The Effect of Workplace Ostracism on Psychological Performance

Öz

This research aims to examine the relationship between workplace ostracism and psychological performance in within the context of the Conservation of Resources Theory (COR). In the study, in which the data were obtained from 238 white-collar employees by convenience sampling method, the workplace ostracism scale and the psychological performance scale were used. Findings showed that the workplace ostracism positively affected negative energy, which is one of the dimensions of psychological performance, while it negatively affected other dimensions of psychological performance; positive energy, self-control and mental condition. These findings are in line with the COR framework and are important because they reveal that the workplace ostracism is an important cause of resource loss.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Workplace ostracism
• organizational ostracism
• psychological performance
• conservation of resources theory

İş Yerinde Dışlanmanın Psikolojik Performans Üzerindeki Etkisi

Öz

Bu araştırma iş yerinde dışlanma ve psikolojik performans arasındaki ilişkiyi Kaynakların Korunması Teorisi (KKT) çerçevesinde incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Verilerin 238 beyaz yakalı çalışandan kolayda örnekleme yöntemi ile elde edildiği araştırmada iş yerinde dışlanma ölçeği ve psikolojik performans ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgular iş yerinde dışlanmanın, psikolojik performans boyutlarından negatif enerjiyi olumlu yönde etkilediğini gösterirken pozitif enerji, kendini kontrol etme ve zihinsel durumu olumsuz etkilediğini ortaya koymuştur. Bu bulgular, KKT’nin öne sürdüğü çerçeve ile uyumludur ve iş yerinde dışlanmanın önemli bir kaynak kaybı nedeni olduğunu ortaya koyması nedeni ile önem arz etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İş yerinde dışlanma
• örgütsel dışlanma
• psikolojik performans
• kaynakların korunması teorisi

Kaynakça

1. Abaslı, K.; Özdemir, M. (2019). “Örgütsel Dışlanma Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlilik ve Güvenirlilik Çalışması” Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, C. 1, S. 1: 265-282.
2. Abbas, M.; Raja, U.; Darr, W.; Bouckenooghe, D. (2014). “Combined Effects Of Perceived Politics And Psychological Capital On Job Satisfaction, Turnover İntentions, And Performance” Journal of Management, Vol. 40, No. 7: 1813-1830.
3. Akın, A.; Uysal, R.; Akın, Ü. (2016). “Ergenler İçin Ostrasizm (Sosyal Dışlanma) Ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye Uyarlanması” Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, C. 24, S. 2: 895-904.
4. Akşit Aşık, N. (2020). “İşyerinde Dışlanma ve Örgütsel Sinizmin İşten Ayrılma Niyetine Etkisi: Otel İşletmelerinde Bir Araştırma” Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, C. 13, S. 75: 735-747.
5. Alessandri, G.; Borgogni, L.; Schaufeli, W.; Caprara, G. V.; Consiglio, C. (2015). “From Positive Orientation to Job performance: The Role of Work Engagement and Self-efficacy Beliefs” Journal of Happiness Studies, Vol. 16: 767-788.
6. Aydemir, C. (2017). “İş-Aile Çatışmasının Psikolojik Performans Üzerindeki Etkisi: İşe Yabancılaşma ve Pozitif Psikolojik Sermayenin Aracı Rolü” Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Erciyes Üniversitesi, Kayseri.
7. Aydemir, C.; Akdoğan, A. A. (2019). “Psikolojik Performans: Ölçek Geliştirme Çalışması” 27. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon kongresi, 1033-1042.
8. Balliet, D.; Ferris, D.L.; (2013). “Ostracism and Prosocial Behavior: A Social Dilemma Perspective” Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. Vol. 120, No. 2: 298–308.

