Araştırma Makalesi
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Türkiye’deki mantar meşesi (Quercus suber L.) ağaçlandırmalarının değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2023, , 50 - 61, 01.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.17568/ogmoad.1274617

Öz

Mantar meşesi (Quercus suber L.) kabuğu, sanayi, gıda, otomotiv, izolasyon gibi çok farklı alanlarda kullanılmaktadır. 1975 yılında Torbalı Orman Fidanlığında 2 orijin ve 286 adet fidanla kurulan plantasyondan alınan tohumlardan üretilen fidanlar İzmir Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü’nde yapılan ağaçlandırma çalışmalarında kullanılmıştır. Ağacın kaliteli kabuk oluşturabilmesi yetişme yeri koşullarına, büyük ölçüde iklime bağlıdır. Türkiye’de farklı yükselti, bakı ve toprak tiplerinde yapılan ilk ağaçlandırmalar 20 yaşını aşmış ve bazıları kabuk üretimi yapılabilecek duruma gelmiştir. Bu çalışmaların mevcut durumlarının ortaya konulması, ülkemizin ihtiyacı olan bu değerli orman ürününün yetiştirilmesi ve ağaçlandırmalarda kullanılması için kıymetli bilgiler sağlayacaktır. Bu amaçla, yükselti ve bakının ağaçların boy, çap ve kabuk gelişimine etkisi incelenmiştir. Her deneme alanında 30’ar ağaçta çap-boy ölçümleri, 10’ar ağaçta kabuk kalınlıkları ölçülmüş ve gelişim durumları ortaya konulmuştur. Alt rakımlarda boy büyümesi, üst rakımlarda ise gövde çapı ve kabuk kalınlığının daha iyi geliştiği istatistiki olarak ortaya konulmuştur. Güneşli bakıların, gölgeli bakılara göre boy ve kabuk kalınlığı üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisinin olmadığı, çap artımında ise etkili bir faktör olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışma alanlarından alınan toprak örneklerinde tekstür killi balçık, tuzsuz (EC- 0,04), ortalama pH 7, CaCO3 %0,3 ve organik madde %1,8 olarak belirlenmiştir. Mantar meşelerinin bakımları zamanında yapıldığı taktirde gelişimlerinin daha iyi olacağı öngörülmektedir.

Teşekkür

Arazi çalışmalarımızın rehberi Emekli Ağaçlandırma Etüt Proje Başmühendisi Sayın Namık HALAVURT’a, lojistik desteklerinden dolayı Gaziemir Orman İşletme Müdürü Sayın Mehmet ÇAPRAZLI'ya teşekkür ederiz.

