Araştırma Makalesi
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Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4, 2097 - 2131
https://doi.org/10.48146/odusobiad.1723751

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Andrade, C. (2023). Real world studies: what they are and what they are not. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 45(5), 537-538. https://doi.org/10.1177/02537176231188563
  • Augenbraun, E. (2011). Occupy Wall Street and the limits of spontaneous street protest. The Guardian, 29.
  • Ayre, C., & Scally, A. J. (2014). Critical values for Lawshe’s content validity ratio: revisiting the original methods of calculation. Measurement and evaluation in counseling and development, 47(1), 79-86. https://doi.org/10.1177/07481756135138
  • Bağ, S. (2020). Slaktivizm: Yeni Medya ve Siyasal Eylemin Dönüşümü. HülürH. YaşınC.(Eds.), Yeni Medya, Toplum ve Siyasal İletişim, 350-368. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/yenimedya/issue/58796/840065 Bernstein, I. (2000, April). Some consequences of violating SEM’s assumptions. In annual meeting of Southwestern Psychological Association, Dallas, TX.
  • Beykoz, D. (2024). Sosyal Medya Kullanıcılarının Kliktivizm Davranışlarının Analizi: BAİBÜ Öğrencileri Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Simetrik İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(4), 159-173. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/siad/issue/86281/1487239
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford publications.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Akgün, Ö. E., Demirel, F., Karadeniz, Ş., & Çakmak, E. K. (2015). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Pegem Akademi.
  • Byrne, B. M. (2013). Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. routledge.
  • Cheong, A. T., Chinna, K., Khoo, E. M., & Liew, S. M. (2017). Determinants for cardiovascular disease health check questionnaire: A validation study. Plos one, 12(11), e0188259. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188259
  • Crocker, L. (2012). Introduction to measurement theory. In Handbook of complementary methods in education research Routledge.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (Vol. 2). Pegem akademi.
  • Dunn, T. J., Baguley, T., & Brunsden, V. (2014). From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British journal of psychology, 105(3), 399-412. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12046
  • Echeverri, M., Unni, E., Harpe, S. E., Kavookjian, J., Alkhateeb, F., Ekong, G., & Law, A. (2019). A multi-school validation of a revised scale for assessing cultural competence in pharmacy students. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 83(3), 6602. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe6602
  • Eken, İ., & Gezmen, B. (2020). Dijital Dünya ve Teknolojik Gelişmelerin Sosyal Bilimlere Etkisi. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Fatkin, J. M., & Lansdown, T. C. (2015). Prosocial media in action. Computers in Human Behavior, 48, 581-586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.060
  • Field, A. (2024). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. Sage publications limited.
  • Gladwell, M. (2010). Why the revolution will not be tweeted. The New Yorker, 4, 42-49. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/10/04/small-change-malcolm-gladwell
  • Göldağ, B. (2019). Lise öğrencilerinin okul kültürü algıları ve okula yabancılaşmaları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(3), 813-830. https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.511330
  • Gürbüz, S., & Şahin, F. (2014). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayıncılık
  • Gürel, E., & Nazlı, A. (2019). Dijital aktivizm: Change. org kampanyaları üzerine bir analiz. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(4), 187-206. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.668642
  • Hacıyakupoğlu, G. ve Zhang, W. (2015). Türkiye'deki Gezi protestoları sırasında sosyal medya ve güven. Bilgisayar aracılı iletişim dergisi, 20 (4), 450-466.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
  • Hayes, A. F., & Coutts, J. J. (2020). Use omega rather than Cronbach’s alpha for estimating reliability. But…. Communication Methods and Measures, 14(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2020.1718629
  • Hayton, J. C., Allen, D. G., & Scarpello, V. (2004). Factor retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: A tutorial on parallel analysis. Organizational research methods, 7(2), 191-205. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428104263675
  • Hindman, M. (2009). The myth of digital democracy. Princeton University Press.
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008, September). Evaluating model fit: a synthesis of the structural equation modelling literature. In 7th European Conference on research methodology for business and management studies (Vol. 2008,).
  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Scientific software international.
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (2010). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri (Vol. 5). Asil Yayın Dağıtım. Karatzogianni, A. (2015). Firebrand waves of digital activism 1994–2014: The rise and spread of hacktivism and cyberconflict. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137317933
  • Kaya, M. (2022). Dört büyükler sosyal medyada yarışıyor. Erişim tarihi: 28.10.2023. Erişim adresi: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/bilim-teknoloji/dort-buyukler-sosyal-medyada-da-yarisiyor/2643069#
  • Kline, P. (2014). An easy guide to factor analysis. Routledge.