9. Baumeister, R.F.; Twenge, J.M., Nuss, C.K. (2002). “Effects of Social Exclusion on Cognitive Processes: Anticipated Aloneness Reduces İntelligent Thought” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 83, No. 4: 817-827.
10. Bull, S. J.; Shambrook, C. J.; James, W.; Brooks, J. E. (2005). Towards an Understanding of Mental Toughness in Elite English Cricketers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, Vol. 17: 209-227.
11. Cowden, R. G.; Crust, L.; Tibbert, S. J.; Jackman, P. C. (2020). “Mental Toughness Development and Training in Sport” (Ed. M. Bertollo, E. Filho, P. C. Terry), Advancements in Mental Skills Training. New York: Routledge.
12. Chung, Y.W. (2018). “Workplace Ostracism and Workplace Behaviors: A Moderated Mediation Model of Perceived Stress and Psychological Empowerment” Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, Vol. 31, No. 3: 304-317.
13. Chung, Y. W.; Yang, J. Y. (2017). “The Mediating Effects of Organization-Based Self-Esteem for the Relationship Between Workplace Ostracism and Workplace Behaviors” Baltic Journal Of Management, Vol. 12, No. 2: 255-270.
14. Çelik, C.; Koşar, A. (2015). “Örgüt Kültürü ve İşyerinde Dışlanma Arasındaki İlişki Mersin Üniversitesi Çalışanları Üzerinde Bir Uygulama” Ç.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, C. 24, S. 2: 47-62.
15. De Clercq, D.; Haq, I. U.; Azeem, M. U. (2017). “Workplace Ostracism and Job Performance: Roles of Self-Efficacy and Job Level” Personnel Review, Vol. 43, No. 1: 184-203.
16. Demirtaş, Ö.; Suklun, H. (2019). “Employees’ Psychological Performance” Human Resource Research, C. 3, S. 1: 13-22.
17. Duffy, M. K.; Ganster, D. C.; Pagon, M. (2002). “Social Undermining in the Workplace” Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 45, No. 2: 331–351.
18. Eisenberger, N. I.; Lieberman, M. D.; Williams, K. D. (2003). “Does Rejection Hurt? An fMRI Study of Social Exclusion” Science, Vol. 302: 290–292.
19. Erdoğan, N. (2016). “Zihinsel Dayanıklılık Ölçeği (ZDÖ): Türkçe'ye Uyarlama, Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması” International Journal of Science Culture and Sport, C. 4, S. 2: 652-664.
20. Ferris, D.L.; Brown, D.J.; Berry, J.W.; Lian, H. (2008). “The Development and Validation of the Workplace Ostracism Scale” Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 93, No. 6: 1348–1366.
21. Ferris, D.L.; Lian, H.; Brown, D.J.; Morrison, R. (2015). “Ostracism, Self-Esteem, and Job Performance: When Do We Self-Verify and When Do We Self-Enhance” Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 58, No. 1: 279–297.
22. Fornell, C.; Larcker, D. F. (1981). “Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error” Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 18, No. 1: 39–50.
23. Golby, J.; Sheard, M.; van Wersch, A. (2007). “Evaluating the Factor Structure of the Psychological Performance Inventory” Perceptual and Motor Skills, Vol. 105: 309-325.
24. Gould, D.; Hodge, K.; Peterson, K.; Petlichkoff, L. (1987). “Psychological Foundations of Coaching: Similarities and Differences Among Intercollegiate Wrestling Coaches” The Sport Psychologist, Vol. 1: 293-308.
25. Gucciardi, D.F.; Mallett, C.J.; Hanrahan, S.J.; Gordon, S. (2011). “Measuring Mental Toughness in Sport: Current Status and Future Directions” (Ed. D.F. Gucciardi; S. Gordon), Mental Toughness in Sport: Developments in Theory and Research, Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
26. Gucciardi, D.F. (2012). “Measuring Mental Toughness in Sport: A Psychometric Examination of the Psychological Performance Inventory–A and Its Predecessor” Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol. 94, No. 4: 393-403.
27. Güven, Ş.; Yazıcı, A. (2020). “Türkiye’de Zihinsel Dayanıklılık Konusunda Yapılmış Araştırmaların Analizi ve İncelenmesi” Ulusal Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, C. 4, S. 1: 82-93.
28. Hair, J.; Hult, T.; Ringle, C.; Sarstedt, M. (2014). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), CA: Sage Publications.
29. Hakanen, J.J.; Schaufeli, W.B.; Ahola, K. (2008). “The Job Demands-Resources Model: A Three-Year Cross-Lagged Study of Burnout, Depression, Commitment, and Work Engagement” Work & Stress, Vol. 22, No. 3: 224–241.
30. Hardy, J.; Imose, R.A.; Day, E. (2014). “Relating Trait and Domain Mental Toughness to Complex Task Learning” Personality and Individual Differences, Vol. 68: 59-64.
31. Hitlan, R.T.; Cliffton, R.J.; DeSoto, C. (2006). “Perceived Exclusion in the Workplace: The Moderating Effects of Gender on Work-Related Attitudes and Psychological Health” North American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 8, No. 2: 217–236.