Kaynakça

  • Alpacar, K; 1973. Mantar meşesi (Quercus suber), Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20: 55 – 69, Ankara.
  • Amorim, 2014. Corticeira Amorim S.G.P.S., S.A. (amorim.com). The Art of Cork. Lidergraf, Porto. Portugal, amorim.com/xms/files/v1/Documentacao/Brochura_Arte_Cortica_Small_EN.pdf (Ziyaret tarihi: 20.09.2022).
  • APCOR, 2006. Associação Portuguesa da Cortiça (Portekiz Mantar Meşesi Birliği; apcor.pt). Cork: The Natural Choise. Cork Industry book. 11, Portugal.
  • APCOR, 2016. O anuário de cortiça 2016. Santa Maria de Lamas, Portugal.
  • Aronson, J., Pereira, J.S., Pausas, J.G., 2009. Cork Oak Woodlans on the Edge: Ecology, Adaptive Management and Restoration, Island Press. Washington, Covelo, London (uv.es/jgpausas/corkoak/cork-oak-book.pdf).
  • Badalamenti E, Scalenghe R, La Mantia T, Bueno RS, Sala G, Pizzurro GM, Giaimo A, Pasta S (2020). The cork oak in the Mountains of Palermo (Italy): ecological insights from the south-eastern edge of its distribution range. iForest 13: 336-344. – doi: 10.3832/ifor3360-013 [online 2020-08-07].
  • Benabou, A., Moukrim, S., Lahssini, S., El Aboudi, A., Menzou, K., Elmalki, M., El Madihi, M., Rhazi, L., 2022. Impact of climate change on potential distribution of Quercus suberin the conditions of North Africa. Biosyst. Divers., 30(3), 289–294 doi: 10.15421/012231.
  • Catry, F.X., Moreira, F. Duarte, I. Acácio, V. 2009. Factors affecting post-fire crown regeneration in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) trees. European Journal of Forest Research, 128: 231–240, DOI: 10.1007/s10342-009-0259-5.
  • Cooke, G.B., 1961. Cork and The Cork Tree. Pergamon Press, New York. Oxford, London, Paris, doi.org/10.1002/jpln.19610950108.
  • Costa, A., Graça, J., Barbosa, I., Spiecker, H.,2022. Efect of climate on corkring width and density of Quercus suber L. in Southern Portugal. Trees (2022) 36:1711–1720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-022-02321-0.
  • Davida, T.S., Pinto, C.A., Nadezhdina, N., Kurz-Besson, C., Henriques, M.O., Quilhó, T., Cermak, J., Chaves, M. M., Pereira, J.S., David, J.S. 2013. Root functioning, tree water use and hydraulic redistribution in Quercus suber trees: A modeling approach based on root sap flow. Forest Ecology and Management, 307: 136-146. Doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.07.012.
  • Dib, T., Kazanis, D., Arianoutsou, M., Messaoudene, M. & Krouchi, F. 2022. Post-fire regeneration of cork oak (Quercus suber) in Kiadi forest (Akfadou- Algeria). Mediterr. Bot. Online First. https://doi.org/10.5209/mbot.77999.
  • Dickinson, M.B. & Johnson, E.A. 2001. Fire Effects on Trees. In : Johnson, E.A. & Miyanishi, K. (Eds.). Forest Fires. Behavior and ecological effects. Pp. 477–525. Academic Press, New York.
  • Fowells, H.A.; 1949. Cork oak planting test in California, Journal of Forestry, 47(5): 357 – 365. doi.org/10.1093/jof/47.5.357.
  • Houston Durrant T, De Rigo D, Caudullo G (2016). Quercus suber in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats. In: “European Atlas of Forest Tree Species” (San-Miguel-Ayanz J, de Rigo D, Caudullo G, Houston Durrant T, Mauri A, Luxembourg eds). Publication Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, pp. 164-165. [online] URL: https://forest.jrc.ec.europa.eu/en/europea n-atlas/.
  • IBM Corp. Released 2021. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 29.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
  • Jurado Doña V, López-Jurado J, González Román A, Sánchez-Salguero R, Matías L, Díaz del Olmo F (2022). Influence of site conditions and land management on Quercus suber L. population dynamics in the southern Iberian Peninsula. iForest 15: 77-84. – doi: 10.3832/ifor3753-015 [online 2022-03-14]
  • Kayacık, H. 1967. Orman ve Park Ağaçlarının Özel Sistematiği, II. Cilt, Angiospermae (Kapalı Tohumlular), Kutulmuş Matbaası, İstanbul.
  • Kayacık, H., Elçin, G. 1965. Bahçeköy’de Orman Fakültesi Tatbikat Sahası’nda mantar meşesi (Quercus suber L.) denemesinden bugüne kadar elde edilen sonuçlar, İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 15: 23-37, DOI: 10.17099/jffiu.75971.
  • Laakili A, Belkadi B, Gaboun F, Yatrib C, Makhloufi M, El Antry S, Medraoui L, Laamarti A, Filali-Maltouf A (2016). Analysis of dendrometric diversity among natural populations of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) from Morocco. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 40: 127-135. - doi: 10.3906/tar-1407-147.
