Orta Bizans Dönemi'nde Başkent Konstantinopolis'ten Taşraya Aktarılan Mimari Anlayış: Panagia Ton Khalkeon Kilisesi Örneği

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 193 - 215, 25.06.2020

İlkgül Zenbilci

Öz

Thessaloniki (Selanik), Byzantium ile batı arasındaki bağlantıyı sağlayan iki ana karayolundan birinin üzerinde, jeopolitik açıdan önemli bir konumda bulunuyordu. Kent, başkent Konstantinopolis'ten sonra, Bizans İmparatorluğunun "symvasilevousa" olarak adlandırılan en önemli ikinci kentiydi. Bizans döneminde kentte, çoğu Konstantinopolis'in (İstanbul) metropolitan yapılarının plan şeması ve dış tasarım özelliklerini yansıtan, özellikle yapı malzemesi olarak tuğlanın ağırlıklı olarak kullanıldığı kiliseler inşa edilmişti. Günümüzde bu yapılardan erken evreye ait beş yapı, karanlık dönemden ve Orta Bizans Döneminden birer yapı, geç dönemden ise sekiz yapı olmak üzere, toplam on beş tanesi ulaşmıştır. Bu yapılardan en önemlisi, kentin uzun süre katholikon'u da olan, Hagia Sophia Kilisesi'dir.
Bu çalışma Bizans İmparatorluğu'nun başkenti Konstantinopolis'in mimari anlayışının taşra yapılarına aktarımı bağlamında Thessaloniki'deki Panagia ton Khalkeon Kilisesi'nin mimari özelliklerine odaklanmaktadır. Panagia ton Khalkeon Kilisesi imparatorluğun ikinci önemli kentinde Orta Bizans Dönemine (843-1204), bir başka söylemle 'Makedonyalı Rönesansı' olarak adlandırılan döneme ait tek ve en önemli yapıdır. Kilise, biri batı girişindeki mermer lentonun ön yüzünde, diğeri ise naostaki bir beşik tonozun kemeri üzerinde yer alan iki kitabeye göre, Thessaloniki, Bulgaria ve Longobardia katepano'su, epi tou koitonos ve protospatharios unvanlı Khristophoros, eşi Maria ve çocukları Nikephoros, Anna ve Katakali tarafından finanse edilerek 1028'de inşa edilmiş ve Meryem'e adanmıştır. Yapı, Bizans dönemi kent surlarının içinde, MS geç 2.-erken 3. yüzyıl dolaylarında şekillenmiş Roma agora'sının batısında, Bizans dönemi kentinin aşağı kesimindeki merkezî bir noktada bulunmaktaydı. Kilisenin Bizans dönemindeki adı bilinmemekle birlikte, Panagia ton Khalkeon (Bakırcıların Meryem'i) adının kilisenin etrafındaki bakır zanaat atölyeleri ile ilişkili olarak Türkçe bir söylemle 'Kazancılar' ya da 'Bakırcılar'dan kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir. Dahası, yapı muhtemelen Konstantinopolis'teki Panagia ton Khalkoprateia Kilisesi gibi, aynı adla anılmıştı.
Panagia ton Khalkeon Kilisesi plan şeması açısından kubbeli-kapalı Yunan haçı planlı bir örnektir. Yapının çekirdek planının şematik olarak benzerlerinin çoğu Orta Bizans Dönemine ait yapılardır. Yapının dış görünüşü, pilasterler, nişler, kemerli pencereler, pencereleri çevreleyen kademeli kemerler, çokgen ve yüksek kubbe kasnakları, testere dişi frizleri, Orta Bizans Dönemi yapılarının tuğla ağırlıklı tipik dış cephe özelliklerini yansıtır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mimarlık Tarihi, Bizans Mimarisi, kapalı Yunan haçı plan, Selanik, Panagia ton Khalkeon kilisesi

The Architectural Perspective Transferred from Constantinople to a Province in the Middle Byzantine Period: The Case of Panagia Ton Chalkeon Church

Öz

Thessaloniki was in a geopolitically substantial position on one of the two main road connecting the Byzantium to the west. The city earned the title of "symvasilevousa" as a co-reigning city of the Byzantine Empire besides the capital Constantinople. During the Byzantine period, some churches were built in the city. In terms of plan type, design of outer walls and specifically brickwork, the churches would seem to be a provincial representative of the metropolitan style of Constantinople. Fifteen buildings have survived in city until today: five monuments from early period, one church from the Dark period and another one from the middle Byzantine period and eight churches from the late Byzantine period. One of the most significant Byzantine buildings in the city was Hagia Sophia church as served a catholicon for a long time.