  • Koo, K. H., Stephens, K. A., Lindgren, K. P., & George, W. H. (2012). Misogyny, acculturation, and ethnic identity: Relation to rape-supportive attitudes in Asian American college men. Archives of sexual behavior, 41, 1005-1014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-011-9729-1
  • Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel psychology, 28(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x
  • Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling. Psychology Press.
  • Luo, X., Lin, F., Zhu, S., Yu, M., Zhang, Z., Meng, L., & Peng, J. (2019). Mine landslide susceptibility assessment using IVM, ANN and SVM models considering the contribution of affecting factors. PloS one, 14(4), e0215134. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215134
  • Mardia, K. V. (1970). Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika, 57(3), 519-530. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/57.3.519
  • Marichal, J. (2013). Political Facebook groups: Micro-activism and the digital front stage. First Monday, 18(12). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v18i12.4653
  • Miles, J. (2005). Tolerance and variance inflation factor. In B. S. Everitt & D. C. Howell (Eds.), Encyclopedia of statistics in behavioral science (Vol. 4, pp. 2055–2056). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470013192.bsa667
  • Morozov, E. (2011). The net delusion: How not to liberate the world. Penguin.
  • Munro, B. H. (2005). Statistical methods for health care research (Vol. 1). lippincott williams & wilkins.
  • Neumayer, C., & Schoßböck, J. (2011, May). Lurkers in politics? [Conference presentation]. Conference on E-Democracy and Open Government, p. 131, Vienna, Austria.
  • Oh, V. Y. (2023). Direct versus indirect measures of mixed emotions in predictive models: a comparison of predictive validity, multicollinearity, and the influence of confounding variables. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1231845. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1231845
  • Olorunnisola, A. A., & Martin, B. L. (2013). Influences of media on social movements: Problematizing hyperbolic inferences about impacts. Telematics and informatics, 30(3), 275-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2012.02.005
  • Ricketts, A. (2012). The activists' handbook: a step-by-step guide to participatory democracy. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Sak, E. (2014). Kamu diplomasisi ve Çin. Barış Araştırmaları ve Çatışma Çözümleri Dergisi, 2(1),9-25. https://doi.org/10.16954/bacad.36243
  • Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of educational research, 99(6), 323-338. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOER.99.6.323-338
  • Shulman, S. W. (2004). The internet still might (but probably won't) change everything. ISJLP, 1(1), 111–145. https://agoraparl.org/sites/default/files/agoradocuments/The%20Internet%20Still%20Might%20%28but%20Probably%20Won%E2%80%99t%29%20Change%20Everything_0.pdf
  • Singh, A., Kumar, V., Singh, H., Chowdhury, S., & Sharma, S. (2023). Assessing the coverage of full antenatal care among adolescent mothers from scheduled tribe and scheduled caste communities in India. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 798. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15656-1
  • Skoric, M. M. (2012). What is slack about slacktivism. Methodological and conceptual issues in cyber activism research, 77(7), 7-92.
  • Sofroniou, N., & Hutcheson, G. (1999). The multivariate social scientist: Introductory statistics using generalized linear models. Sage Publications.
  • Stevens, S. S. (2017). Psychophysics: Introduction to its perceptual, neural and social prospects. Routledge.
  • Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal Eşitlik Modelleri: Temel Kavramlar ve Örnek Uygulamalar. Türk Psikoloji Yazilari.
  • Şimşek, Ö. F. (2020). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: Temel ilkeler ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ekin Yayınevi Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2015). Çok değişkenli istatistiklerin kullanımı. Nobel yayınevi
  • Tarhan, U. (2013). Slactivizm-Slaktivizm & Clicktivism -Kliktivizm. Erişim tarihi: 27.10.2023. Erişim adresi: https://www.ufuktarhan.com/makale/slactivizm-slaktivizm-clicktivism-kliktivizm-nedir?
  • Tonkin, E. L., Burrows, A., Woznowski, P. R., Laskowski, P., Yordanova, K. Y., Twomey, N., & Craddock, I. J. (2018). Talk, text, tag? Understanding self-annotation of smart home data from a user’s perspective. Sensors, 18(7), 2365. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072365.
  • Turgut, M. F., & Baykul, Y. (2010). Eğitimde ölçme ve değerlendirme (Vol. 2). Pegem Akademi. VanNatta, M. (2005). Constructing the battered woman. Feminist Studies, 31(2), 416-443. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20459035
  • Watkins, M. W. (2018). Exploratory factor analysis: A guide to best practice. Journal of black psychology, 44(3), 219-246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798418771807
  • Wilson, F. R., Pan, W., & Schumsky, D. A. (2012). Recalculation of the critical values for Lawshe’s content validity ratio. Measurement and evaluation in counseling and development, 45(3), 197-210. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175612440286
  • Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 46, 74-85. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/369427
  • Yiğit, İ., & Karayılan, G. (2023). Planlanmış davranış teorisinin slaktivizme etkisi: Twitter kullanıcıları üzerine bir araştırma. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 27(2), 297-318. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2185976