  • Lazo, D., Navarro-Cerrillo, J., R.M. José, F., Gómez, R., (2018). Assessment of the future stability of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) afforestation under climate change scenarios in Southwest Spain. Forest Ecology and Management. 409. 444-456. 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.11.042.
  • Leal, S., Nunes, E., Pereira, H. 2008. Cork oak (Quercus suber L.) wood growth and vessel characteristics variations in relation to climate and cork harvesting. European Journal of Forest Research. 127: 33-41, DOI: 10.1007/s10342-007-0180-8.
  • Lobo-do-Vale, R.; Rafael, T.; Haberstroh, S.; Werner, C.; Caldeira, M.C. Shrub Invasion Overrides the Effect of Imposed Drought on the Photosynthetic Capacity and Physiological Responses of Mediterranean Cork Oak Trees. Plants 2023, 12, 1636. https:// doi.org/10.3390/plants12081636.
  • MGM, 2022a. Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü, İzmir ili verileri, https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler- istatistik.aspx?m=IZMIR. (Ziyaret tarihi: 20.09.2022).
  • MGM, 2022b. Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü, İzmir ili Seferihisar İlçesi verileri, https://tr.climate-data.org/asya/tuerkiye/izmir/seferihisar-21649/#climate-table (Ziyaret tarihi: 20.9.22).
  • Morillas, L., Leiva, M.J., Pérez-Ramos, I.M., Cambrollé, J., Matías, L., 2023. Latitudinal variation in the functional response of Quercus suber seedlings to extreme drought, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 887, 164122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164122.
  • Morillas, L., Leiva, M.J., Pérez-Ramos, I.M., Cambrollé, J., Matías, L., 2023. Latitudinal variation in the functional response of Quercus suber seedlings to extreme drought, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 887, 164122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164122.
  • Muñoz-Rengifo J, Chirino E, Cerdán V, Martínez J, Fosado O, Vilagrosa A (2020). Using field and nursery treatments to establish Quercus suber seedlings in Mediterranean degraded shrubland. iForest 13: 114-123. – doi: 10.3832/ifor3095-013 [online 2020-03-26].
  • Neyişçi, T., Yeşilkaya, Y., Usta, H.Z. 1987. Akdeniz Bölgesinde Mantar Meşesi (Quercus suber L.) Yetiştirilmesi Olanaklarının Araştırılması, Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları, Teknik Bülten Serisi No: 193. Ankara.
  • Pausas JG (1997). Resprouting of Quercus suber in NE Spain after fire. Journal of Vegetation Science 8: 703-706. - doi: 10.2307/3237375.
  • Pereira, H., 2007. Cork: Biology, Production and Uses. Elsevier, Amsterdam, ISBN: 978-0-444-52967-1.
  • Serrasolses I, Pérez-Devesa M, Vilagrosa A, Pausas JG, Sauras T, Cortina J, Vallejo VR (2009). Soil properties constraining cork oak distribution. In: “Cork oak woodlands on the edge: ecology, adaptive management, and restoration (Aronson J, Pereira JS, Pausas JG eds). Island Press, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 89-99. [online] URL: http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/102 61/38769/1/CorkoakCap.8(JGPausas).pdf.
  • Serrasolses, I., Pérez-Devesa, M., Vilagrosa, A. Pausas, J.G., Sauras, T., Cortina, J. V., Ramon, V., 2009. Soil Properties Constraining Cork Oak Distribution, Chapter in Aranson et al. (eds). 2009. Cork Oak Woodlans on the Edge: Ecology, Adaptive Management and Restoration, Island Press. Washington, Covelo, London.
  • Sirca C, Filigheddu MR, Zucca GM, Cillara M, Bacciu A, Bosu S, Dettori S (2015). Long-term researches on post fire recovery techniques of cork oak stands. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress of Silviculture “Designing the future of the forestry sector”. Florence (Italy) 26-29 Nov 2014. AISF, Florence, Italy, pp. 491-496.
  • Tunalı, U. 1985. Türkiye’nin ihtiyacı olan şişe mantarını niye yetiştirmeyelim? Orman ve Av, 4: 22-26.
  • UNAC, 2021. Mediterranean Forest Union (unac.pt). Cork Commercialization Guide., 2nd edition, Portugal (incredibleforest.net/content/cork-commercialization-guide-english-italian-portuguese-french-and-spanish).
  • Varela, M.C., 2007. Estação Florestal Nacional Processo do Símbolo da Cortiça Cork®Mark, INIA, Estação Florestal Nacional, Oeiras, Portugal. ISBN- 978-989-95658-0-7.
  • Vizinho, A., Príncipe, A., Vasconcelos, A.C., Rebelo, R., Branquinho, C., Penha-Lopes, G. 2023. Using and Creating Microclimates for Cork Oak Adaptation to Climate Change. Land 12, 531. https://doi.org/10.3390/ land12030531.
  • Yaltırık, F. 1955. Mantar meşesi ve mantar istihsali, Orman ve Av, 27(4): 113-120.

