Balyosunun Kapudanı: İhtida, Çetrefilli Sadakatler ve İstanbul ile Venedik Arasında Uluc Hasan Paşa (1588-1591)

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 48 Sayı: 48, 277 - 319, 27.07.2016

Emrah Safa Gürkan

https://doi.org/10.18589/oa.588066

Öz

Bu makale İstanbul’daki Venedik balyosu ile Venedikli bir mühtedi olan
Kapudan-ı Derya Uluc Hasan Paşa (Hasan Veneziano) arasındaki ilişkiye odaklanmaktadır. Bu iki Venedikli arasındaki ortak geçmişin, ikilinin kişisel ilişkilerini ve Osmanlı
Venedik arasındaki diplomatik görüşmeleri nasıl etkilediğini Venedik ve İspanyol
arşivlerine dayanarak incelemektedir. İlk olarak, karşılıklı fayda üzerine bina edilmiş
diplomasinin en üst seviyesindeki bu yardımlaşma çeşitli açılardan ele alınmaktadır.
İkinci olarak ise, çalışmamız Uluc Hasan Paşa’nın geçmişi ve geleceği, anavatanı ve
yeni yurdu, kısacası Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ile Venedik Cumhuriyeti arasındaki yalpalamasını etüd etmektedir. Bu Osmanlı mühtedisinin iç çatışmalarını nasıl çözdüğü
ve çetrefilli sadakatlerin diplomatik görüşmelerde nasıl bir rol oynadığı gibi konular üzerinde durmaktadır. Son olarak, Hıristiyan hükümdarlar ve mühtedi paşalar
arasında gerçekleşen benzer dinler-ötesi diplomatik görüşmeleri bir karşılaştırmaya
tâbi tutarak, Avrupalı devletlerin mühtedilere karşı değişik tavırlarını incelemeye çalışmaktadır. İmparatorluk projelerindeki ve mühtedilerin sosyal arka planlarındaki
farkların eski tebâlarıyla pazarlık ederken Habsburglar ve Venediklileri nasıl değişik
argümanlar üretmeye ve farklı kavramlar kullanmaya ittiği gösterilmektedir

Anahtar Kelimeler

İhtida, mühtedi, kimlik, uyruk, aidiyet, dinler-ötesi diplomasi, gizli diplomasi, Kapudan-ı Derya, bailo, Osmanlı – Venedik ilişkileri, Habsburglar

His Bailo’s Kapudan: Conversion, Tangled Loyalties and Hasan Veneziano between Istanbul and Venice (1588-1591)

Öz

This article concentrates on the relationship between the Ottoman Grand
Admiral Uluc Hasan Pasha (Hasan Veneziano), a Venetian renegade, and the Venetian
ambassadors (baili) in Istanbul. Based on documentation from Venetian and Spanish archives, it analyzes how two compatriot’s shared background shaped diplomatic
negotiations and their personal relationship. First, it scrutinizes several aspects of this
mutually beneficent cooperation in the higher echelons of cross-confessional diplomacy. Secondly, it studies Hasan’s vacillation between the Serenissima and the Ottoman Empire, his past and present, his patria and his new homeland. It examines how
this Ottoman convert resolved his inner conflicts and what kind of a role his tangled
loyalties played in diplomatic negotiations. Finally, by comparing and contrasting
a number of similar cross-confessional diplomatic negotiations between Christian
rulers and renegade pashas, it aims to analyze the Europeans’ different attitude towards Ottoman renegades and illustrate how divergences in imperial projects and the
renegades’ social background led the Habsburgs and the Venetians employ different
arguments and use a different vocabulary while negotiating with their former subjects.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Conversion, renegade, identity, subjecthood, belonging, cross-confessional diplomacy, secret diplomacy, Ottoman Grand Admiral, bailo, Ottoman – Venetian relations, Spanish Habsburgs.

