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MÖ 3. Binyıl Mezopotamya Yazılı Kaynaklarında Elam: Awan Hanedanlığı

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 579 - 605, 20.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1150431

Öz

Bu çalışmada MÖ 3. binyılda Mezopotamya – Elam arasındaki siyasi ilişkiler incelenmiştir. Söz konusu dönemde, Elam’da siyasi anlamda sırasıyla Awan ve Šimaški adında iki hanedanlık öne çıkmaktadır. Ancak çalışmamızda III. Ur Hanedanlığı dönemiyle çağdaş olan Šimaški Hanedanlığı kapsam dışı tutulmuş, Elam’ın ilk kez tarih sahnesine çıktığı MÖ 27. yüzyıldan MÖ 2100’lü yıllara kadarki süreç ele alınmıştır. Bu dönemde yerli kaynakların yok denecek kadar az olması nedeniyle Elam tarihi birkaç örneğin dışında Mezopotamya yazılı kaynaklarının ışığında öğrenilmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada Erken Hanedanlar ve Akad döneminin kaynakları incelenmiş, gerek görüldüğü yerlerde arkeolojik verilere de başvurularak yazılı kaynaklarla karşılaştırılmıştır. Bununla birlikte oldukça az sayıda olan yerli kaynaklara da değinilmiştir. Kendinden sonra yazıtlar bırakmış tek Elam kralı olan Puzur-Inšušinak’ın yazıtları çalışmaya dahil edilerek incelenmiştir.
MÖ 3. binyılın başlarından Pers dönemine kadar İran’ın güneybatısında var olan Elam, tarihin erken dönemlerinden itibaren yakın komşusu Mezopotamya uygarlıklarıyla kültürel, ekonomik ve siyasi ilişkilerde bulunmuştur. Arkeolojik bulgulardan kültürel ve ekonomik ilişkilerin tarih öncesi dönemlerden beri var olduğu bilinse de siyasi ilişkilere dair ilk kanıtlar Erken Hanedanlar Dönemi’ne, (MÖ 27. Yüzyıl) tarihlenmektedir. Erken Hanedanlar Dönemi’nde Elam’ın Kiš, Ur ve Lagaş kent devletleriyle siyasi temasları olmuştur.
Akad döneminde Elam topraklarının bir kısmı bu devletin kontrolü altına girmiştir. Sargon’dan başlayarak Šar-Kali-Šarri dönemine kadar tahta çıkan Akad kralları Elam üzerine birçok kez seferler düzenlemişlerdir. Akad’ın yıkılmasıyla ise Awan Hanedanlığı’nın son kralı olan Puzur-Inšušinak Elam’da siyasi birliği sağlamıştır. Ancak bu durum uzun sürmemiş III. Ur Hanedanlığı’nı kuran Ur-Nammu Puzur-Inšušinak’ı yenilgiye uğratmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • ABDI, K., 2017. “The Elamite Kingdom”, King of The Seven Climes: Ancient Iran Series, vol 4, Ed.: T. Daryaee, BRILL, Oxford, ss. 7-38.
  • ALİMİRZAYEV, A., 2019. “O Vremeni Provleniya Avanskogo Tsarya Kutik-Inshushinak”, Problemy istorii, filologii, kul’tury, 3, ss. 20-32.
  • ÁLVAREZ-MON, J., 2012. “Elam: Iran’s First Empire”, A Companion to The Archaeology of The Ancient Near East, vol 1, Ed.: D. T. Potts, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, ss. 740-757.
  • ÁLVAREZ-MON, J., 2020. The Art Of Elam CA. 4200-525 BC. Routledge, London.
  • AMIET, P., 1966. Elam, Archée, Auvers-sur-Oise.
  • AMIET, P., 2005. “Les sceaux de l'administration princière de Suse à l'époque d'Agadé”, Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, 55, ss. 1-12.
  • ANDRÉ, B. – SALVINI, M., 1989. “Réflexions sur Puzur-Insusinak”, IrAnt, 24, ss. 53–72.
  • ANDRÉ-SALVINI, B., 1992. “Historical, Economic and Lecal Texts”, The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre, Ed.: P.O. Harper- J. Aruz – F. Tallon, New York, ss. 261-263.