Evaluation of cork oak (Quescus suber L.) plantations in Türkiye

Yıl 2023, , 50 - 61, 01.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.17568/ogmoad.1274617

Öz

Cork oak (Quercus suber L.) bark is used in many different fields such as industry, food, automotive and insulation. The seedlings produced with the seeds taken from the plantation established with 2 origin and 286 saplings in Torbalı Forest Nursery in 1975 were used in the afforestation studies carried out in İzmir Regional Directorate of Forestry. The ability of the tree to form a quality bark depends on the conditions of the place where it grows and largely on the climate. The first afforestations in Türkiye at different altitudes, aspects and soil types are over 20 years old and some of them have been able to produce bark. Revealing the current status of these studies will provide valuable information for the cultivation of this valuable forest product that our country needs and its use in afforestation. For this purpose, the effects of altitude and aspect on the height, diameter and bark development of trees were examined. In each trial area, diameter-height measurements in 30 trees, bark thicknesses in 10 trees were measured and their developmental status was revealed. It has been statistically revealed that height growth at lower altitudes, and trunk diameter and shell thickness at higher altitudes develop better. It was determined that sunny slops did not have a significant effect on height and bark thickness compared to shaded slops, but was an effective factor in increasing diameter. In the soil samples taken from the study areas, the texture of clayey loam, salt-free (EC- 0.04), average pH 7, CaCO3 0.3% and organic matter 1.8% were determined. It is predicted that cork oaks will develop better if the maintenance is done on time.

