The Complex Impact of Gender Perceptions and Demographic Differences on Well-being: The Case of Türkiye

Yıl 2023, , 834 - 855, 01.12.2023

Volkan Aşkun , Murat Erkoyuncu

https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.1283016

Cited By: 1

Öz

This study explores the relationship between gender perception and the well-being of individuals in Türkiye, taking into account demographic variables within the framework of social work knowledge base. Using secondary data from the World Values Survey Wave 7 and qualitative comparative analysis, eleven configurations with different well-being patterns were identified. Our findings reveal that traditional gender roles and expectations in Türkiye can have both positive and negative effects on well-being depending on the specific demographic group. This study emphasizes the importance of understanding the complex interplay between demographic variables, gender perceptions, and well-being in different cultural contexts and highlights the need for further research to explore the mechanisms through which gender perceptions and traditional gender roles influence well-being in Türkiye.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gender perception, Social Work, Social Worker, Well-being, Qualitative Comparative Analysis

Toplumsal Cinsiyet Algısı ve Demografik Farklılıkların Esenlik Üzerindeki Karmaşık Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği

Öz

Bu çalışma, sosyal hizmet bilgi temeli çerçevesinde, demografik değişkenleri göz önünde bulundurarak, Türkiye'deki bireylerin toplumsal cinsiyet algıları ile esenlikleri arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktadır. Dünya Değerler Anketi 7. Dalgadan elde edilen ikincil veriler ve nitel karşılaştırmalı analiz kullanılarak, farklı esenlik örüntülerine sahip on bir konfigürasyon belirlenmiştir. Bulgularımız, Türkiye’deki geleneksel toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri ve beklentilerinin, belirli demografik gruba bağlı olarak esenlik üzerinde hem olumlu hem de olumsuz etkileri olabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışma, farklı kültürel bağlamlarda demografik değişkenler, toplumsal cinsiyet algısı ve esenlik arasındaki karmaşık etkileşimi anlamanın öneminin sosyal hizmet uygulama alanlarındaki işlevselliğini vurgulamakta ve Türkiye’deki toplumsal cinsiyet algısı ve geleneksel toplumsal cinsiyet rollerinin esenliği etkileme mekanizmalarını keşfetmek için daha fazla araştırma yapılması gerektiğinin altını çizmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Toplumsal cinsiyet algısı, Sosyal Hizmet, Sosyal Hizmet Uzmanı, Esenlik, Nitel Karşılaştırmalı analiz