This study focuses on transfer of Constantinopolitan architectural style to a building of Byzantine province exemplifying Panagia ton Chalkeon Church in Thessaloniki. The monument is registered among the most prominent and well preserved buildings of the middle Byzantine period in Thessaloniki; in other words, the most important religious building of the so-called 'Macedonian Renaissance' in the second substantial city of the empire. The building is identified by two dedicatory inscriptions, one on the marbel lintel over the western entrance and the other on arch of a barrel-vault of the monument. It was built in 1028 by Christophoros, katepano of Thessaloniki, Bulgaria and -soon- Longobardia, epi tou konos and royal protospatharios, his wife Maria, and their children Nikephoros, Anna, and Katakali and was dedicated to Mother of God. The church is located in Byzantine city-walls, on the west of Roman agora shaped in late 2nd-early 3rd century, and on a central area of the lower part of old Byzantine city.
The Byzantine name of the Panagia ton Chalkeon is not known. This name echoes the Turkish designation 'Kazancilar' or 'Bakircilar', deriving from the fact that from the Byzantine period until present day there have been copper-smith's workshops around the building. Furthermore, the church at Byzantine period was probably called Panagia ton Chalkoprateion, like the church of that name in Constantinople.
Panagia ton Chalkeon Church is an example of domed and inscribed-cross with a single narthex. Most of the buildings with similar plan of core plan of our example are dated to the middle Byzantine period. The outer walls, pilasters, niches, arched windows, stepped arches surrounding the windows, multilateral clerestory ring, sawtooths of Panagia ton Chalkeon Church reflect facades of typical brick dominated monuments of the middle Byzantine period.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Architectural History, Byzantine Architecture, cross-in-square, Thessaloniki, Church of Panagia ton Chalkeon