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4, 2097 - 2131
https://doi.org/10.48146/odusobiad.1723751

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Andrade, C. (2023). Real world studies: what they are and what they are not. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 45(5), 537-538. https://doi.org/10.1177/02537176231188563
  • Augenbraun, E. (2011). Occupy Wall Street and the limits of spontaneous street protest. The Guardian, 29.
  • Ayre, C., & Scally, A. J. (2014). Critical values for Lawshe’s content validity ratio: revisiting the original methods of calculation. Measurement and evaluation in counseling and development, 47(1), 79-86. https://doi.org/10.1177/07481756135138
  • Bağ, S. (2020). Slaktivizm: Yeni Medya ve Siyasal Eylemin Dönüşümü. HülürH. YaşınC.(Eds.), Yeni Medya, Toplum ve Siyasal İletişim, 350-368. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/yenimedya/issue/58796/840065 Bernstein, I. (2000, April). Some consequences of violating SEM’s assumptions. In annual meeting of Southwestern Psychological Association, Dallas, TX.
  • Beykoz, D. (2024). Sosyal Medya Kullanıcılarının Kliktivizm Davranışlarının Analizi: BAİBÜ Öğrencileri Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Simetrik İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(4), 159-173. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/siad/issue/86281/1487239
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford publications.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Akgün, Ö. E., Demirel, F., Karadeniz, Ş., & Çakmak, E. K. (2015). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Pegem Akademi.
  • Byrne, B. M. (2013). Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. routledge.
  • Cheong, A. T., Chinna, K., Khoo, E. M., & Liew, S. M. (2017). Determinants for cardiovascular disease health check questionnaire: A validation study. Plos one, 12(11), e0188259. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188259
  • Crocker, L. (2012). Introduction to measurement theory. In Handbook of complementary methods in education research Routledge.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (Vol. 2). Pegem akademi.
  • Dunn, T. J., Baguley, T., & Brunsden, V. (2014). From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British journal of psychology, 105(3), 399-412. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12046
  • Echeverri, M., Unni, E., Harpe, S. E., Kavookjian, J., Alkhateeb, F., Ekong, G., & Law, A. (2019). A multi-school validation of a revised scale for assessing cultural competence in pharmacy students. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 83(3), 6602. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe6602
  • Eken, İ., & Gezmen, B. (2020). Dijital Dünya ve Teknolojik Gelişmelerin Sosyal Bilimlere Etkisi. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Fatkin, J. M., & Lansdown, T. C. (2015). Prosocial media in action. Computers in Human Behavior, 48, 581-586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.060
  • Field, A. (2024). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. Sage publications limited.
  • Gladwell, M. (2010). Why the revolution will not be tweeted. The New Yorker, 4, 42-49. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/10/04/small-change-malcolm-gladwell
  • Göldağ, B. (2019). Lise öğrencilerinin okul kültürü algıları ve okula yabancılaşmaları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(3), 813-830. https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.511330
  • Gürbüz, S., & Şahin, F. (2014). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayıncılık
  • Gürel, E., & Nazlı, A. (2019). Dijital aktivizm: Change. org kampanyaları üzerine bir analiz. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(4), 187-206. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.668642
  • Hacıyakupoğlu, G. ve Zhang, W. (2015). Türkiye'deki Gezi protestoları sırasında sosyal medya ve güven. Bilgisayar aracılı iletişim dergisi, 20 (4), 450-466.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
  • Hayes, A. F., & Coutts, J. J. (2020). Use omega rather than Cronbach’s alpha for estimating reliability. But…. Communication Methods and Measures, 14(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2020.1718629
  • Hayton, J. C., Allen, D. G., & Scarpello, V. (2004). Factor retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: A tutorial on parallel analysis. Organizational research methods, 7(2), 191-205. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428104263675
  • Hindman, M. (2009). The myth of digital democracy. Princeton University Press.
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008, September). Evaluating model fit: a synthesis of the structural equation modelling literature. In 7th European Conference on research methodology for business and management studies (Vol. 2008,).
  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Scientific software international.
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (2010). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri (Vol. 5). Asil Yayın Dağıtım. Karatzogianni, A. (2015). Firebrand waves of digital activism 1994–2014: The rise and spread of hacktivism and cyberconflict. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137317933
  • Kaya, M. (2022). Dört büyükler sosyal medyada yarışıyor. Erişim tarihi: 28.10.2023. Erişim adresi: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/bilim-teknoloji/dort-buyukler-sosyal-medyada-da-yarisiyor/2643069#
  • Kline, P. (2014). An easy guide to factor analysis. Routledge.
  • Koo, K. H., Stephens, K. A., Lindgren, K. P., & George, W. H. (2012). Misogyny, acculturation, and ethnic identity: Relation to rape-supportive attitudes in Asian American college men. Archives of sexual behavior, 41, 1005-1014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-011-9729-1
  • Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel psychology, 28(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x
  • Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling. Psychology Press.
  • Luo, X., Lin, F., Zhu, S., Yu, M., Zhang, Z., Meng, L., & Peng, J. (2019). Mine landslide susceptibility assessment using IVM, ANN and SVM models considering the contribution of affecting factors. PloS one, 14(4), e0215134. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215134
  • Mardia, K. V. (1970). Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika, 57(3), 519-530. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/57.3.519
  • Marichal, J. (2013). Political Facebook groups: Micro-activism and the digital front stage. First Monday, 18(12). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v18i12.4653
  • Miles, J. (2005). Tolerance and variance inflation factor. In B. S. Everitt & D. C. Howell (Eds.), Encyclopedia of statistics in behavioral science (Vol. 4, pp. 2055–2056). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470013192.bsa667
  • Morozov, E. (2011). The net delusion: How not to liberate the world. Penguin.
  • Munro, B. H. (2005). Statistical methods for health care research (Vol. 1). lippincott williams & wilkins.
  • Neumayer, C., & Schoßböck, J. (2011, May). Lurkers in politics? [Conference presentation]. Conference on E-Democracy and Open Government, p. 131, Vienna, Austria.
  • Oh, V. Y. (2023). Direct versus indirect measures of mixed emotions in predictive models: a comparison of predictive validity, multicollinearity, and the influence of confounding variables. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1231845. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1231845
  • Olorunnisola, A. A., & Martin, B. L. (2013). Influences of media on social movements: Problematizing hyperbolic inferences about impacts. Telematics and informatics, 30(3), 275-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2012.02.005
  • Ricketts, A. (2012). The activists' handbook: a step-by-step guide to participatory democracy. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Sak, E. (2014). Kamu diplomasisi ve Çin. Barış Araştırmaları ve Çatışma Çözümleri Dergisi, 2(1),9-25. https://doi.org/10.16954/bacad.36243
  • Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of educational research, 99(6), 323-338. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOER.99.6.323-338
  • Shulman, S. W. (2004). The internet still might (but probably won't) change everything. ISJLP, 1(1), 111–145. https://agoraparl.org/sites/default/files/agoradocuments/The%20Internet%20Still%20Might%20%28but%20Probably%20Won%E2%80%99t%29%20Change%20Everything_0.pdf
  • Singh, A., Kumar, V., Singh, H., Chowdhury, S., & Sharma, S. (2023). Assessing the coverage of full antenatal care among adolescent mothers from scheduled tribe and scheduled caste communities in India. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 798. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15656-1
  • Skoric, M. M. (2012). What is slack about slacktivism. Methodological and conceptual issues in cyber activism research, 77(7), 7-92.
  • Sofroniou, N., & Hutcheson, G. (1999). The multivariate social scientist: Introductory statistics using generalized linear models. Sage Publications.
  • Stevens, S. S. (2017). Psychophysics: Introduction to its perceptual, neural and social prospects. Routledge.
  • Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal Eşitlik Modelleri: Temel Kavramlar ve Örnek Uygulamalar. Türk Psikoloji Yazilari.
  • Şimşek, Ö. F. (2020). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: Temel ilkeler ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ekin Yayınevi Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2015). Çok değişkenli istatistiklerin kullanımı. Nobel yayınevi
  • Tarhan, U. (2013). Slactivizm-Slaktivizm & Clicktivism -Kliktivizm. Erişim tarihi: 27.10.2023. Erişim adresi: https://www.ufuktarhan.com/makale/slactivizm-slaktivizm-clicktivism-kliktivizm-nedir?
  • Tonkin, E. L., Burrows, A., Woznowski, P. R., Laskowski, P., Yordanova, K. Y., Twomey, N., & Craddock, I. J. (2018). Talk, text, tag? Understanding self-annotation of smart home data from a user’s perspective. Sensors, 18(7), 2365. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072365.
  • Turgut, M. F., & Baykul, Y. (2010). Eğitimde ölçme ve değerlendirme (Vol. 2). Pegem Akademi. VanNatta, M. (2005). Constructing the battered woman. Feminist Studies, 31(2), 416-443. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20459035
  • Watkins, M. W. (2018). Exploratory factor analysis: A guide to best practice. Journal of black psychology, 44(3), 219-246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798418771807
  • Wilson, F. R., Pan, W., & Schumsky, D. A. (2012). Recalculation of the critical values for Lawshe’s content validity ratio. Measurement and evaluation in counseling and development, 45(3), 197-210. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175612440286
  • Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 46, 74-85. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/369427
  • Yiğit, İ., & Karayılan, G. (2023). Planlanmış davranış teorisinin slaktivizme etkisi: Twitter kullanıcıları üzerine bir araştırma. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 27(2), 297-318. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2185976