Kaynakça

• Adams, R.; Dominelli, L.; Payne, M. (2015), Sosyal Hizmet Temel Alanlar ve Eleştirel Tartışmalar. Ankara: Nika Yayınevi.
• Akgün, Z. (2020), “Kadınlarda toplumsal cinsiyet normlarına uyum, motivasyon türleri ve yaşam doyumu ilişkisi: Şırnak ili örneği”. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Vol. 8 No. 100: 238-253.
• Arat, Y. (2010), “Women’s rights and Islam in Turkish politics: The civil code amendment”, Middle East Journal, Vol. 64, No. 2:235–251.
• Arpaci, F. (2022), “Kadının güçlendirilmesinin yaşam doyumuna etkisi”. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Vol. 26 No. 3: 695-706.
• Astuti, R. D.; Rini, A. N.; Santoso, R. P. (2022). “Are empowered women healthier in their later life? Empirical analysis using ındonesian longitudinal data”, Journal of Population and Social Studies, Vol. 31: 111–131.
• Aşkun, V.; Çizel, R. (2020), “Twenty years of research on mixed methods”, Journal of Mixed Methods Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1: 26–40.
• Aşkun, V.; Çizel, R.; Çizel, B. (2021), “Complex relationship of countries’ ınnovation level with social capital, economic value perception and political culture: fsQCA”, Eskişehir Osmangazi University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Vol. 16, No. 2: 317–340.
• Aşkun, V.; Yağmur, A. (2021), “Beşerî Sermaye, eşitlik algısı, istihdam ve ülke ekonomisi ilişki analizi: Türkiye örneği”, Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Vol. 25, No. 1: 53–66.
• Aycan, Z. (2004), “Key success factors for women in management in Türkiye”, Applied Psychology, Vol. 53, No. 3: 453–477.
• Bandura, A. (1997), Self-efficacy: The exercise of control., W. H. Freeman & Co.
• Berg-Schlosser, D.; De Meur, G.; Rihoux, B.; Ragin, C.C. (2009), Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) as an approach. Configurational comparative methods: Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) and related techniques, Rihoux, B. and Ragin, C.C. eds., SAGE, Thousand Oaks, CA, 1–18.
• Bingöl, O. (2014), “Toplumsal cinsiyet olgusu ve Türkiye'de kadınlık”, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, Vol. 16 No. Özel Sayı 1: 108-114.
• Buz, S. (2009), “Feminist sosyal hizmet uygulaması”. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, Vol. 20 No.1: 53-66.
• Cankurtaran, Ö.; Beydili, E. (2016), “Ayrımcılık karşıtı sosyal hizmet uygulamasının gerekliliği üzerine”, Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, Vol. 27 No. 1: 145-160.
• Chapman, B.; Guven, C. (2016). “Revisiting the relationship between marriage and wellbeing: Does marriage quality matter?”, Journal of Happiness Studies, Vol. 17: 533–551.
• Clark, A.E.; Frijters, P.; Shields, M.A. (2008), “Relative income, happiness, and utility: An explanation for the easterlin paradox and other puzzles”, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 46, No. 1: 95–144.
• Connell, R. (2009), Gender, Polity Press, Cambridge.
• Connell, R.W.; Messerschmidt, J.W. (2005), “Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept”, Gender & Society, Vol. 19, No. 6: 829–859.
• Crenshaw, K. (1989), “Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics”, University of Chicago Legal Forum, Vol. 1, 139–167.
• Çiftçi, M. (2019). “Baskı karşıtı sosyal hizmetin Türkiye'de uygulanabilirliği”. Sosyal Çalışma Dergisi, Vol. 3 No.1: 1-14.
• Çizel, R.; Aşkun, V.; Çizel, B. (2022a), “Sosyal bilim araştırmalarında bulanık küme nitel karşılaştırmalı analiz yönteminin kullanımı”, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, Vol. 42 No. 2: 549–588.
• Çizel, R.; Aşkun, V.; Durmaz, Ş.; Yağmur, A.; Gürsoy, S. (2023), “Ne eğitimde ne istihdamda (NEET) Olma ile ilişkili faktörlerin OECD bağlantılı ülkelerde karşılaştırmalı analizi: Bulanık küme nitel karşılaştırmalı analiz (fsQCA)”, Sosyoekonomi, Vol. 31, No. 57: 437-475.
• Çizel, B.; Kırtıl, İ.G.; Aşkun, V.; Ajanovic, E.; Karakaş, H. (2022b), “Symmetric and asymmetric analysis of tourist behavioral intention’s antecedents”, Quality and Quantity, Vol. 56: 4599-4622.