Kaynakça

• Referans 1 Almaç, U. (2011). Zeyrek Camii (Pantokrator Kilisesi) Kuzey Bölüm Strüktür Analizi ve Sağlamlaştırma Önerileri. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Mimarlık Anabilim Dalı (yayımlanmamış doktora tezi), İstanbul.
• Referans 2 Baldwin, B. (çev.) (1984). Timarion, Translated with Introduction and Commentary. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
• Referans 3 Barker, J. (2003). Late Byzantine Thessalonike: A Second City's Challenges and Responses. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 57, 5-33.
• Referans 4 Bouras, C. (1974). Houses and settlements in Byzantine Greece. Ekistics, 38(228), 336-344.
• Referans 5 Bouras, C. (1998-1999). Middle Byzantine Cruciform Churches on the Greek Islands, Zograf 27, 7-16.
• Referans 6 Bouras, C. (2018). The Architecture of Hosios Loukas Monastery. Atina: Melissa Publishing House.
• Referans 7 Bréhier, L. (1919). Les Monuments Chrétiens de Salonique. Revue Archéologique, Cinquième Série, T. 9 (Mai-Juin), 1-36.
• Referans 8 Brown, A. R. (1999). Middle Byzantine Thessaloniki: Art, Architecture, and History of the Ninth through Twelfth Century. Princeton Üniversitesi (yayımlanmamış lisans tezi), Princeton, New Jersey.
• Referans 9 Ćurc̆ić, S. (1977). Architectural Significance of Subsidiary Chapels in Middle Byzantine Churches, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 36(2), (May), 94-110.
• Referans 10 Darling, J. K. (2004). Architecture of Greece. Westport, Connecticut, Londra: Greenwood Publishing Group.
• Referans 11 Diehl, C., Tourneau, M., Saladin H. (1918). Les Monuments chrétiens de Salonique... Paris: Éditions Ernest Leroux.
• Referans 12 Dimitriadis, E. (1986). Thessaloniki: 2300 years of continuous urban life. Ekistics, 53(316/ 317), 111-120.
• Referans 13 Demiriz, Y. (2006). Örgülü Bizans Döşeme Mozaikleri. İstanbul: Yorum ve Sanat Yayıncılık.
• Referans 14 Ebersolt, J. ve Thiers, A. (1913). Les églises de Constantinople. Londra.
• Referans 15 Ebersolt, J. (1934). Monuments d'Architecture Byzantine. Paris.
• Referans 16 Epstein, A. (1980). Middle Byzantine Churches of Kastoria: Dates and Implications. The Art Bulletin, 62(2), 190-207.
• Referans 17 Eyice, S. (1963). Son Devir Bizans Mimarisi İstanbul'da Palaiologoslar Devri Anıtları. İstanbul.
• Referans 18 Gerstel, S. E. J., Kyriakakis, C. ve diğerleri. (2018). Soundscapes of Byzantium: The Acheiropoietos Basilica and the Cathedral of Hagia Sophia in Thessaloniki. Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 87(1), 177-213.
• Referans 19 Gregory, T. E. (1991). Panagia ton Chalkeon. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 3, (edt. A. Kazhdan). Oxford, New York. 1569.
• Referans 20 Hèrges, A. (1898). Le monastère du Pantocrator à Constantinople. Échos d'Orient, 2(3), 70-88.
• Referans 21 Jacoby, D. (2003). Foreigners and the Urban Economy in Thessalonike, ca. 1150-ca. 1450. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 57, 85-132.
• Referans 22 Janin, R. (1955). Les Églises et les Monastères: Constantinople, La Geographie Ecclesiastique de l'Empire Byzantin. Paris.
• Referans 23 Jugie, M. (1913). L'église de Chalkopratia et le culte de la ceinture de la S. Vierge, Échos d'Orient, 16. 309-312.
• Referans 24 Khasiotis, I. K. (1997). Τοις Aγαθοίς Βασιλεύουσα Θεσσαλονίκη: ιστορία και πολιτισμός. Paratirites.
• Referans 25 Kaya Zenbilci, İ. (2017). Orta Bizans Dönemi Konstantinopolis Manastır Atölyeleri ve Resimli El Yazmaları Üretimi. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sanat Tarihi Anabilim Dalı (yayımlanmamış doktora tezi), Ankara.
• Referans 26 Kazhdan, A. (1991). Katepano. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 2, (edt. A. Kazhdan). Oxford, New York. 1117
• Referans 27 Kazhdan, A. ve Cutler, A. (1991). Protospatharios. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 3, (edt. A. Kazhdan). Oxford, New York. 1748.
• Referans 28 Kleiss, W. (1967). Neue Befunde zur Chalkoprtenkirche in Istanbul. Istanbuler Mitteilungen, 15, 149-167.
• Referans 29 Koukourtidou-Nikolaidou, E. ve Tourta, A. (1997). Wandering in Byzantine Thessaloniki. Atina: Kapon Editions.
• Referans 30 Krautheimer, R. (1965). Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture. Harmondsworth ve Baltimore: Penguin Books.
• Referans 31 Laiou, A. (2000). Thessaloniki and Macedonia in the Byzantine Period. Byzantine Macedonia: Identity, Image and History, Papers from the Melbourne Conference, July 1995, Leiden, Boston: Brill. 1-11.
• Referans 32 Magdalino, P. (1987). Observations on the Nea Ekklesia of Basil I. Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik, 37, 51-64.
• Referans 33 Magdalino, P. (2013). The Foundation of the Pantokrator Monastery in Its Urban Setting. The Pantokrator Monastery in Constantinople. (edt. S. Kotzabassi). Boston, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 3-56.
• Referans 34 Mamaloukos, S. (2018). Middle and Late Byzantine church architecture in the periphery of Constaninople. Ηρωσ Κτιστησ μνήμη Χαραλαμπου Μπουρα. Atina: Εκδοτικός Οίκος Μελισσα, 97-124.
• Referans 35 Mango, C. ve Ševčenko, I. (1973). Some Churches and Monasteries on the Southern Shore of the Sea of Marmara. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 27, 235-277.