  • BAHRANI, Z., 1992. “Statue of Eshpum”, The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre, Ed.: P.O. Harper – J. Aruz – F. Tallon, New York, ss. 86-87.
  • BOEHMER, R. M., 1966. “Die Datierung des Puzur/Kutik-Inšušinak und einige sich daraus ergebende Konsequenzen”, Orientalia, NOVA SERIES, 35/4, ss. 345-376.
  • BOEHMER, R. M., 1967. “Zur Datierung des Epirmupi”, ZA, 58, ss. 302-310.
  • BRYCE, T., 2009. The Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia, Routledge, New York.
  • CAMERON, G. G., 1936. History Of Early Iran, The University Of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • CARTER, E., 1984. “Archaeology”, Matthew W. Stolper – Elizabeth Carter, Elam: Surveys Political, History and Archaeology, Near Eastern Studies 25, University of California Press, California, ss. 103-313
  • ÇEÇEN, S., 2020. “Akad İmparatorluğu”, Eski Mezopotamya’nın Siyasi Tarihi, Ed.: L. G. Gökçek – E. Yıldırım – O. Pekşen, Değişim Yayınları, İstanbul, ss. 33-50.
  • DAHL, J. L., 2018. “Writing in Elam”, The Elamite World, Ed.: J. Álvarez-Mon- Y. Wicks, Routledge, Oxford, ss. 464-480.
  • DE GRAEF, K., 2013. “The Use Of Akkadian In Iran”, The Oxford Handbook Of Ancient Iran, Ed.: D.T. Potts, Oxford Univesity Press, Oxford, ss. 264-282.
  • DESSET, F. – SHAHSAVARI, M. – VIDALE, M., 2021. “The Marḫašean Two-Faced ‘GOD’: New Insights into the Iconographic and Religious Landscapes of the Halil Rud Valley Civilization and Third Millennium BCE Southeastern Iran”, Journal of Sistan and Baluchistan Studies, 1/1, ss. 49-85.
  • DESSET, F., 2016. “Proto-Elamite Writing in Iran”, Archéo-Nil, 26, ss. 57-105.
  • DESSET, F., 2018. “Linear Elamite writing”, The Elamite World, Ed.: J. Álvarez-Mon – Y. Wicks, Münster: Oxford, ss. 464-481.
  • EDZARD, D. O., 1997. Gudea and His Dynasty, RIME, 3/1, Toronto University Press, Toronto.
  • FOSTER, B. R., 2016. The Age Of Agade, Routledge, New York.
  • FRAYNE, D. R., 1993. Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2334-2113 BC), RIME, 2, Toronto University Press, Toronto.
  • FRAYNE, D. R., 1997. Ur III Period (2112-2004 BC), RIME, 3/2, Toronto University Press, Toronto.
  • FRAYNE, D. R., 1998. Presargonic Period (2700–2350 BC), RIME, 1, Toronto University Press, Toronto.
  • FRAYNE, D. R., 2008. “The Zagros Campaigns of the Ur III Kings”, The Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies Journal, 3, ss. 33-57.
  • GLASSNER, J. J., 1996. “Les dynasties d’Awan et de Simaški”, NABU, 34, ss. 25-29.
  • GLASSNER, J. J., 2018. “Writing in Elam”, The Elamite World, Ed.: J. Álvarez-Mon- Y. Wicks, Oxford: Routledge, Oxford, ss. 450-464.
  • GÖKÇEK, L. G., 2020. “Kent Devletlerinin Ortaya Çıkışı ve Erken Sülaleler Dönemi”, Eski Mezopotamya’nın Siyasi Tarihi, Ed.: L. G. Gökçek – E. Yıldırım – O. Pekşen, Değişim Yayınları, İstanbul, ss. 9-32.
  • HANSMAN, J., 1972. “Elamites, Achaemenians and Anshan”, IRAN, 10/1, ss. 101-125.
  • HINZ, W., 1967. “Elams Vertrag mit Naräm-Sin von Akkade”, ZA, 58, ss. 66-96.