• Çizel, B.; Kırtıl, İ.G.; Çizel, R.; Aşkun, V. (2021), “Covid-19 pandemisi sürecinde seyahatten kaçınma niyetinin karmaşıklık bakış açısı ile analizi”, Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, Vol. 32 No. 2: 212–223.
• Diener, E.; Lucas, R.E.; Oishi, S. (2018a), “Advances and open questions in the science of subjective well-being”, Collabra: Psychology, Vol. 4, No. 1: 15–49.
• Diener, E.; Oishi, S. (2000), Money and happiness: Income and subjective well-being across nations. Culture And Subjective Well-Being, Diener, E. and Suh, E.M. eds., MIT Press, Cambridge: 185–218.
• Diener, E.; Oishi, S.; Tay, L. (2018b), “Advances in subjective well-being research”, Nature Human Behaviour, Vol. 2, No. 4: 253–260.
• Diener, E.; Suh, E.M.; Lucas, R.E.; Smith, H.L. (1999), “Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress”, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 125, No. 2: 276–302.
• Dolan, P.; Peasgood, T.; White, M. (2008), “Do we really know what makes us happy? A review of the economic literature on the factors associated with subjective well-being”, Journal of Economic Psychology, Vol. 29, No. 1: 94–122.
• Eagly, A.H. (1987), Sex Differences in Social Behavior: A Social-role interpretation, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New Jersey.
• Eagly, A.H.; Wood, W. (1999), “The origins of sex differences in human behavior: Evolved dispositions versus social roles”, American Psychologist, Vol. 54, No. 6: 408–423.
• Erikli, S. (2020), “Çalışma yaşamında toplumsal cinsiyet ayrımcılığının görünümü”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Vol. 2No. 1: 39-60.
• Erkoyuncu, M. (2023), Aile Mahkemelerinde Sosyal İnceleme. Efe Akademi Yayınları.
• Fiss, P.C. (2011), “Building better causal theories: A fuzzy set approach to typologies in organization research”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 54, No. 2: 393–420.
• George, L.K. (1992), Economic status and subjective well-being: A review of the literature and an agenda for future research. Aging, Money, and Life Satisfaction: Aspects of Financial Gerontology, Cutler, N.E., Gregg, D.W. and Lawton, M.P. eds., Springer Publishing Company: 69–99.
• George, A.L.; Bennett, A. (2005), Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences.
• Graham, J. M. (1999), “An African centered worldview: Toward a paradigm for social work”, Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 30, No. 1: 103-127.
• Greckhamer, T.; Furnari, S.; Fiss, P.C.; Aguilera, R. V. (2018), “Studying configurations with qualitative comparative analysis: Best practices in strategy and organization research”, Strategic Organization, Vol. 16, No. 4: 482–495.
• Güzel, B. (2020). “Türkiye’deki sosyal hizmet uzmanlarının toplumsal cinsiyet algısının belirlenmesi”. Tıbbi Sosyal Hizmet Dergisi, Vol. 16: 82-100.
• Haerpfer, C.; Inglehart, R.; Moreno, A.; Welzel, C.; Kizilova, K.; Diez-Medrano J.; Lagos, M.; Norris, P.; Ponarin, E.; Puranen, B. (2020), World Values Survey: Round Seven-Country-Pooled Datafile Version 5.0, JD Systems Institute & WVSA Secretariat, Madrid, Spain & Vienna, Austria.
• Hankivsky, O. (2012), “Women’s health, men’s health, and gender and health: Implications of intersectionality”, Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 74, No. 11: 1712–1720.
• Helliwell, J.F.; Putnam, R.D. (2004), “The social context of wellbeing”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 359, No. 1449: 1435–1446.
• ILO (2009), World of Work Report 2009: The Global Jobs Crisis and Beyond, Geneva, Switzerland.
• Jackman, M.R.; Jackman, R.W. (1973), “An interpretation of the relation between objective and subjective social status.”, American Sociological Review, Vol. 38, No. 5: 569–582.
• Kagitcibasi, C. (2005), “Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context”, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol. 36, No. 4: 403–422.
• Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1996), Family and human development across cultures: A view from the other side, L. Erlbaum Associates, New Jersey.
• Kandiyoti, D. (1987), “Emancipated but unliberated? Reflections on the Turkish case”, Feminist Studies, Vol. 13, No. 2: 338.