32. Hobfoll, S.E. (1989) “Conservation of Resources: A New Attempt at Conceptualizing Stress” American Psychologist, Vol. 44, No. 3: 513-524.
33. Hobfoll, S.E. (2001), “The Influence of Culture, Community, and the Nested Self in the Stress Process: Advancing Conservation of Resources Theory” Applied Psychology: An International Review, Vol. 50, No. 3: 337-421.
34. Hobfoll, S.E.; Johnson, R.J.; Ennis, N.; Jackson, A.P. (2003). “Resource Loss, Resource Gain, and Emotion Outcomes Among Inner City Women” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 84, No. 3: 632–643.
35. Hobfoll, S.E.; Lilly, R.S. (1993). “Resource Conservation as a Strategy for Community Psychology” Journal of Community Psychology, Vol. 21: 128-148.
36. Hobfoll, S.E.; Halbeslen, J.; Neveu, J.; Westman, M. (2018). “Conservation of Resources in the Organizational Context: The Reality of Resources and Their Consequences” Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, Vol. 5: 103-128.
37. Hofmann, H.; Groß, D.; Kohlmann, C. (2020). “On the Role of Mental Health Activities for Teachers’ Work and Life” Applied Research in Quality of Life, 1-23.
38. Hooper, D.; Coughlan, J.; Mullen, M. (2008). “Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit” Electronic Journal of Business Research, Vol. 6, No. 1: 53–60.
39. Imran, M. K.; Fatima, T.; Sarwar, A.; Iqbal, S. M. J. (2021). “Will I Speak Up or Remain Silent? Workplace Ostracism and Employee Performance Based on Self-Control Perspective” The Journal of Social Psychology, 1-19.
40. Ito, J. K.; Brotheridge, C. M. (2003). “Resources, Coping Strategies, and Emotional Exhaustion: A Conservation of Resources Perspective” Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 63: 490-509.
41. Jain, T.; Sharma, R.; Singh, A.; Mehta, K. (2020). “Mental Toughness in Indian Elite Athletes: Psychometric Validation of the Psychological Performance Inventory” Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, Vol. 11, No. 1: 671-676.
42. Jahanzab, S.; Fatima, T. (2017). “How Workplace Ostracism Influences Interpersonal Deviance: The Mediating Role of Defensive Silence and Emotional Exhaustion” Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol. 33: 779-791.
43. Jones, G.; Hanton, S.; Connaughton, D. (2002). “What is this Thing Called Mental Toughness? An Investigation of Elite Sport Performers” Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, Vol. 14: 205-218.
44. Karatepe, O.M.; Olugbade, O.A. (2009). “The Effects of Job and Personal Resources on Hotel Employees’ Work Engagement” International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 28, No. 4: 504–512.
45. Kaya, Ç.; Ataman, G.; Aydın, B. (2017). “Workplace Ostracism and Work Engagement: The Moderating Role of Neuroticism” International Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 5, No. 2: 17-28.
46. Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, New York: The Guilford Press.
47. Koçel, T. (2015). İşletme Yöneticiliği (16. Baskı). İstanbul: Beta Basım A,Ş.
48. Kurzban, R.; Leary, M.R. (2001). “Evolutionary Origins of Stigmatization: The Functions of Social Exclusion” Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 127, No. 2: 187.
49. Leiter, M. P. (1991). “Coping Patterns as Predictors of Burnout: The Function of Control and Escapist Coping Patterns” Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 12, No. 2: 123-144.
50. Leung, A.S.; Wu, L.Z.; Chen, Y.Y.; Young, M.N. (2011). “The Impact of Workplace Ostracism in Service Organizations” Int. J. Hospitality Manage. Vol. 30, No. 4: 836–844.
51. Lin, Y.; Mutz, J.; Clough, P.; Papageorgiou, K. (2017). “Mental Toughness and Individual Differences in Learning, Educational and Work Performance, Psychological Well-being, and Personality: A Systematic Review” Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 8: 1-15.
52. Liu, P.; Zhang, Y.; Ji, Y.; Wu, S. (2021). “Threat Upon Entry: Effect of Coworker Ostracism on Newcomers’ Proactive Behaviors During Organizational Socialization” Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 12: 1-10.
53. Loehr, J. E. (1986). Mental Toughness Training for Sport: Achieving Athletic Excellence. Lexington: Stephen Greene.
54. Newland, A.; Newton, M.; Finch, L.; Harbke, C. R.; Podlog, L. (2013). “Moderating Variables in the Relationship Between Mental Toughness and Performance in Basketball” Journal of Sport and Health Science, Vol. 2, No. 3: 184-192.
55. Oberai, H. (2021). “Exploring the Invisible Pain of Workplace Ostracism: Its Outcomes & Coping Mechanism” Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education, Vol. 12, No. 5: 791-796.
56. Özçelik Kaynak, K.; Öztuna, B. (2020). “Bir Üniversite Hastanesinde Sözleşmeli Çalışanların Psikolojik İyi Oluş ve İşyerinde Dışlanma Durumları Arasındaki İlişki” Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi, C. 55, S. 4: 2499-2514.