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4, 2097 - 2131
https://doi.org/10.48146/odusobiad.1723751

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Andrade, C. (2023). Real world studies: what they are and what they are not. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 45(5), 537-538. https://doi.org/10.1177/02537176231188563
  • Augenbraun, E. (2011). Occupy Wall Street and the limits of spontaneous street protest. The Guardian, 29.
  • Ayre, C., & Scally, A. J. (2014). Critical values for Lawshe’s content validity ratio: revisiting the original methods of calculation. Measurement and evaluation in counseling and development, 47(1), 79-86. https://doi.org/10.1177/07481756135138
  • Bağ, S. (2020). Slaktivizm: Yeni Medya ve Siyasal Eylemin Dönüşümü. HülürH. YaşınC.(Eds.), Yeni Medya, Toplum ve Siyasal İletişim, 350-368. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/yenimedya/issue/58796/840065 Bernstein, I. (2000, April). Some consequences of violating SEM’s assumptions. In annual meeting of Southwestern Psychological Association, Dallas, TX.
  • Beykoz, D. (2024). Sosyal Medya Kullanıcılarının Kliktivizm Davranışlarının Analizi: BAİBÜ Öğrencileri Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Simetrik İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(4), 159-173. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/siad/issue/86281/1487239
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford publications.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Akgün, Ö. E., Demirel, F., Karadeniz, Ş., & Çakmak, E. K. (2015). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Pegem Akademi.
  • Byrne, B. M. (2013). Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. routledge.
  • Cheong, A. T., Chinna, K., Khoo, E. M., & Liew, S. M. (2017). Determinants for cardiovascular disease health check questionnaire: A validation study. Plos one, 12(11), e0188259. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188259
  • Crocker, L. (2012). Introduction to measurement theory. In Handbook of complementary methods in education research Routledge.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (Vol. 2). Pegem akademi.
  • Dunn, T. J., Baguley, T., & Brunsden, V. (2014). From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British journal of psychology, 105(3), 399-412. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12046
  • Echeverri, M., Unni, E., Harpe, S. E., Kavookjian, J., Alkhateeb, F., Ekong, G., & Law, A. (2019). A multi-school validation of a revised scale for assessing cultural competence in pharmacy students. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 83(3), 6602. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe6602
  • Eken, İ., & Gezmen, B. (2020). Dijital Dünya ve Teknolojik Gelişmelerin Sosyal Bilimlere Etkisi. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Fatkin, J. M., & Lansdown, T. C. (2015). Prosocial media in action. Computers in Human Behavior, 48, 581-586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.060
  • Field, A. (2024). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. Sage publications limited.
  • Gladwell, M. (2010). Why the revolution will not be tweeted. The New Yorker, 4, 42-49. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/10/04/small-change-malcolm-gladwell
  • Göldağ, B. (2019). Lise öğrencilerinin okul kültürü algıları ve okula yabancılaşmaları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(3), 813-830. https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.511330
  • Gürbüz, S., & Şahin, F. (2014). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayıncılık
  • Gürel, E., & Nazlı, A. (2019). Dijital aktivizm: Change. org kampanyaları üzerine bir analiz. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(4), 187-206. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.668642
  • Hacıyakupoğlu, G. ve Zhang, W. (2015). Türkiye'deki Gezi protestoları sırasında sosyal medya ve güven. Bilgisayar aracılı iletişim dergisi, 20 (4), 450-466.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
  • Hayes, A. F., & Coutts, J. J. (2020). Use omega rather than Cronbach’s alpha for estimating reliability. But…. Communication Methods and Measures, 14(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2020.1718629
  • Hayton, J. C., Allen, D. G., & Scarpello, V. (2004). Factor retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: A tutorial on parallel analysis. Organizational research methods, 7(2), 191-205. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428104263675
  • Hindman, M. (2009). The myth of digital democracy. Princeton University Press.
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008, September). Evaluating model fit: a synthesis of the structural equation modelling literature. In 7th European Conference on research methodology for business and management studies (Vol. 2008,).
  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Scientific software international.
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (2010). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri (Vol. 5). Asil Yayın Dağıtım. Karatzogianni, A. (2015). Firebrand waves of digital activism 1994–2014: The rise and spread of hacktivism and cyberconflict. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137317933
  • Kaya, M. (2022). Dört büyükler sosyal medyada yarışıyor. Erişim tarihi: 28.10.2023. Erişim adresi: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/bilim-teknoloji/dort-buyukler-sosyal-medyada-da-yarisiyor/2643069#
  • Kline, P. (2014). An easy guide to factor analysis. Routledge.