  • HINZ, W., 1971. “Persia c. 2400-1800 B.C”, CAH., vol. 1 Part. 2, Ed.: I. E. S. Edwards – C. J. Gadd – N. G. L. Hammond, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ss. 644-681.
  • HINZ, W., 1972. The Lost of Elam, Trans.: J. Barnes- Sidgwick- Jakson, London.
  • HUSSEIN, A. M. – HAMZA, H. A. – THAHER, A. K. – KADHUM, S. J. – HASHEM, M. – TAHA, H. M. – ALTAWEEL, M. R. –
  • HICKMAN, B. S., 2010. “Tell Abu Sheeja/Ancient Pašime”, Akkadica, 131, ss. 47-103.
  • JACOBSEN, T., 1939. The Sumerian King List (Assyriological Studies no. 11), The University Of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • KÖNIG, F. W., 1965. Die elamischen Königsinschriften, Archiv für Orientforschung, Beiheft 16, Selbstverlag des Herausgebers, Graz.
  • KRAMER, S. N., 2016. Sümerler, Çev.: Özcan Buze, Kabalcı Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
  • LAMBERT, M., 1979. “Le prince de Suse Ilish-mani, et l’Elam de Naram-Sin à Ibisin”, Journal Asiatique, 267, ss. 11-40.
  • MALBRAN-LABAT, F., 1995. Les ınscrıptıons royales de Suse: Briques de l’époque paléo-élamite à l’Empire néo-élamite, Editions de la Réunion des musées nationax, Paris.
  • MARCHESI, G., 2013. “Ur-Nammâ(k)’s Conquest of Susa”, Susa and Elam, Ed.: K. De Graef – J. Tavernier, BRILL, Leiden, ss. 285-293.
  • MICHALOWSKI, P., 2011. The Correspondence of the Kings of Ur: An Epistolary History of an Ancient Mesopotamian Kingdom, (Mesopotamian Civilizations 15), Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake.
  • MICHALOWSKI, P., 2020. “The Kingdom of Akkad in Contact with the World”, The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East, I: From the Beginnings to Old Kingdom Egypt and the Dynasty of Akkad, Ed.: K. Radner – N. Moeller – D. T. Potts, Oxford University Press, New York, ss. 686-764.
  • NASRABADI, B. M., (2004). “Elam: Archaeology and History”, Persiens Antike Pracht, Ed.: Th. Stöllner, Bochum, ss. 294-309.
  • NOEGEL, S. B., 1993. “Fictional Sumerian Autobiographies”, JAGNES, 4/2, ss. 46-55.
  • PEKŞEN, O., 2016. “Eski Mezopotamya'daki Savaşlarda Tanrıların Rolü”, Journal of History Studies 8/2, ss. 55-68.
  • PEKŞEN, O., 2020a. “Eski Mezopotamya’da Gutiler ve III. Ur Hanedanlığı Dönemleri”, Eski Mezopotamya’nın Siyasi Tarihi, Ed.: L. G. Gökçek – E. Yıldırım – O. Pekşen, Değişim Yayınları, İstanbul, ss. 51-74.
  • PEKŞEN, O., 2020b. “Eskiçağ Önasya Tarihinde Gutiler”, Turkish Studies - History, 15/1, ss. 245-259.
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Elam in Third-Millennium BC Mesopotamian Written Sources: Awan Dynasty

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 579 - 605, 20.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1150431

Öz

In this study, the political relationship between Mesopotamia and Elam in third millennium BC has been dwelled on and Elam’s political history has been aimed to be enlightened. In the subject period, the two dynasties, named respectively Awan and Šimaški, have become prominent politically in Elam. However, here, almost contemporary with the Third Dynasty of Ur, Šimaški Dynasty has been out of scope, the process when Elam's first appearance on history, from 27th century BC to 2100 BC has been discussed. In this period, due to the lack of domestic resources scarcely any, Elamite history, except for a few examples, has been learned in the light of the written sources coming from Mesopotamia. In this context, the sources of the Early Dynasties and Akkadian periods were examined, and they have been compared with the written documents, when necessary by using the archaeological findings. Nevertheless, local sources that are very few also were mentioned. The only king of Elam who left epigraphs after himself, Puzur-Inšušinak's epigraphs were analyzed by including in this study.