Kaynakça

  • Alpacar, K; 1973. Mantar meşesi (Quercus suber), Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20: 55 – 69, Ankara.
  • Amorim, 2014. Corticeira Amorim S.G.P.S., S.A. (amorim.com). The Art of Cork. Lidergraf, Porto. Portugal, amorim.com/xms/files/v1/Documentacao/Brochura_Arte_Cortica_Small_EN.pdf (Ziyaret tarihi: 20.09.2022).
  • APCOR, 2006. Associação Portuguesa da Cortiça (Portekiz Mantar Meşesi Birliği; apcor.pt). Cork: The Natural Choise. Cork Industry book. 11, Portugal.
  • APCOR, 2016. O anuário de cortiça 2016. Santa Maria de Lamas, Portugal.
  • Aronson, J., Pereira, J.S., Pausas, J.G., 2009. Cork Oak Woodlans on the Edge: Ecology, Adaptive Management and Restoration, Island Press. Washington, Covelo, London (uv.es/jgpausas/corkoak/cork-oak-book.pdf).
  • Badalamenti E, Scalenghe R, La Mantia T, Bueno RS, Sala G, Pizzurro GM, Giaimo A, Pasta S (2020). The cork oak in the Mountains of Palermo (Italy): ecological insights from the south-eastern edge of its distribution range. iForest 13: 336-344. – doi: 10.3832/ifor3360-013 [online 2020-08-07].
  • Benabou, A., Moukrim, S., Lahssini, S., El Aboudi, A., Menzou, K., Elmalki, M., El Madihi, M., Rhazi, L., 2022. Impact of climate change on potential distribution of Quercus suberin the conditions of North Africa. Biosyst. Divers., 30(3), 289–294 doi: 10.15421/012231.
  • Catry, F.X., Moreira, F. Duarte, I. Acácio, V. 2009. Factors affecting post-fire crown regeneration in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) trees. European Journal of Forest Research, 128: 231–240, DOI: 10.1007/s10342-009-0259-5.
  • Cooke, G.B., 1961. Cork and The Cork Tree. Pergamon Press, New York. Oxford, London, Paris, doi.org/10.1002/jpln.19610950108.
  • Costa, A., Graça, J., Barbosa, I., Spiecker, H.,2022. Efect of climate on corkring width and density of Quercus suber L. in Southern Portugal. Trees (2022) 36:1711–1720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-022-02321-0.
  • Davida, T.S., Pinto, C.A., Nadezhdina, N., Kurz-Besson, C., Henriques, M.O., Quilhó, T., Cermak, J., Chaves, M. M., Pereira, J.S., David, J.S. 2013. Root functioning, tree water use and hydraulic redistribution in Quercus suber trees: A modeling approach based on root sap flow. Forest Ecology and Management, 307: 136-146. Doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.07.012.
  • Dib, T., Kazanis, D., Arianoutsou, M., Messaoudene, M. & Krouchi, F. 2022. Post-fire regeneration of cork oak (Quercus suber) in Kiadi forest (Akfadou- Algeria). Mediterr. Bot. Online First. https://doi.org/10.5209/mbot.77999.
  • Dickinson, M.B. & Johnson, E.A. 2001. Fire Effects on Trees. In : Johnson, E.A. & Miyanishi, K. (Eds.). Forest Fires. Behavior and ecological effects. Pp. 477–525. Academic Press, New York.
  • Fowells, H.A.; 1949. Cork oak planting test in California, Journal of Forestry, 47(5): 357 – 365. doi.org/10.1093/jof/47.5.357.
  • Houston Durrant T, De Rigo D, Caudullo G (2016). Quercus suber in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats. In: “European Atlas of Forest Tree Species” (San-Miguel-Ayanz J, de Rigo D, Caudullo G, Houston Durrant T, Mauri A, Luxembourg eds). Publication Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, pp. 164-165. [online] URL: https://forest.jrc.ec.europa.eu/en/europea n-atlas/.
  • IBM Corp. Released 2021. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 29.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
  • Jurado Doña V, López-Jurado J, González Román A, Sánchez-Salguero R, Matías L, Díaz del Olmo F (2022). Influence of site conditions and land management on Quercus suber L. population dynamics in the southern Iberian Peninsula. iForest 15: 77-84. – doi: 10.3832/ifor3753-015 [online 2022-03-14]
  • Kayacık, H. 1967. Orman ve Park Ağaçlarının Özel Sistematiği, II. Cilt, Angiospermae (Kapalı Tohumlular), Kutulmuş Matbaası, İstanbul.
  • Kayacık, H., Elçin, G. 1965. Bahçeköy’de Orman Fakültesi Tatbikat Sahası’nda mantar meşesi (Quercus suber L.) denemesinden bugüne kadar elde edilen sonuçlar, İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 15: 23-37, DOI: 10.17099/jffiu.75971.
  • Laakili A, Belkadi B, Gaboun F, Yatrib C, Makhloufi M, El Antry S, Medraoui L, Laamarti A, Filali-Maltouf A (2016). Analysis of dendrometric diversity among natural populations of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) from Morocco. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 40: 127-135. - doi: 10.3906/tar-1407-147.
  • Lazo, D., Navarro-Cerrillo, J., R.M. José, F., Gómez, R., (2018). Assessment of the future stability of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) afforestation under climate change scenarios in Southwest Spain. Forest Ecology and Management. 409. 444-456. 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.11.042.