  • Koo, K. H., Stephens, K. A., Lindgren, K. P., & George, W. H. (2012). Misogyny, acculturation, and ethnic identity: Relation to rape-supportive attitudes in Asian American college men. Archives of sexual behavior, 41, 1005-1014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-011-9729-1
  • Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel psychology, 28(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x
  • Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling. Psychology Press.
  • Luo, X., Lin, F., Zhu, S., Yu, M., Zhang, Z., Meng, L., & Peng, J. (2019). Mine landslide susceptibility assessment using IVM, ANN and SVM models considering the contribution of affecting factors. PloS one, 14(4), e0215134. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215134
  • Mardia, K. V. (1970). Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika, 57(3), 519-530. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/57.3.519
  • Marichal, J. (2013). Political Facebook groups: Micro-activism and the digital front stage. First Monday, 18(12). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v18i12.4653
  • Miles, J. (2005). Tolerance and variance inflation factor. In B. S. Everitt & D. C. Howell (Eds.), Encyclopedia of statistics in behavioral science (Vol. 4, pp. 2055–2056). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470013192.bsa667
  • Morozov, E. (2011). The net delusion: How not to liberate the world. Penguin.
  • Munro, B. H. (2005). Statistical methods for health care research (Vol. 1). lippincott williams & wilkins.
  • Neumayer, C., & Schoßböck, J. (2011, May). Lurkers in politics? [Conference presentation]. Conference on E-Democracy and Open Government, p. 131, Vienna, Austria.
  • Oh, V. Y. (2023). Direct versus indirect measures of mixed emotions in predictive models: a comparison of predictive validity, multicollinearity, and the influence of confounding variables. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1231845. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1231845
  • Olorunnisola, A. A., & Martin, B. L. (2013). Influences of media on social movements: Problematizing hyperbolic inferences about impacts. Telematics and informatics, 30(3), 275-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2012.02.005
  • Ricketts, A. (2012). The activists' handbook: a step-by-step guide to participatory democracy. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Sak, E. (2014). Kamu diplomasisi ve Çin. Barış Araştırmaları ve Çatışma Çözümleri Dergisi, 2(1),9-25. https://doi.org/10.16954/bacad.36243
  • Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of educational research, 99(6), 323-338. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOER.99.6.323-338
  • Shulman, S. W. (2004). The internet still might (but probably won't) change everything. ISJLP, 1(1), 111–145. https://agoraparl.org/sites/default/files/agoradocuments/The%20Internet%20Still%20Might%20%28but%20Probably%20Won%E2%80%99t%29%20Change%20Everything_0.pdf
  • Singh, A., Kumar, V., Singh, H., Chowdhury, S., & Sharma, S. (2023). Assessing the coverage of full antenatal care among adolescent mothers from scheduled tribe and scheduled caste communities in India. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 798. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15656-1
  • Skoric, M. M. (2012). What is slack about slacktivism. Methodological and conceptual issues in cyber activism research, 77(7), 7-92.
  • Sofroniou, N., & Hutcheson, G. (1999). The multivariate social scientist: Introductory statistics using generalized linear models. Sage Publications.
  • Stevens, S. S. (2017). Psychophysics: Introduction to its perceptual, neural and social prospects. Routledge.
  • Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal Eşitlik Modelleri: Temel Kavramlar ve Örnek Uygulamalar. Türk Psikoloji Yazilari.
  • Şimşek, Ö. F. (2020). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: Temel ilkeler ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ekin Yayınevi Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2015). Çok değişkenli istatistiklerin kullanımı. Nobel yayınevi
  • Tarhan, U. (2013). Slactivizm-Slaktivizm & Clicktivism -Kliktivizm. Erişim tarihi: 27.10.2023. Erişim adresi: https://www.ufuktarhan.com/makale/slactivizm-slaktivizm-clicktivism-kliktivizm-nedir?
  • Tonkin, E. L., Burrows, A., Woznowski, P. R., Laskowski, P., Yordanova, K. Y., Twomey, N., & Craddock, I. J. (2018). Talk, text, tag? Understanding self-annotation of smart home data from a user’s perspective. Sensors, 18(7), 2365. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072365.
  • Turgut, M. F., & Baykul, Y. (2010). Eğitimde ölçme ve değerlendirme (Vol. 2). Pegem Akademi. VanNatta, M. (2005). Constructing the battered woman. Feminist Studies, 31(2), 416-443. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20459035
  • Watkins, M. W. (2018). Exploratory factor analysis: A guide to best practice. Journal of black psychology, 44(3), 219-246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798418771807
  • Wilson, F. R., Pan, W., & Schumsky, D. A. (2012). Recalculation of the critical values for Lawshe’s content validity ratio. Measurement and evaluation in counseling and development, 45(3), 197-210. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175612440286
  • Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 46, 74-85. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/369427
  • Yiğit, İ., & Karayılan, G. (2023). Planlanmış davranış teorisinin slaktivizme etkisi: Twitter kullanıcıları üzerine bir araştırma. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 27(2), 297-318. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2185976