Kaynakça

• Bibliography Archival Sources and Manuscripts Archivo General de Simancas, Papeles de Estado, legajo 487. Archivo General de Simancas, Papeles de Estado, legajo 488. Archivo General de Simancas, Papeles de Estado, legajo 1158. Archivo General de Simancas, Papeles de Estado, legajo K 1675. Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Documenti Turchi, busta 8. Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Senato Deliberazioni Costantinopoli, filza 11. Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Senato Deliberazioni Costantinopoli, registro 6. Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Senato Deliberazioni Costantinopoli, registro 7. Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Senato Deliberazioni Costantinopoli, registro 8. Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Senato, Dispacci Costantinopoli, filza 11. Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Senato, Dispacci Costantinopoli, filza 21. HIS BAILO’S KAPUDAN: CONVERSION, TANGLED LOYALTIES AND HASAN VENEZIANO BETWEEN ISTANBUL AND VENICE (1588-1591) 314 Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Senato, Dispacci Costantinopoli, filza 28. Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Senato, Dispacci Costantinopoli, filza 29. Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Senato, Dispacci Costantinopoli, filza 30. Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Senato, Dispacci Costantinopoli, filza 31. Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Senato, Dispacci Costantinopoli, filza 32. Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivleri, Mühimme Defterleri, XXX. Bouchet, Jean: Les Triumphes de la Noble et amoureuse Dame, Paris: Guillaume de Bossonzel, 1536. Campanella, Tommaso: De Monarchia Hispanica Discursus, Amsterdam, 1640. The National Archives of United Kingdom, State Papers, Lello to Cecil, Istanbul, 4 November 1598, fol. 264r. Published Primary Sources Afyoncu, Erhan: “Necati Efendi: Târih-i Kırım (Rusya Sefaretnamesi),” M.A. Thesis, Marmara Üniversitesi, 1990. Beydilli, Kemal: Osmanlı’da İmamlar ve Bir İmamın Günlüğü, İstanbul: Yitik Hazine Yayınları, 2013. Brown, Horatio, ed.: Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, vol. 8, 1581-1591, London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1894. Brown, Horatio, ed.: Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, vol. 9, 1592-1603, London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1894. Cavazza, Gabriele: Viaggio di un ambasciatore veneziano da Venezia a Costantinopoli nel 1591, Venise: Fratelli Visentini, 1886. Çiftçi, Cemil: Mâcuncuzâde Mustafa Efendi. Malta Esirleri, İstanbul: Kitabevi, 1996. Giovio, Paolo: Delle istorie del suo tempo, seconda parte, trans. M. Lodovico Domenichi, Vinegia: Altobello Salicato, 1572. Haedo, Diego de: Topographia e Historia General de Argel, repartida en cinco tratados, do se veran casos estraños, muertes espantosas, y tormentos exquisitos, que conuiene se entiendan en la Christiandad: con much doctrina, y elegancia curiosa, Valladolid: Diego Fernandez de Cordoua y Ouiedo, 1612. İz, Fahir: “Macunzade Mustafa’nın Malta Anıları: Sergüzeşt-i Esiri-i Malta,” Türk Dili Araştırmaları Yıllığı – Belleten (1970), 69-122. Karataş, Ahmet, ed.: Sergüzeştnâme-i Hindî Mahmûd: İnebahtı Gâzisi Hindî Mahmûd ve Esâret Hatırâları, İstanbul: Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı Yayınları, 2013. EMRAH SAFA GÜRKAN 315 “Relazione di Giovanni Moro, bailo a Costantinopoli, letta in Pregadi l’anno 1590,” in Le Relazioni degli ambasciatori veneti al Senato durante il secolo decimosesto, vol. IX, ed. Eugenio Albèri, Firenze: Società Editrice Fiorentina, 1855, 323-380. “Relazione dell’Impero Ottomano di Lorenzo Bernardo, 1592,” in Le Relazioni degli ambasciatori veneti al Senato durante il secolo decimosesto, vol. VI, ed. Eugenio Albèri, Firenze: Società Editrice Fiorentina, 1844, 321-426. “Relazione di Matteo