• Referans 36 Mango, C. (1991). Nea Ekklesia. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 2. (edt. A. Kazhdan). Oxford, New York. 1449.
• Referans 37 Mango, C. (2006). Bizans Mimarisi. Ankara.
• Referans 38 Mathews, T. (1976). The Byzantine Churches of Istanbul A Photographic Survey. Pennsylvania: State University Press.
• Referans 39 Mauropoulou-Tsioume, C. (2014). Hagia Sophia: The Great Church of Thessaloniki. (çev. N. Wardle). Atina: Kapon Editions.
• Referans 40 Megaw, H. (1931/1932). The Chronology of Some Middle-Byzantine Churches. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 32, 90-130.
• Referans 41 Megaw, A. H. S. (1964). The Original Form of the Theotokos Church of Constantine Lips. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 18, 279-298.
• Referans 42 Morganstern, J. (1983). The Byzantine Church at Dereagzi and Its Decoration. Istanbuler Mitteilungen, 29, Tübingen: E. Wasmuth.
• Referans 43 Morganstern, J. ve Wharton A. J. (1986). The Byzantine Church at Dereagzi and Its Decoration. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 45, 167-169.
• Referans 44 Müller-Wiener, W. (2001). İstanbul'un Tarihsel Topografyası 17. Yüzyıl Başlarına Kadar Byzantion-Konstantinopolis-İstanbul. (çev. Ü. Sayın). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
• Referans 45 Ousterhout, R. (2000). Contextualizing the Later Churches of Constantinople: Suggested Methodologies and a Few Examples. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 54, 241-250.
• Referans 46 Ousterhout, R. (2008). Master Builders of Byzantium. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.
• Referans 47 Ousterhout, R. (2019). Eastern Medieval Architecture The Building Traditions of Byzntium and Neighbouring Lands. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Referans 48 Paissidou, M. (2015). The Church "Panagia ton Chalkeon in Thessaloniki": A Different Approach of A Monastic Institution and Its Founder. Siris, 15, 121-133.
• Referans 49 Papadopoulos, K. (1966). Die Wandmalereien des XI Jahrhunderts in der Kirche Panagia ton Chalkeon. Graz, Köln.
• Referans 50 Paspatis, A. G. (1877). Byzantinai Meletai. İstanbul.
• Referans 51 Pekak, S. (2009). Trilye (Zeytinbağı) Fatih Camisi Bizans Kapalı Yunan Haçı Planı. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
• Referans 52 Peschlow, U. (1975). Die Architektur der Nikolaus Kirche in Myra. Myra. Eine Lykische Metropole in Antiker und Byzantinischer Zeit. Istanbuler Forschungen, 30. Berlin. 303-359.
• Referans 53 Rentetzi, E. (2004). Il Monastero di Hosios Lukas in Focide. Ειρμός, 1, Αποστολική Διακονία, 227-382.
• Referans 54 Ševčenko, I. (1977). Kosinitza 27, a Temporarily Lost Studite Manuscript Found Again. Studia Codicologica: Texte und Unterschungen zur Geschichte der Altchristlichen Literatur, Band 124, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 433-442.
• Referans 55 Stephenson, P. (2003). The Legend of Basil The Bulgar-Slayer. Cambridge: University Press.
• Referans 56 Striker, C. L. ve Hayes, J. W. (1981). The Myrelaion (Bodrum Camii) in Istanbul. Princeton: University Press.
• Referans 57 Striker, C. L., ve Kuban, Y. D. (1967). Work at Kalenderhane Camii in Istanbul: First Preliminary Report. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 21, 267-271.
• Referans 58 Striker, C. L., ve Kuban, Y. D. (1968). Work at Kalenderhane Camii in Istanbul: Second Preliminary Report. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 22, 185-193.
• Referans 59 Striker, C. L., ve Kuban, Y. D. (1971). Work at Kalenderhane Camii in Istanbul: Third and Fourth Preliminary Reports. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 25, 251-258.
• Referans 60 Striker, C. L., ve Kuban, Y. D. (1998). Kalenderhane in Istanbul: The Buildings. Mainz.
• Referans 61 Sunay, S. (2012). İstanbul Hirâmi Ahmet Paşa Mescidi, Ankara Üniversitesi Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi (OTAM), 30/Güz, Ankara. 174-181.
• Referans 62 Swiencickyj, I. (1940). Byzantinische Bleisiegel in den Sammlungen von Lwow. Sbornik u pamet na Prof. Nikov. Sofya.
• Referans 63 Tafrali, O. (1913). Topographie de Thessalonique. Paris.
• Referans 64 Theoharidou, K. (1988). The architecture of Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki: from its erection up to the Turkish conquest. B.A.R. International Series. Oxford.
• Referans 65 Tsatsopoulou-Kaloudis, P. (2015). Via Egnatia: History and The Route Through Thrace. Archaeological Receipts Fund.
• Referans 66 Tsitouridou, A. (1985). The Church of The Panagia Chalkeon. Selanik: Institute For Balkan Studies.
• Referans 67 Texier, C. F. M. ve diğerleri. (1864). Byzantine Architecture, illustrated by Examples of Edifices Erected in the East During the Earliest Ages of Christianity with Historical and Archaeological Descriptions. Londra: Day&Son.
• Referans 68 Vacalapoulos, A. (1963). History of Thessaloniki. Selanik.
• Referans 69 Van Millingen, A. (1912). Byzantine Churches of Constantinople. Londra.
• Referans 70 Vickers, M. (1972). Hellenistic Thessaloniki. The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 92, 156-170.
• Referans 71 Wulff, O. (1903). Die Koimesiskirche in Nicae und ihre Mozaiken. Strazburg: J. H. ED. Heitz.