Sporda bir eylem biçimi olarak Slactivizm Ölçeği ‘’SÖ’’: Bir ölçek geliştirme çalışması

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4, 2097 - 2131
https://doi.org/10.48146/odusobiad.1723751

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, aktif sporcuların minimum çaba ve emekle sergiledikleri slaktivist davranışları hangi motivasyonla gerçekleştirdiklerini ortaya koyan güvenilir ve geçerli bir ölçme aracı geliştirmektedir. Ölçek geliştirme sürecinde başvurulan niteliksel işlemler: odak grup görüşmeleri, komposizyon yazımı ve Lawshe Tekniği’den oluşurken, niceliksel adımlar: sayıltı analizleri, faktör analizleri, yakınsak-ıraksak geçerlikler ve birleştirici güvenirlik analizlerinden oluşmaktadır. İki çalışma grubundan oluşan ölçekleme çalışmasında Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi 546, Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi ise 511 gözlem setinden oluşmaktadır. Faktör analizleri sonrası, Sosyal Değişim (cronbach α=0.92, n=13), Etkileşim ve Motivasyon (cronbach α=0.84, n=6 ) ve Dijital Aktivizm Katılımı (cronbach α=0.72, n=5) olmak üzere 3 faktörlü, 5’li likert yapıda (5=Kesinlikle katılıyorum, … , 1=Kesinlikle katılmıyorum), toplamda 24 maddelik nihai formun yapı geçerliği sağlanmıştır. Açıklanan varyans oranı %57.760 ve uyum iyiliği kriterleri: χ2/sd=4.37, RMSEA=0.076, SRMR=0.072, NFI=0.91 ve CFI=0.86’dır. Sporcuların duygusal bağ kurdukları takımlar ya da bireysel sporcular hakkındaki görünürlük ve etkili olma düşünceleri, düşük risk ile yüksek fayda elde etme arzuları ve topluluk bağı oluşturma hisleri onları kolektif bir kimliğe büründürerek dijital eylemlere katılmalarına aracılık edebilir. Slaktivizmin çeşitli disiplerde araştırılmasına rağmen spor bilimleri alanında inceleme alanı olarak eksik görülmesi, çalışmanın önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Sosyal medyanın etkili bir aktivizm aracı olarak görülmesine rağmen spor bilimlerini alanında yüzeysel kaldığı düşüncesiyle ‘’Sporda Bir Eylem Biçimi Olarak Slactivizm Ölçeği’’ geliştirilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Andrade, C. (2023). Real world studies: what they are and what they are not. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 45(5), 537-538. https://doi.org/10.1177/02537176231188563
  • Augenbraun, E. (2011). Occupy Wall Street and the limits of spontaneous street protest. The Guardian, 29.
  • Ayre, C., & Scally, A. J. (2014). Critical values for Lawshe’s content validity ratio: revisiting the original methods of calculation. Measurement and evaluation in counseling and development, 47(1), 79-86. https://doi.org/10.1177/07481756135138
  • Bağ, S. (2020). Slaktivizm: Yeni Medya ve Siyasal Eylemin Dönüşümü. HülürH. YaşınC.(Eds.), Yeni Medya, Toplum ve Siyasal İletişim, 350-368. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/yenimedya/issue/58796/840065 Bernstein, I. (2000, April). Some consequences of violating SEM’s assumptions. In annual meeting of Southwestern Psychological Association, Dallas, TX.
  • Beykoz, D. (2024). Sosyal Medya Kullanıcılarının Kliktivizm Davranışlarının Analizi: BAİBÜ Öğrencileri Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Simetrik İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(4), 159-173. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/siad/issue/86281/1487239
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford publications.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Akgün, Ö. E., Demirel, F., Karadeniz, Ş., & Çakmak, E. K. (2015). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Pegem Akademi.
  • Byrne, B. M. (2013). Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. routledge.
  • Cheong, A. T., Chinna, K., Khoo, E. M., & Liew, S. M. (2017). Determinants for cardiovascular disease health check questionnaire: A validation study. Plos one, 12(11), e0188259. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188259
  • Crocker, L. (2012). Introduction to measurement theory. In Handbook of complementary methods in education research Routledge.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (Vol. 2). Pegem akademi.
  • Dunn, T. J., Baguley, T., & Brunsden, V. (2014). From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British journal of psychology, 105(3), 399-412. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12046
  • Echeverri, M., Unni, E., Harpe, S. E., Kavookjian, J., Alkhateeb, F., Ekong, G., & Law, A. (2019). A multi-school validation of a revised scale for assessing cultural competence in pharmacy students. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 83(3), 6602. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe6602
  • Eken, İ., & Gezmen, B. (2020). Dijital Dünya ve Teknolojik Gelişmelerin Sosyal Bilimlere Etkisi. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Fatkin, J. M., & Lansdown, T. C. (2015). Prosocial media in action. Computers in Human Behavior, 48, 581-586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.060
  • Field, A. (2024). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. Sage publications limited.
  • Gladwell, M. (2010). Why the revolution will not be tweeted. The New Yorker, 4, 42-49. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/10/04/small-change-malcolm-gladwell
  • Göldağ, B. (2019). Lise öğrencilerinin okul kültürü algıları ve okula yabancılaşmaları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(3), 813-830. https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.511330
  • Gürbüz, S., & Şahin, F. (2014). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayıncılık
  • Gürel, E., & Nazlı, A. (2019). Dijital aktivizm: Change. org kampanyaları üzerine bir analiz. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(4), 187-206. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.668642
  • Hacıyakupoğlu, G. ve Zhang, W. (2015). Türkiye'deki Gezi protestoları sırasında sosyal medya ve güven. Bilgisayar aracılı iletişim dergisi, 20 (4), 450-466.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
  • Hayes, A. F., & Coutts, J. J. (2020). Use omega rather than Cronbach’s alpha for estimating reliability. But…. Communication Methods and Measures, 14(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2020.1718629
  • Hayton, J. C., Allen, D. G., & Scarpello, V. (2004). Factor retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: A tutorial on parallel analysis. Organizational research methods, 7(2), 191-205. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428104263675
  • Hindman, M. (2009). The myth of digital democracy. Princeton University Press.