Elam, which existed in the southwest of Iran from the beginning of the third millennium BC until the Persian period, has had cultural, economic and political relations with the civilizations in its close neighbor Mesopotamia since the early periods of history. Even though it is known that cultural and economic relations are to be known since prehistoric periods, the first information about political relations dates to the Early Dynastic Period, 27th century BC. In the Early Dynastic period, Elam had political contacts with Kiš, Ur, and Lagaš city-states.
During the Akkadian period, some parts of Elam lands were under the control of this state. Akkadian Kings, starting from Sargon the Great until the Šar-Kali-Šarri period, organized many expeditions on Elam. As a result of the collapse of Akkad, the last king of the Awan Dynasty, Puzur-Inšušinak, managed to achieve political unity. But, this case did not last long, Ur-Nammu, who established the Third Dynasty of Ur, vanquished Puzur-Inšušinak.

Kaynakça

  • ABDI, K., 2017. “The Elamite Kingdom”, King of The Seven Climes: Ancient Iran Series, vol 4, Ed.: T. Daryaee, BRILL, Oxford, ss. 7-38.
  • ALİMİRZAYEV, A., 2019. “O Vremeni Provleniya Avanskogo Tsarya Kutik-Inshushinak”, Problemy istorii, filologii, kul’tury, 3, ss. 20-32.
  • ÁLVAREZ-MON, J., 2012. “Elam: Iran’s First Empire”, A Companion to The Archaeology of The Ancient Near East, vol 1, Ed.: D. T. Potts, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, ss. 740-757.
  • ÁLVAREZ-MON, J., 2020. The Art Of Elam CA. 4200-525 BC. Routledge, London.
  • AMIET, P., 1966. Elam, Archée, Auvers-sur-Oise.
  • AMIET, P., 2005. “Les sceaux de l'administration princière de Suse à l'époque d'Agadé”, Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, 55, ss. 1-12.
  • ANDRÉ, B. – SALVINI, M., 1989. “Réflexions sur Puzur-Insusinak”, IrAnt, 24, ss. 53–72.
  • ANDRÉ-SALVINI, B., 1992. “Historical, Economic and Lecal Texts”, The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre, Ed.: P.O. Harper- J. Aruz – F. Tallon, New York, ss. 261-263.
  • BAHRANI, Z., 1992. “Statue of Eshpum”, The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre, Ed.: P.O. Harper – J. Aruz – F. Tallon, New York, ss. 86-87.
  • BOEHMER, R. M., 1966. “Die Datierung des Puzur/Kutik-Inšušinak und einige sich daraus ergebende Konsequenzen”, Orientalia, NOVA SERIES, 35/4, ss. 345-376.
  • BOEHMER, R. M., 1967. “Zur Datierung des Epirmupi”, ZA, 58, ss. 302-310.
  • BRYCE, T., 2009. The Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia, Routledge, New York.
  • CAMERON, G. G., 1936. History Of Early Iran, The University Of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • CARTER, E., 1984. “Archaeology”, Matthew W. Stolper – Elizabeth Carter, Elam: Surveys Political, History and Archaeology, Near Eastern Studies 25, University of California Press, California, ss. 103-313
  • ÇEÇEN, S., 2020. “Akad İmparatorluğu”, Eski Mezopotamya’nın Siyasi Tarihi, Ed.: L. G. Gökçek – E. Yıldırım – O. Pekşen, Değişim Yayınları, İstanbul, ss. 33-50.
  • DAHL, J. L., 2018. “Writing in Elam”, The Elamite World, Ed.: J. Álvarez-Mon- Y. Wicks, Routledge, Oxford, ss. 464-480.
  • DE GRAEF, K., 2013. “The Use Of Akkadian In Iran”, The Oxford Handbook Of Ancient Iran, Ed.: D.T. Potts, Oxford Univesity Press, Oxford, ss. 264-282.