57. Özdevecioğlu, M.; Demirtaş, Ö. (2014). “Psychological Performance at Work: Theoretical Framework” American Journal of Social Sciences, Arts and Literature, Vol. 1, No. 1: 1-14.
58. Park, J.H.; Ono, M. (2017). “Effects of Workplace Bullying on Work Engagement and Health: The Mediating Role of Job Insecurity” The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 28, No. 22: 3202-3225.
59. Raab, M. (2016). “The Bulding Blocks of Performance: An Overiew” (Ed. M. Raab; B. Lobinger; S. Hoffmann; A. Pizzera; S. Laborde), Performance Psychology: Perception, Action, Cognition and Emotion, London: Elsevier.
60. Simon D.; Kriston L.; Loh A.; Spies C.; Scheibler F.; Wills C.; Harter M. (2010). “Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Recommendations for Improvement of the Autonomy-Preference-Index (API)” Health Expectations, Vol. 13: 234–243.
61. Sulea, C.; Filipescu, R.; Horga, A.; Ortan, C.; Fichmann, G. (2012). “Interpersonal Mistreatment at Work and Burnout Among Teachers” Cognition, Brain, Behavior. An Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol. 16, No. 4: 553-570.
62. Terry, P.C. (2008). “Performance Psychology: Being the Best, the Best You Can Be, or Just a Little Better” InPsych, Vol. 30, No. 1: 8-11.
63. Thau, S.; Mitchell, M. S. (2010). “Self-Gain or Self-Regulation Impairment? Tests of Competing Explanations of the Supervisor Abuse and Employee Deviance Relationship Through Perceptions of Distributive Justice” Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 95: 1009–1031.
64. Uslukaya, A.; Demirtaş, Z. (2020). “Öğretmen Algılarına Göre İşyerinde Dışlama: Eğitim Kurumlarında Nitel Bir Araştırma” Eğitim ve İnsani Bilimler Dergisi: Teori ve Uygulama, C. 11, S. 22: 229-256.
65. Warburton, W. A.; Williams, K. D.; Cairns, D. R. (2006). “When Ostracism Leads to Aggression: The Moderating Effects of Control Deprivation” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 42, No. 2: 213–220.
66. Williams, K. D. (1997). “Social Ostracism” (Ed. R. M. Kowalski), Aversive Interpersonal Behaviors, New York: Plenum.
67. Williams, K.D.; Zadro, L. (2001). “Ostracism: On Being Ignored Excluded and Rejected”, (Ed. M.R. Leary), Interpersonal Rejection. New York: Oxford University Press: 21–53.
68. Wright, T.A.; Hobfoll, S.E. (2004). “Commitment, Psychological Well-Being and Job Performance: An Examination of Conservation of Resources (COR) Theory and Job Burnout” Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 9, No. 4: 389–406.
69. Wu, L.; Wei, L.; Hui, C. (2011). “Dispositional Antecedents and Consequences of Workplace Ostracism: An Empirical Examination” Frontiers of Business Research in China, Vol. 5, No. 1: 23-44.
70. Wu, L.Z.; Yim, F.H.K.; Kwan, H.K.; Zhang, X. (2012). “Coping with Workplace Ostracism: The Roles of Ingratiation and Political Skill in Employee Psychological Distress” J. Manag. Stud. Vol. 49, No. 1: 178–199.
71. Xanthopoulou, D.; Bakker, A.B.; Demerouti, E.; Schaufeli, W.B. (2007). “The Role of Personal Resources in the Job Demands-Resources Model” International Journal of Stress Management, Vol. 14, No. 2: 121–141.
72. Xia, A.; Wang, B.; Song, B.; Zhang, W.; Qian, J. (2019). “How and When Workplace Ostracism Influences Task Performance: Through the Lens of Conservation of Resource Theory” Human Resource Management Journal, Vol. 29: 353-370.
73. Yakut, S.; Yakut, İ. (2018). “Öğretmenlerde Psikolojik İyi Oluş ve İş Yerinde Dışlanma İlişkisi” Turkish Studies, C. 13, S. 18: 1357-1376.
74. Yan, Y.; Zhou, E.; Liu, T. (2014). “Workplace Ostracism and Employees’ Counterproductive Work Behavior: Effects of State Self-Control and Psychological Capital” Science Research Management, Vol. 35, No. 3: 82-90.
75. Yan, Y.; Zhou, E.; Long, L.; Ji, Y. (2014). “The Influence of Workplace Ostracism on Counterproductive Work Behavior: The Mediating Effect of State Self-Control” Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, Vol. 42, No. 6: 881-890.
76. Yang, J.; Treadway, D. C. (2016). “A Social Influence Interpretation of Workplace Ostracism and Counterproductive Work Behavior” Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 148: 879-891.
77. Yürür, Ş. (2011). “Öğrenilmiş Güçlülük, Kıdem ve Medeni Durumun Duygusal Tükenmedeki Rolü: Kaynakların Korunması Teorisi Kapsamında Bir Analiz” Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, C. 25, S. 1: 107-126.
78. Zhao, H.; Peng, Z.; Sheard, G. (2013). “Workplace Ostracism and Hospitality Employees’ Counterproductive Work Behaviors: The Joint Moderating Effects of Proactive Personality and Political Skill” Int. J. Hospitality Manag. Vol. 33: 219–227.