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008, September). Evaluating model fit: a synthesis of the structural equation modelling literature. In 7th European Conference on research methodology for business and management studies (Vol. 2008,).
  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Scientific software international.
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (2010). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri (Vol. 5). Asil Yayın Dağıtım. Karatzogianni, A. (2015). Firebrand waves of digital activism 1994–2014: The rise and spread of hacktivism and cyberconflict. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137317933
  • Kaya, M. (2022). Dört büyükler sosyal medyada yarışıyor. Erişim tarihi: 28.10.2023. Erişim adresi: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/bilim-teknoloji/dort-buyukler-sosyal-medyada-da-yarisiyor/2643069#
  • Kline, P. (2014). An easy guide to factor analysis. Routledge.
  • Koo, K. H., Stephens, K. A., Lindgren, K. P., & George, W. H. (2012). Misogyny, acculturation, and ethnic identity: Relation to rape-supportive attitudes in Asian American college men. Archives of sexual behavior, 41, 1005-1014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-011-9729-1
  • Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel psychology, 28(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x
  • Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling. Psychology Press.
  • Luo, X., Lin, F., Zhu, S., Yu, M., Zhang, Z., Meng, L., & Peng, J. (2019). Mine landslide susceptibility assessment using IVM, ANN and SVM models considering the contribution of affecting factors. PloS one, 14(4), e0215134. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215134
  • Mardia, K. V. (1970). Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika, 57(3), 519-530. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/57.3.519
  • Marichal, J. (2013). Political Facebook groups: Micro-activism and the digital front stage. First Monday, 18(12). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v18i12.4653
  • Miles, J. (2005). Tolerance and variance inflation factor. In B. S. Everitt & D. C. Howell (Eds.), Encyclopedia of statistics in behavioral science (Vol. 4, pp. 2055–2056). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470013192.bsa667
  • Morozov, E. (2011). The net delusion: How not to liberate the world. Penguin.
  • Munro, B. H. (2005). Statistical methods for health care research (Vol. 1). lippincott williams & wilkins.
  • Neumayer, C., & Schoßböck, J. (2011, May). Lurkers in politics? [Conference presentation]. Conference on E-Democracy and Open Government, p. 131, Vienna, Austria.
  • Oh, V. Y. (2023). Direct versus indirect measures of mixed emotions in predictive models: a comparison of predictive validity, multicollinearity, and the influence of confounding variables. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1231845. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1231845
  • Olorunnisola, A. A., & Martin, B. L. (2013). Influences of media on social movements: Problematizing hyperbolic inferences about impacts. Telematics and informatics, 30(3), 275-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2012.02.005
  • Ricketts, A. (2012). The activists' handbook: a step-by-step guide to participatory democracy. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Sak, E. (2014). Kamu diplomasisi ve Çin. Barış Araştırmaları ve Çatışma Çözümleri Dergisi, 2(1),9-25. https://doi.org/10.16954/bacad.36243
  • Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of educational research, 99(6), 323-338. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOER.99.6.323-338
  • Shulman, S. W. (2004). The internet still might (but probably won't) change everything. ISJLP, 1(1), 111–145. https://agoraparl.org/sites/default/files/agoradocuments/The%20Internet%20Still%20Might%20%28but%20Probably%20Won%E2%80%99t%29%20Change%20Everything_0.pdf
  • Singh, A., Kumar, V., Singh, H., Chowdhury, S., & Sharma, S. (2023). Assessing the coverage of full antenatal care among adolescent mothers from scheduled tribe and scheduled caste communities in India. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 798. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15656-1
  • Skoric, M. M. (2012). What is slack about slacktivism. Methodological and conceptual issues in cyber activism research, 77(7), 7-92.
  • Sofroniou, N., & Hutcheson, G. (1999). The multivariate social scientist: Introductory statistics using generalized linear models. Sage Publications.
  • Stevens, S. S. (2017). Psychophysics: Introduction to its perceptual, neural and social prospects. Routledge.
  • Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal Eşitlik Modelleri: Temel Kavramlar ve Örnek Uygulamalar. Türk Psikoloji Yazilari.
  • Şimşek, Ö. F. (2020). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: Temel ilkeler ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ekin Yayınevi Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2015). Çok değişkenli istatistiklerin kullanımı. Nobel yayınevi
  • Tarhan, U. (2013). Slactivizm-Slaktivizm & Clicktivism -Kliktivizm. Erişim tarihi: 27.10.2023. Erişim adresi: https://www.ufuktarhan.com/makale/slactivizm-slaktivizm-clicktivism-kliktivizm-nedir?
  • Tonkin, E. L., Burrows, A., Woznowski, P. R., Laskowski, P., Yordanova, K. Y., Twomey, N., & Craddock, I. J. (2018). Talk, text, tag? Understanding self-annotation of smart home data from a user’s perspective. Sensors, 18(7), 2365. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072365.
  • Turgut, M. F., & Baykul, Y. (2010). Eğitimde ölçme ve değerlendirme (Vol. 2). Pegem Akademi. VanNatta, M. (2005). Constructing the battered woman. Feminist Studies, 31(2), 416-443. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20459035
  • Watkins, M. W. (2018). Exploratory factor analysis: A guide to best practice. Journal of black psychology, 44(3), 219-246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798418771807
  • Wilson, F. R., Pan, W., & Schumsky, D. A. (2012). Recalculation of the critical values for Lawshe’s content validity ratio. Measurement and evaluation in counseling and development, 45(3), 197-210. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175612440286
  • Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 46, 74-85. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/369427
  • Yiğit, İ., & Karayılan, G. (2023). Planlanmış davranış teorisinin slaktivizme etkisi: Twitter kullanıcıları üzerine bir araştırma. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 27(2), 297-318. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2185976