Zane, bailo a Costantinopoli, letta in Pregadi l’anno 1594,” in Relazioni, vol. IX, 381-444. “Relazione di Giralomo Capello, bailo, 1600,” in Relazioni di ambasciatori veneti al Senato tratte dalle migliori edizioni disponibili e ordinate cronologicamente, vol. XIV: Costantinopoli, relazioni inedite (1512-1789), ed. Maria Pia Pedani, Torino: Bottega d’Erasmo, 1996, 395-474. Salazar, Juan de: PolÓtica Española, Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Polí ticos, 1945. Schmücker, W.: “Die Maltesischen Gefangenschaftserinnerungen eines türkischen Kadi vor 1599,” Archivum Ottomanicum II (1970), 191-251. Segre, Arturo and Roberto Cessi, eds.: I Diarii di Girolamo Priuli (AA. 1494-1512), Città di Castello: Casa Editrice S. Lapi, 1912-1938, 4 vols. Tolasa, Harun, ed.: Kendi Kalemiyle Temeşvarlı Osman Ağa: Bir Osmanlı Türk Sipahisi ve Esirlik Hayatı, Ankara: Akçağ Yayınları, 2004. Secondary Sources Aksan, Virginia: “The Question of Writing Pre-Modern Biographies of the Middle East,” in Auto/Biography and the Creation of Identity and Community in the Middle East, ed. Mary Ann Fay, New York: Palgrave, 2004, 191-200. Arbel, Benjamin: “Nûr Bânû (c. 1530-1583): A Venetian Sultana?,” Turcica 24 (1992), 241-259. Bennassar, Bartolomé and Lucile Bennassar: Les chrétiens d’Allah: l’histoire extraordinaire des renégats, XVIe et XVIIe siècles, Paris: Perrin, 1989. Berbrugger, A.: “Négociations entre Hassan Agha et le comte d’ Alcaudete, gouverneur d’Oran, 1541-1542,” Revue Africaine IX (1865), 379-385. Burke, Peter: “Cultures of Translation in Early Modern Europe,” in Cultural Translation in Early Modern Europe, eds. Peter Burke and R. Po-chia Hsia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Broos, Diane Austin: “The Anthropology of Conversion: An Introduction,” in The Anthropology of Religious Conversion, eds. Andrew Buckser and Stephen D. Glazier, Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2003, 1-12. HIS BAILO’S KAPUDAN: CONVERSION, TANGLED LOYALTIES AND HASAN VENEZIANO BETWEEN ISTANBUL AND VENICE (1588-1591) 316 Capasso, C.: “Barbarossa e Carlo V,” Rivista storica italiana XLIX (1932), 169-209. Davis, Natalie Zemon: The Gift in Sixteenth-Century France, Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2000. Dakhlia, Jocelyne: Lingua Franca: histoire d’une langue métisse en Méditerranée, Arles: Actes Sud, 2008. Dursteler, Eric R.: “The Bailo in Constantinople: Crisis and Career in Venice’s Early Modern Diplomatic Corps,” Mediterranean Historical Review 16/2 (2001), 1-30. Dursteler, Eric: “Fatima Hatun née Beatrice Michiel: Renegade Women in the Early Modern Mediterranean,” The Medieval History Journal 12/2 (2009), 355-382. Dursteler, Eric: Venetians in Constantinople: Nation, Identity, and Coexistence in the Early Modern Mediterranean, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006. Dursteler, Eric: Renegade Women: Gender, Identity, and Boundaries in the Early Modern Mediterranean, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011. Emecen, Feridun: Zamanın İskenderi, Şarkın Fatihi: Yavuz Sultan Selim, İstanbul: Yitik Hazine Yayınları, 2010. Fabris, Antonio: “Hasan ‘il Veneziano’ tra Algeria e Costantinopoli,” Quaderni di Studi Arabi 5 (1997), 51-66. Fleischer, Cornell: Bureaucrat and Intellectual in the Ottoman Empire: The Historian Mustafa Âli (1541-1600), Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1986. Garcés, MarÓa Antonia: Cervantes in Algiers: A Captive’s Tale, Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2002. Garcés, Maria Antonia, ed.: An Early Modern Dialogue with Islam: Antonio de Sosa’s Topography of Algiers (1612), trans. Diana de Armas Wilson, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2011. Gelder, Maartje van and Tijana Krstić, eds.: Cross-Confessional Diplomacy and Diplomatic Intermediaries in the Early Modern Mediterranean, special issue of the Journal of Early Modern History 19/2-3 (2015), 93-259. Gelder, Maartje van