  • DESSET, F. – SHAHSAVARI, M. – VIDALE, M., 2021. “The Marḫašean Two-Faced ‘GOD’: New Insights into the Iconographic and Religious Landscapes of the Halil Rud Valley Civilization and Third Millennium BCE Southeastern Iran”, Journal of Sistan and Baluchistan Studies, 1/1, ss. 49-85.
  • DESSET, F., 2016. “Proto-Elamite Writing in Iran”, Archéo-Nil, 26, ss. 57-105.
  • DESSET, F., 2018. “Linear Elamite writing”, The Elamite World, Ed.: J. Álvarez-Mon – Y. Wicks, Münster: Oxford, ss. 464-481.
  • EDZARD, D. O., 1997. Gudea and His Dynasty, RIME, 3/1, Toronto University Press, Toronto.
  • FOSTER, B. R., 2016. The Age Of Agade, Routledge, New York.
  • FRAYNE, D. R., 1993. Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2334-2113 BC), RIME, 2, Toronto University Press, Toronto.
  • FRAYNE, D. R., 1997. Ur III Period (2112-2004 BC), RIME, 3/2, Toronto University Press, Toronto.
  • FRAYNE, D. R., 1998. Presargonic Period (2700–2350 BC), RIME, 1, Toronto University Press, Toronto.
  • FRAYNE, D. R., 2008. “The Zagros Campaigns of the Ur III Kings”, The Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies Journal, 3, ss. 33-57.
  • GLASSNER, J. J., 1996. “Les dynasties d’Awan et de Simaški”, NABU, 34, ss. 25-29.
  • GLASSNER, J. J., 2018. “Writing in Elam”, The Elamite World, Ed.: J. Álvarez-Mon- Y. Wicks, Oxford: Routledge, Oxford, ss. 450-464.
  • GÖKÇEK, L. G., 2020. “Kent Devletlerinin Ortaya Çıkışı ve Erken Sülaleler Dönemi”, Eski Mezopotamya’nın Siyasi Tarihi, Ed.: L. G. Gökçek – E. Yıldırım – O. Pekşen, Değişim Yayınları, İstanbul, ss. 9-32.
  • HANSMAN, J., 1972. “Elamites, Achaemenians and Anshan”, IRAN, 10/1, ss. 101-125.
  • HINZ, W., 1967. “Elams Vertrag mit Naräm-Sin von Akkade”, ZA, 58, ss. 66-96.
  • HINZ, W., 1971. “Persia c. 2400-1800 B.C”, CAH., vol. 1 Part. 2, Ed.: I. E. S. Edwards – C. J. Gadd – N. G. L. Hammond, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ss. 644-681.
  • HINZ, W., 1972. The Lost of Elam, Trans.: J. Barnes- Sidgwick- Jakson, London.
  • HUSSEIN, A. M. – HAMZA, H. A. – THAHER, A. K. – KADHUM, S. J. – HASHEM, M. – TAHA, H. M. – ALTAWEEL, M. R. –
  • HICKMAN, B. S., 2010. “Tell Abu Sheeja/Ancient Pašime”, Akkadica, 131, ss. 47-103.
  • JACOBSEN, T., 1939. The Sumerian King List (Assyriological Studies no. 11), The University Of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • KÖNIG, F. W., 1965. Die elamischen Königsinschriften, Archiv für Orientforschung, Beiheft 16, Selbstverlag des Herausgebers, Graz.
  • KRAMER, S. N., 2016. Sümerler, Çev.: Özcan Buze, Kabalcı Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
  • LAMBERT, M., 1979. “Le prince de Suse Ilish-mani, et l’Elam de Naram-Sin à Ibisin”, Journal Asiatique, 267, ss. 11-40.
  • MALBRAN-LABAT, F., 1995. Les ınscrıptıons royales de Suse: Briques de l’époque paléo-élamite à l’Empire néo-élamite, Editions de la Réunion des musées nationax, Paris.
  • MARCHESI, G., 2013. “Ur-Nammâ(k)’s Conquest of Susa”, Susa and Elam, Ed.: K. De Graef – J. Tavernier, BRILL, Leiden, ss. 285-293.
  • MICHALOWSKI, P., 2011. The Correspondence of the Kings of Ur: An Epistolary History of an Ancient Mesopotamian Kingdom, (Mesopotamian Civilizations 15), Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake.