• Kim, S. Y., Lee, J., Wester, S. R.; Fouad, N. (2020), “Do “manly” men believe other men are happier? Social comparison, masculine norms, and positive work–family spillover”. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, Vol. 21, No. 2: 251-265.
• Korlat, S., Holzer, J., Schultes, M. T., Buerger, S., Schober, B., Spiel, C.; Kollmayer, M. (2022), “Benefits of psychological androgyny in adolescence: The role of gender role self-concept in school-related well-being”. Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 13: 856758.
• Lachman, M.E. (2004), “Development in midlife”, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 55: 305–331. Li, B.; Zhu, Q.; Li, A. (2023). “Can good memories of the past ınstill happiness? Nostalgia improves subjective well-being by increasing gratitude”, Journal of Happiness Studies, Vol. 24: 699–715.
• Mordi, T.; Adisa, T.A.; Adekoya, O.D.; Sani, K.F.; Mordi, C.; Akhtar, M.N. (2023), “A comparative study of the work–life balance experiences and coping mechanisms of Nigerian and British single student-working mothers”, Career Development International, Vol. 28, No. 2: 217-233.
• Neoh, M. J. Y., Bizzego, A., Teng, J. H., Gabrieli, G.; Esposito, G. (2023), “Neural processing of sexist comments: Associations between perceptions of sexism and prefrontal activity”. Brain Sciences, Vol. 13 No.4:529.
• Ragin, C.C. (1987), The comparative method: Moving beyond qualitative and quantitative strategies, University of California Press, Berkeley.
• Ragin, C.C. (2008), Redesigning Social Inquiry: Fuzzy Sets and Beyond, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
• Ragin, C.C. (2014), The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies with A New Introduction, University of California Press, California.
• Ragin, C.C. (2018), “User’s guide to fuzzy-set/qualitative comparative analysis 3.0” Department of Sociology, University of California.
• Ridgeway, C.L.; Correll, S.J. (2004), “Unpacking the gender system”, Gender & Society, Vol. 18, No. 4: 510–531. Rihoux, B.; Marx, A.; Ragin, C.C.; Rihoux, B.; Álamos-Concha, P.; Bol, D.; Marx, A.; Rezsöhazy, I.; Emmenegger, P.; Kvist, J.; Skaaning, S.-E.; Fiss, P.C.; Sharapov, D.; Cronqvist, L.; Maggetti, M.; vd. (2013), “QCA, 25 Years after ‘The Comparative Method’: Mapping, Challenges, and Innovations-Mini-Symposium”, Political Research Quarterly, Vol. 66, No. 1: 167–235.
• Rihoux, B.; Ragin, C.C. (2008), Configurational comparative methods: Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) and related techniques, Sage, California.
• Ryff, C.D.; Keyes, C.L.M.; Hughes, D.L. (2003), “Status inequalities, perceived discrimination, and eudaimonic well-being: Do the challenges of minority life hone purpose and growth?”, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Vol. 44, No. 3: 275–291.
• Schneider, C.Q.; Wagemann, C. (2012), Set-theoretic Methods for the Social Sciences: A Guide to Qualitative Comparative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
• Stack, S.; Eshleman, J.R. (1998), “Marital status and happiness: A 17-nation study”, Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 60, No. 2: 527–536.
• Su-Jung, N.; Jong-Ho, P. (2021). “The moderating effect of gender on the relationships between obesity, well-being, and stress perception in Korean adolescents”. BMC Public Health, Vol. 21 No.1: 1859.
• Thoits, P.A. (1992), “Identity structures and psychological well-Being: Gender and marital status comparisons”, Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 55, No. 3: 256.
• Thoits, P.A. (2011), “Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health”, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Vol. 52, No. 2: 145–161.
• Tilev, F. (2018). “Esnek çalışma ve kadın istihdamı”. Fırat Üniversitesi Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, Vol. 2 No. 2: 121-150.
• Yüksekbilgili, Ö. (2022). “Sivil havacılık sektöründe çalışanların iş memnuniyet düzeylerinin yaşam doyumuna etkisinin incelenmesi”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Vol. 24 No. 4: 1822-1839.