrieve the money inside in order to
buy the Bart Simpson toy he wanted so much at the beginning. Yoav is no longer
acting instinctually; he flees from home with his pig friend once his father
falls asleep. Walking a while with the pig at his hand, he finally leaves the
pig with all the money inside at a field. Although a little child, he acts like
a mature person in giving up Bart Simpson to save his friend’s life. What he
really leaves at the field, therefore, is his innocence, and he steps in the
world of realities in this way.

This final refusal of the protagonist to be “educated” by his father is
what lends its striking quality to the end of the story. Yoav does not beg and
cry in an effort to try and to persuade his parents to let him continue living
with the pig friend he loves so much. He behaves maturely, preparing and
carrying out a plan of his own.

Thus Etgar Keret, in his short story Breaking the Pig, shows how a child
grows mature, but not in the way demanded by the economic system and its
representative in the house, his father. First he instinctually gets to love
the piggy bank for its own sake, not for the money deposited in it, and then
shows himself independent enough to save it without help from his parents, even
forgoing the Bart Simpson toy he had wanted so much in the beginning. Indeed,
it is precisely this special love for the piggy bank that runs counter to all
the values of the current capitalistic consumer society that allows him to
reach maturity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Etgar Keret, short story, Breaking the Pig, Modern Isreali short story

ETGAR KERET’İN “DOMUZU KIRMAK” ADLI KISA ÖYKÜSÜNÜN TAHLİLİ

Öz

1967 yılında Ramat Gan şehrinde dünyaya gelen
Etgar Keret modern İsrail edebiyatının ve sinemasının en önemli
karakterlerinden birisidir. Yazar yirmi beş yaşında iken Borular (צנורות –
Tsinorot) adlı öykü antolojisini 1992 yılında yayımlamış olsa da 1994 yılında
yayımladığı Kissinger’a Özlemler (געגועי לקיסינג'ר - Ga‘agu‘ay Le’Kissinger) adlı
ikinci öykü antolojisinden sonra İsrail edebiyatında çok önemli bir konum elde
eder. İsrail toplumu tarafından kutsal sayılan siyasi, dini ve askeri değerleri
alaycı bir üslupla ele alan yazar, öykülerinde aile ilişkilerinin yanı sıra
dostluk ve gönül ilişkilerine odaklanmaktadır. Bazı
edebiyat eleştirmenleri tarafından İsrail toplumun değerlerine zarar vermekle
ve bu değerlere saygı duymamakla suçlanan Keret, öykülerinde aslında Siyonist
hareket tarafından sömürülen belirli değerlere farklı ve çok daha hassas bir
tutum sergilemektedir. Öykülerinde
yer verdiği kahramanlar genellikle anti kahraman olarak nitelendirilir ancak bu
kahramanların birçoğu içinde yaşadıkları toplumun kendilerine dayatmaya
çalıştığı değer yargılarını görmezden gelir ve kendi doğrularına sadık kalır. Bu
bağlamda Kissinger’a Özlemler koleksiyonunda yer alan Lişbor et
Hahazir (Domuzu Kırmak) adlı kısa öyküsünün temelinde de baba-oğul ilişkisi
üzerinden maddiyatçılık eleştirisi yatar. Etgar Keret, bu kısa öyküde ekonomik
sistemin dayatmasını ve onun evdeki temsilcisi babanın isteğini görmezden gelen
bir çocuğun olgunluğa adım atmasını işler. Birçok öyküsü sinemaya uyarlanan
yazarın bu öyküsü, en meşhur öykülerinden biri olur. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Etgar Keret, modern İsrail kısa öyküsü, kısa öykü, Domuzu Kırmak, modern İsrail kısa öyküsü

Kaynakça

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• İnternet Kaynakları
• Basile, Nancy. (2018). The Simpsons. Erişim Tarihi: 18.11.2018, https://www.thoughtco.com/the-simpsons-main-characters-137323.
• Galron-Goldşlager, Yosef. (2017). אתגר קרת (Etgar Keret). Erişim Tarihi: 18.11.2018, https://library.osu.edu/projects/hebrew-lexicon/00226.php.
• Kpitolnik, Yael. (2017). ריאיון עם אתגר קרת - לשבור את החזיר (Reayon ‘im Etgar Keret – lişbor et hahazir). Erişim Tarihi: 18.11.2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D0L8rsTAE9c.