  • Leal, S., Nunes, E., Pereira, H. 2008. Cork oak (Quercus suber L.) wood growth and vessel characteristics variations in relation to climate and cork harvesting. European Journal of Forest Research. 127: 33-41, DOI: 10.1007/s10342-007-0180-8.
  • Lobo-do-Vale, R.; Rafael, T.; Haberstroh, S.; Werner, C.; Caldeira, M.C. Shrub Invasion Overrides the Effect of Imposed Drought on the Photosynthetic Capacity and Physiological Responses of Mediterranean Cork Oak Trees. Plants 2023, 12, 1636. https:// doi.org/10.3390/plants12081636.
  • MGM, 2022a. Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü, İzmir ili verileri, https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler- istatistik.aspx?m=IZMIR. (Ziyaret tarihi: 20.09.2022).
  • MGM, 2022b. Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü, İzmir ili Seferihisar İlçesi verileri, https://tr.climate-data.org/asya/tuerkiye/izmir/seferihisar-21649/#climate-table (Ziyaret tarihi: 20.9.22).
  • Morillas, L., Leiva, M.J., Pérez-Ramos, I.M., Cambrollé, J., Matías, L., 2023. Latitudinal variation in the functional response of Quercus suber seedlings to extreme drought, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 887, 164122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164122.
  • Morillas, L., Leiva, M.J., Pérez-Ramos, I.M., Cambrollé, J., Matías, L., 2023. Latitudinal variation in the functional response of Quercus suber seedlings to extreme drought, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 887, 164122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164122.
  • Muñoz-Rengifo J, Chirino E, Cerdán V, Martínez J, Fosado O, Vilagrosa A (2020). Using field and nursery treatments to establish Quercus suber seedlings in Mediterranean degraded shrubland. iForest 13: 114-123. – doi: 10.3832/ifor3095-013 [online 2020-03-26].
  • Neyişçi, T., Yeşilkaya, Y., Usta, H.Z. 1987. Akdeniz Bölgesinde Mantar Meşesi (Quercus suber L.) Yetiştirilmesi Olanaklarının Araştırılması, Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları, Teknik Bülten Serisi No: 193. Ankara.
  • Pausas JG (1997). Resprouting of Quercus suber in NE Spain after fire. Journal of Vegetation Science 8: 703-706. - doi: 10.2307/3237375.
  • Pereira, H., 2007. Cork: Biology, Production and Uses. Elsevier, Amsterdam, ISBN: 978-0-444-52967-1.
  • Serrasolses I, Pérez-Devesa M, Vilagrosa A, Pausas JG, Sauras T, Cortina J, Vallejo VR (2009). Soil properties constraining cork oak distribution. In: “Cork oak woodlands on the edge: ecology, adaptive management, and restoration (Aronson J, Pereira JS, Pausas JG eds). Island Press, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 89-99. [online] URL: http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/102 61/38769/1/CorkoakCap.8(JGPausas).pdf.
  • Serrasolses, I., Pérez-Devesa, M., Vilagrosa, A. Pausas, J.G., Sauras, T., Cortina, J. V., Ramon, V., 2009. Soil Properties Constraining Cork Oak Distribution, Chapter in Aranson et al. (eds). 2009. Cork Oak Woodlans on the Edge: Ecology, Adaptive Management and Restoration, Island Press. Washington, Covelo, London.
  • Sirca C, Filigheddu MR, Zucca GM, Cillara M, Bacciu A, Bosu S, Dettori S (2015). Long-term researches on post fire recovery techniques of cork oak stands. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress of Silviculture “Designing the future of the forestry sector”. Florence (Italy) 26-29 Nov 2014. AISF, Florence, Italy, pp. 491-496.
  • Tunalı, U. 1985. Türkiye’nin ihtiyacı olan şişe mantarını niye yetiştirmeyelim? Orman ve Av, 4: 22-26.
  • UNAC, 2021. Mediterranean Forest Union (unac.pt). Cork Commercialization Guide., 2nd edition, Portugal (incredibleforest.net/content/cork-commercialization-guide-english-italian-portuguese-french-and-spanish).
  • Varela, M.C., 2007. Estação Florestal Nacional Processo do Símbolo da Cortiça Cork®Mark, INIA, Estação Florestal Nacional, Oeiras, Portugal. ISBN- 978-989-95658-0-7.
  • Vizinho, A., Príncipe, A., Vasconcelos, A.C., Rebelo, R., Branquinho, C., Penha-Lopes, G. 2023. Using and Creating Microclimates for Cork Oak Adaptation to Climate Change. Land 12, 531. https://doi.org/10.3390/ land12030531.
  • Yaltırık, F. 1955. Mantar meşesi ve mantar istihsali, Orman ve Av, 27(4): 113-120.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Orman Yetiştirme
Bölüm Yetiştirme
Yazarlar

Salih Parlak 0000-0003-3808-3297

Murat Uzun 0000-0002-8258-4462

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 11 Eylül 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 31 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Parlak, S., & Uzun, M. (2023). Türkiye’deki mantar meşesi (Quercus suber L.) ağaçlandırmalarının değerlendirilmesi. Ormancılık Araştırma Dergisi, 10(Özel Sayı), 50-61. https://doi.org/10.17568/ogmoad.1274617