and Tijana Krstić: “Introduction: Cross-Confessional Diplomacy and Diplomatic Intermediaries in the Early Modern Mediterranean,” Journal of Early Modern History 19/2-3 (2015), 93-105. Ginio, Eyal: “Childhood, Mental Capacity and Conversion to Islam in the Ottoman State,” Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 25 (2001), 90-119. Graf, Tobias: “‘I am Still Yours’ Christian-European ‘Renegades’ in the Ottoman Elite during the Late Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,” Ph.D. Diss., Universität Heidelberg, 2013. EMRAH SAFA GÜRKAN 317 Graf, Tobias: “Of Half-Lives and Double-Lives: ‘Renegades’ in the Ottoman Empire and Their Pre-Conversion Ties, ca. 1580-1610,” in Well Connected Domains: Towards an Entangled Ottoman History, eds. Pascal W. Firges et al. (Leiden: Brill, 2014), 131-149. Gürkan, Emrah Safa: “The Centre and the Frontier: Ottoman Cooperation with the North African Corsairs in the Sixteenth Century,” Turkish Historical Review 1/2 (2010), 125-163. Gürkan, Emrah Safa: “Espionage in the 16th century Mediterranean: Secret Diplomacy, Mediterranean Go-Betweens and the Ottoman-Habsburg Rivalry,” Ph.D. Diss., Georgetown University, 2012. Gürkan, Emrah Safa: “My Money or Your Life: Habsburg Hunt for Uluc Ali,” Historia Moderna 36 (2014), 121-145. Gürkan, Emrah Safa: “Fooling the Sultan: Information, Decision-Making and the ‘Mediterranean Faction’ (1585-1587),” Journal of Ottoman Studies 45 (2015), 57-96. Gürkan, Emrah Safa: “Mediating Boundaries: Mediterranean Go-Betweens and CrossConfessional Diplomacy in Constantinople, 1560-1600,” Journal of Early Modern History 19 (2015), 107-128. Gürkan, Emrah Safa: “Touting for Patrons, Brokering Power, and Trading Information: Trans-Imperial Jews in Sixteenth-Century Constantinople,” in Detrás de las apariencias. Información y espionaje (siglos XVI-XVII), eds. Emilio Sola Castaño and Gennaro Varriale, Alcalá de Henares: Universidad de Alcalá, 2015, 127-151. Hathaway, Jane: Beshir Agha: Chief Eunuch of the Ottoman Imperial Harem, Oxford: Oneworld, 2005. Imber, Colin: Ebu’s-Su’ud: The Islamic Legal Tradition, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997. Kafadar, Cemal: “Self and Others: The Diary of a Dervish in Seventeenth-Century Istanbul and First-Person Narratives in Ottoman Literature,” Studia Islamica 69 (1989), 121–50. Kafadar, Cemal: “Mütereddit Bir Mutasavvıf: Üsküplü Asiye Hatun’un Rüya Defteri, 1641-43,” Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Yıllık 5 (1992): 168-222, reprinted in Kim Var imiş Biz Burada Yoğ İken – Dört Osmanlı: Yeniçeri, Tüccar, Derviş ve Hatun,ed. Cemal Kafadar, İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, 2009, 123-191. Kafadar, Cemal: “A Rome of One’s Own: Reflections on Cultural Geography and Identity in the Lands of Rum,” Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World, History and Ideology: Architectural Heritage of the “Lands of Rum” 24 (2007), 7-25. Karahasanoğlu, Selim: Kadı ve Günlüğü: Sadreddinzâde Telhisî Mustafa Efendi Günlüğü (1711-1735) Üstüne Bir İnceleme, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2012. HIS BAILO’S KAPUDAN: CONVERSION, TANGLED LOYALTIES AND HASAN VENEZIANO BETWEEN ISTANBUL AND VENICE (1588-1591) 318 Krstić, Tijana: “Illuminated by the Light of Islam and the Glory of the Ottoman Sultanate: Self-Narratives of Conversion to Islam in the Age of Confessionalization,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 51/1 (2009), 35-63. Krstić, Tijana: Contested Conversions to Islam: Narratives of Religious Change in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011. Krstić, Tijana: “Reading Abdallāh b. Abdallāh al-Tarjumān’s Tuhfa (1420) in the Ottoman Empire: Muslim-Christian Polemics and Intertextuality in the Age of “Confessionalization,” Al-Qantara 36/2 (2015), 341-401. Kunt, Metin Ibrahim: “Ethnic-Regional (Cins) Solidarity in the Seventeenth-Century Ottoman Establishment,” International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 