  • MICHALOWSKI, P., 2020. “The Kingdom of Akkad in Contact with the World”, The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East, I: From the Beginnings to Old Kingdom Egypt and the Dynasty of Akkad, Ed.: K. Radner – N. Moeller – D. T. Potts, Oxford University Press, New York, ss. 686-764.
  • NASRABADI, B. M., (2004). “Elam: Archaeology and History”, Persiens Antike Pracht, Ed.: Th. Stöllner, Bochum, ss. 294-309.
  • NOEGEL, S. B., 1993. “Fictional Sumerian Autobiographies”, JAGNES, 4/2, ss. 46-55.
  • PEKŞEN, O., 2016. “Eski Mezopotamya'daki Savaşlarda Tanrıların Rolü”, Journal of History Studies 8/2, ss. 55-68.
  • PEKŞEN, O., 2020a. “Eski Mezopotamya’da Gutiler ve III. Ur Hanedanlığı Dönemleri”, Eski Mezopotamya’nın Siyasi Tarihi, Ed.: L. G. Gökçek – E. Yıldırım – O. Pekşen, Değişim Yayınları, İstanbul, ss. 51-74.
  • PEKŞEN, O., 2020b. “Eskiçağ Önasya Tarihinde Gutiler”, Turkish Studies - History, 15/1, ss. 245-259.
  • POTTS, D. T., 2012. “The Elamites”, The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History, Ed.: T. Daryaee, Oxford University Press, New York, ss. 37-57.
  • POTTS, D. T., 2016. The Archaeology of Elam: Formation And Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State, Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • PRENTICE, R., 2010. The Exchange of Pre-Sargonic Lagash, Ugarit-Verlag, Münster.
  • QUINTANA, E., 1996. “Elam= halhatamti= high land”, NABU, 2, ss. 43.
  • ROACH, K. J., 2008. The Elamite Cylinder Seal Corpus, c. 3500-1000 BC, Doctoral dissertation, The University of Sydney, Australia.
  • SCHEIL, V., 1908. Textes Élamites-Sémitiques, Quatrième Série, Délégation en Perse, Mémoires X, Paris.
  • SCHEIL, V., 1911. Textes Élamites- Anzanites, Quatrième Série, Délégation en Perse, Mémoires XI, Paris.
  • SCHEIL, V., 1913. Textes Élamites- Sémitiques, Cinquième Série, Mémoires de la Mission archéologique de Susiane XIV, Paris.
  • SCHEIL, V., 1931. “Dynasties élamites d'Awan et de Simaš”, Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, 28/1, ss. 1-8.
  • SELZ, G. J., 1991. “Elam und Sumer-Skizze Einer Nachbarschaft nach inschriftlichen Quellen der vorsargonischen Zeit”, Actes de la XXXVIème Recontre Assyriologique Internationale, Gand, 10-14 Julliet 1989, ss. 27-43.
  • STEINKELLER, P., 1982. “The Question of Marḫaši: A Contribution to the Historical Geography of Iran in the Third Millennium B.C”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, 72/2, ss. 237-265.
  • STEINKELLER, P., 1988. “The Date of Gudea and His Dynasty”, Journal of Coneiform Studies, 40/1, ss. 47-53.
  • STEINKELLER, P., 2013a. “Puzur-Inshushinak at Susa: A Pivotal Episode of Early Elamite History Reconsidered”, Susa and Elam, Ed.: K. De Graef- J. Tavernier, Leiden, BRILL, ss. 293-319.
  • STEINKELLER, P., 2013b. “Trade Routes and Commercial Networks in the Persian Gulf during the Third Millennium BC”, Collection of Papers Presented to the Third International Biennial Conference of the Persian Gulf (History, Culture and Civilization), Ed.: C. Faize, University of Tehran Press, Tehran, ss. 413-431.
  • STEINKELLER, P., 2014. “One the Dynasty of Šimaški: Twenty Years (or so) After”, Extraction and Control: Studies in Honor of Matthew W. Stolper, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 68, Ed.: by M. Kozuh – W. F. M. Henkelman – Ch. E. Jones – Ch. Woods, The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Chicago, ss. 287-296.