Development and validation of the SFAS Scale: A measure of Slacktivism as a form of action in sport

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4, 2097 - 2131
https://doi.org/10.48146/odusobiad.1723751

Öz

The scale development process consisted of both qualitative and quantitative steps. The qualitative procedures included focus group interviews, composition writing, and the application of the Lawshe Technique. The quantitative phase comprised assumption testing, factor analyses, convergent and divergent validity assessments, and composite reliability analyses.The scale was validated with two independent samples: the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted on a dataset of 546 cases, while the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was based on 511 cases. Following the factor analyses, a three-factor structure emerged, comprising Social Change (Cronbach's α = 0.92, n = 13), Interaction and Motivation (Cronbach's α = 0.84, n = 6), and Digital Activism Participation (Cronbach's α = 0.72, n = 5). The final version of the scale included 24 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (5 = Strongly agree, …, 1 = Strongly disagree), demonstrating adequate construct validity.The explained variance was 57.760%, and the model fit indices were as follows: χ²/df = 4.37, RMSEA = 0.076, SRMR = 0.072, NFI = 0.91, and CFI = 0.86.The findings suggest that athletes’ emotional connection with their teams or individual sports figures, their desire to gain high benefits with low risk, and their sense of community belonging may facilitate their engagement in digital actions by fostering a collective identity. Although slacktivism has been examined across various disciplines, its limited investigation in the field of sports sciences highlights the significance of this study. In response to the perception that social media is a powerful medium for activism yet remains underutilized in the context of sports sciences, the "Slacktivism in Sports Scale" was developed.

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  • Watkins, M. W. (2018). Exploratory factor analysis: A guide to best practice. Journal of black psychology, 44(3), 219-246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798418771807
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  • Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 46, 74-85. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/369427
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Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ölçek Geliştirme
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Mehmet Kara 0000-0001-9454-5164

Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Haziran 2025
Kabul Tarihi 13 Ağustos 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Kara, M. (2025). Development and validation of the SFAS Scale: A measure of Slacktivism as a form of action in sport. Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15(4), 2097-2131. https://doi.org/10.48146/odusobiad.1723751

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