5/3 (1974), 233-239. Kunt, İ. Metin: The Sultan’s Servants: The Transformation of Ottoman Provincial Administration, 1550-1650, New York: Columbia University Press, 1983. Lazzarini, Isabella: Communication and Conflict: Italian Diplomacy in the Early Renaissance, 1350-1520, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015. Maartje van Gelder, “The Republic’s Renegades: Dutch Converts to Islam in SeventeenthCentury Diplomatic Relations with North Africa,” Journal of Early Modern History 19/2-3 (2015): 175-198. Matar, Nabil: Britain and Barbary, 1589-1689, Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005. Mattingly, Garrett: Renaissance Diplomacy, New York: Dover Publications, 1988, 1st ed. 1958. Meredith-Owens, M.: “Traces of a Lost Autobiographical Work by a Courtier of Selim II,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies XXIII/3 (1960), 456-463. Montes, Juan Sánchez: Franceses, Protestantes, Turcos : Los españoles ante la polÓtica internacional de Carlos V, Granada: Universidad de Granada, 1995. Muir, Edward: Civic Ritual in Renaissance Venice, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981. Özbaran, Salih: 14-17. Yüzyıllarda Rûm/Rûmi Aidiyet ve İmgeleri, İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi, 2004. Pagden, Anthony: Spanish Imperialism and the Political Imagination: Studies in European and Spanish-American Social and Political History, 1513-1830, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990. Parker, Geoffrey: The Grand Strategy of Philip II, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1998. EMRAH SAFA GÜRKAN 319 Pedani, Maria Pia: “Veneziani a Costantinopoli alla fine del XVI secolo,” Quaderni di Studi Arabi 15 (1997), 67-84. Pedani, Maria Pia: Dalla frontiera al confine, Venezia: Herder Editrice, 2002. Pullan, Brian: Rich and Poor in Renaissance Venice: The Social Institutions of a Catholic State, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971. Reindl-Kiel, Hedda: “Das Ende einer Kavaliersreise – Beginn einer osmanischen Karriere?,” in Deutsch-türkische Begegnugen/Alman Türk Tesadüfleri: Festschrift für Kemal Beydilli/Kemal Beydilli’ye Armağan, eds. Hedda Reindl-Kiel and Seyfi Kenan, Berlin, EB Verlag, 2013, 106-187. Rothman, Ella Natalie: “Between Venice and Istanbul: Trans-imperial Subjects and Cultural Mediation in the Early Modern Mediterranean,” Ph.D. Diss., University of Michigan, 2006. Rothman, E. Natalie: Brokering Empire: Trans-Imperial Subjects between Venice and Istanbul, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2012. Seidel, Friedrich: Sultanın Zindanında: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’na Gönderilen Bir Elçilik Heyetinin İbret Verici Öyküsü (1591-1596), trans. Türkis Noyan, İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi, 2010. Sola, Emilio: UchalÓ: El Calabrés Tiñoso, o el mito del corsario muladÓ en la frontera, Barcelona: Edicions Bellaterra, 2011. Stavrides, Théoharis: The Sultan of Vezirs: The Life and Times of the Ottoman Grand Vezir Mahmud Pasha Angelović (1543-1474), Leiden: Brill, 2001. Terzioğlu, Derin: “Sufi and Dissident in the Ottoman Empire, Niyazi-i Misri (1618- 1694), Ph.D. Diss., Harvard University, 1999. Terzioğlu, Derin: “Man in the Image of God in the Image of the Times: Sufi Self-Narratives and the Diary of Niyazi-i Mısri (1618–1694),” Studia Islamica 94 (2002), 139–65. Variale, Gennaro: Arrivano li Turchi: guerra navale e spionaggio nel Mediterraneo (1532- 1582), Novi Ligure: Città del silenzio, 2014. Viswanathan, Gauri: “Coping with (Civil) Death: the Christian Convert’s Rights of Passage in Colonial India,” in After Colonialism: Imperial Histories and Postcolonial Displacements, ed. Gyan Prakash, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995, 183-210. Zilfi, Madeline C.: “The Diary of a Müderris: A New Source for Ottoman Biography,” Journal of Turkish Studies 1 (1977), 157-174.