  • STEINKELLER, P., 2018. “The Birth of Elam in History”, The Elamite World, Ed.: J. Álvarez-Mon – Y. Wicks, Routledge, Oxford, ss. 177-203.
  • STEPIEN, M., 2009. From the History of State System in Mesopotamia — The Kingdom of the Third Dynasty of Ur, Akme Studia Historica, 3, Warszawa.
  • STOLPER, M. W., 1982. “On the Dynasty of Śimaški and the Early Sukkalmahs”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, 72/2, ss. 42-67
  • STOLPER, M. W., 1984. “Political History”, M. W., Stolper – E. Carter, Elam: Surveys Political, History and Archaeology, Near Eastern Studies, 25, University of California Press, California, ss. 3-100.
  • STOLPER, M. W., 1987. “AWAN”, Encyclopaedia Iranica, https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/awan-name-of-a-place-in-ancient-western-iran-the-nominal-dynastic-seat-of-elamite-rulers-in-the-late-third-millennium-b, (son güncelleme 18.08.2011)
  • THUREAU-DANGIN, F., 1907. “Une Incursion Élamite en Territoire Sumérien: A l'Époque Présargonique”, Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, 6/4, ss. 139-142.
  • VALLAT, F., 1985. “Éléments de géographie élamite (résumé)”, Paléorient, 11/2, ss. 49–54.
  • VALLAT, F., 1993. Les noms géographiques des sources suso-élamites, Répertoire Géographique des Textes Cunéiformes, 11, Wiesbaden.
  • VALLAT, F., 1999. “Les adversaires ‹‹élamites›› de Sargon et de Rimuš”, NABU, 2, ss. 25-26.
Toplam 72 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Kamal Bayramov 0000-0003-2358-2528

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 17 Eylül 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Eylül 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Bayramov, K. (2022). MÖ 3. Binyıl Mezopotamya Yazılı Kaynaklarında Elam: Awan Hanedanlığı. OANNES - Uluslararası Eskiçağ Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 579-605. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1150431
AMA Bayramov K. MÖ 3. Binyıl Mezopotamya Yazılı Kaynaklarında Elam: Awan Hanedanlığı. OANNES. Eylül 2022;4(2):579-605. doi:10.33469/oannes.1150431
Chicago Bayramov, Kamal. “MÖ 3. Binyıl Mezopotamya Yazılı Kaynaklarında Elam: Awan Hanedanlığı”. OANNES - Uluslararası Eskiçağ Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 4, sy. 2 (Eylül 2022): 579-605. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1150431.
EndNote Bayramov K (01 Eylül 2022) MÖ 3. Binyıl Mezopotamya Yazılı Kaynaklarında Elam: Awan Hanedanlığı. OANNES - Uluslararası Eskiçağ Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 4 2 579–605.
IEEE K. Bayramov, “MÖ 3. Binyıl Mezopotamya Yazılı Kaynaklarında Elam: Awan Hanedanlığı”, OANNES, c. 4, sy. 2, ss. 579–605, 2022, doi: 10.33469/oannes.1150431.
ISNAD Bayramov, Kamal. “MÖ 3. Binyıl Mezopotamya Yazılı Kaynaklarında Elam: Awan Hanedanlığı”. OANNES - Uluslararası Eskiçağ Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 4/2 (Eylül 2022), 579-605. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1150431.
JAMA Bayramov K. MÖ 3. Binyıl Mezopotamya Yazılı Kaynaklarında Elam: Awan Hanedanlığı. OANNES. 2022;4:579–605.
MLA Bayramov, Kamal. “MÖ 3. Binyıl Mezopotamya Yazılı Kaynaklarında Elam: Awan Hanedanlığı”. OANNES - Uluslararası Eskiçağ Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 4, sy. 2, 2022, ss. 579-05, doi:10.33469/oannes.1150431.
Vancouver Bayramov K. MÖ 3. Binyıl Mezopotamya Yazılı Kaynaklarında Elam: Awan Hanedanlığı. OANNES. 2022;4(2):579-605.

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