MÖ 3. Binyıl Mezopotamya Yazılı Kaynaklarında Elam: Awan Hanedanlığı

Öz

Bu çalışmada MÖ 3. binyılda Mezopotamya – Elam arasındaki siyasi ilişkiler incelenmiştir. Söz konusu dönemde, Elam’da siyasi anlamda sırasıyla Awan ve Šimaški adında iki hanedanlık öne çıkmaktadır. Ancak çalışmamızda III. Ur Hanedanlığı dönemiyle çağdaş olan Šimaški Hanedanlığı kapsam dışı tutulmuş, Elam’ın ilk kez tarih sahnesine çıktığı MÖ 27. yüzyıldan MÖ 2100’lü yıllara kadarki süreç ele alınmıştır. Bu dönemde yerli kaynakların yok denecek kadar az olması nedeniyle Elam tarihi birkaç örneğin dışında Mezopotamya yazılı kaynaklarının ışığında öğrenilmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada Erken Hanedanlar ve Akad döneminin kaynakları incelenmiş, gerek görüldüğü yerlerde arkeolojik verilere de başvurularak yazılı kaynaklarla karşılaştırılmıştır. Bununla birlikte oldukça az sayıda olan yerli kaynaklara da değinilmiştir. Kendinden sonra yazıtlar bırakmış tek Elam kralı olan Puzur-Inšušinak’ın yazıtları çalışmaya dahil edilerek incelenmiştir. MÖ 3. binyılın başlarından Pers dönemine kadar İran’ın güneybatısında var olan Elam, tarihin erken dönemlerinden itibaren yakın komşusu Mezopotamya uygarlıklarıyla kültürel, ekonomik ve siyasi ilişkilerde bulunmuştur. Arkeolojik bulgulardan kültürel ve ekonomik ilişkilerin tarih öncesi dönemlerden beri var olduğu bilinse de siyasi ilişkilere dair ilk kanıtlar Erken Hanedanlar Dönemi’ne, (MÖ 27. Yüzyıl) tarihlenmektedir. Erken Hanedanlar Dönemi’nde Elam’ın Kiš, Ur ve Lagaş kent devletleriyle siyasi temasları olmuştur. Akad döneminde Elam topraklarının bir kısmı bu devletin kontrolü altına girmiştir. Sargon’dan başlayarak Šar-Kali-Šarri dönemine kadar tahta çıkan Akad kralları Elam üzerine birçok kez seferler düzenlemişlerdir. Akad’ın yıkılmasıyla ise Awan Hanedanlığı’nın son kralı olan Puzur-Inšušinak Elam’da siyasi birliği sağlamıştır. Ancak bu durum uzun sürmemiş III. Ur Hanedanlığı’nı kuran Ur-Nammu Puzur-Inšušinak’ı yenilgiye uğratmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Elam Tarihi
• Mezopotamya
• Susa
• Awan Hanedanlığı
• Puzur-Inšušinak

Elam in Third-Millennium BC Mesopotamian Written Sources: Awan Dynasty

Abstract

In this study, the political relationship between Mesopotamia and Elam in third millennium BC has been dwelled on and Elam’s political history has been aimed to be enlightened. In the subject period, the two dynasties, named respectively Awan and Šimaški, have become prominent politically in Elam. However, here, almost contemporary with the Third Dynasty of Ur, Šimaški Dynasty has been out of scope, the process when Elam's first appearance on history, from 27th century BC to 2100 BC has been discussed. In this period, due to the lack of domestic resources scarcely any, Elamite history, except for a few examples, has been learned in the light of the written sources coming from Mesopotamia. In this context, the sources of the Early Dynasties and Akkadian periods were examined, and they have been compared with the written documents, when necessary by using the archaeological findings. Nevertheless, local sources that are very few also were mentioned. The only king of Elam who left epigraphs after himself, Puzur-Inšušinak's epigraphs were analyzed by including in this study. Elam, which existed in the southwest of Iran from the beginning of the third millennium BC until the Persian period, has had cultural, economic and political relations with the civilizations in its close neighbor Mesopotamia since the early periods of history. Even though it is known that cultural and economic relations are to be known since prehistoric periods, the first information about political relations dates to the Early Dynastic Period, 27th century BC. In the Early Dynastic period, Elam had political contacts with Kiš, Ur, and Lagaš city-states. During the Akkadian period, some parts of Elam lands were under the control of this state. Akkadian Kings, starting from Sargon the Great until the Šar-Kali-Šarri period, organized many expeditions on Elam. As a result of the collapse of Akkad, the last king of the Awan Dynasty, Puzur-Inšušinak, managed to achieve political unity. But, this case did not last long, Ur-Nammu, who established the Third Dynasty of Ur, vanquished Puzur-Inšušinak.

Keywords

• History of Elam
• Mesopotamia
• Susa
• Dynasty of Awan
• Puzur-Inšušinak

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