Gelenekle Kurulan Rasyonalitenin İmkânı: Alasdair MacIntyre’ın Etik ve Politik Felsefesi

Öz

Bu çalışma, Alasdair MacIntyre’ın liberal rasyonalizme yönelttiği eleştiriler üzerinden, birey, toplum, gelenek ve ortak iyi arasındaki ilişkinin felsefi bir temelde yeniden düşünülmesini amaçlamaktadır. MacIntyre, Aydınlanma sonrası rasyonalite anlayışının evrenselci ve soyut doğasının, bireyi tarihsel ve toplumsal bağlarından kopardığını ve bu kopuşun ahlaki uzlaşmazlıkları derinleştirdiğini ileri sürer. Etik ve politik akıl yürütmenin, ancak belirli sosyal pratiklerde ve gelenek içinde anlam kazanabildiği Aristotelesçi erdem etiğini merkeze alan MacIntyre, modern liberal kültürün bireyci yapısına karşı, geleneğe dayalı bir rasyonalite anlayışı ve ortak iyiye yönelen bir siyasal tahayyül sunar. Nihayetinde, MacIntyre’ın yaklaşımı, liberalizmin bireyselci zeminine karşı, cumhuriyetçi-komüniteryan bir etik-politik alternatif inşa etme girişimi olarak değerlendirilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• MacIntyre
• Aristoteles
• rasyonalizm
• gelenek
• komüniteryanizm

The Possibility of Tradition-Constituted Rationality: The Ethical and Political Philosophy of Alasdair MacIntyre

Öz

This study is an attempt to reconsider the relationship between the individual, society, tradition, and the common good philosophically through Alasdair MacIntyre’s critique of liberal rationalism. MacIntyre contends that the universalist and abstract nature of post-Enlightenment notion of rationality detaches the individual from historical and social contexts, thereby deepening moral disagreements. Centering on Aristotelian virtue ethics, which holds that ethical and political reasoning can only attain meaning within specific social practices and traditions, MacIntyre offers a conception of tradition constituted rationality and a political prospect oriented toward the common good, in contrast to the individualistic structure of modern liberal culture. In conclusion, MacIntyre’s approach is also evaluated as an attempt to construct republican-communitarian ethical-political alternative to the individualistic foundations of liberalism.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• MacIntyre
• Aristotle
• rationalism
• tradition
• communitarianism

Kaynakça

1. Ackerman, B. (1980). Social justice in the liberal state. Yale University Press.
2. Austin, N. (1997). Virtue, liberty, and the good: A critical analysis of civic republicanism. [Yüksek lisians tezi, Portland State University].
3. Aybakan-Saliya, D. (2020). İyinin peşinde. Dün Bugün Yarın Yayınları.
4. Badhwar, N. (1996). Moral agency, commitment, and impartiality. Social Philosophy & Policy, 13(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265052500001503
5. Beiner, R. (2000). Community versus citizenship: MacIntyre’s revolt against the modern state. Critical Review: A Journal of Politics and Society, 14(4), 459–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/08913810008443569
6. Bell, D. (1993). Communitarianism and its critics. Oxford University Press.
7. Berten, A., Silveira, P. ve Pourtois, H. (2006). Liberaller ve cemaatçiler. Dost Kitabevi.
8. Blakely, J. W. (2017). Does liberalism lack virtue? A critique of Alasdair MacIntyre’s reactionary politics. Interpretation, 44(1), 1–20.

9. Blakely, J. (2020). MacIntyre contra MacIntyre: Interpretive philosophy and Aristotle. The Review of Metaphysics, 74(1), 121–142. https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rvm.2020.0052
10. Costa, V. (2023). Civic virtue in non-ideal republics. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 29(4), 673–692. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2023.2253116
11. Dagger, R. (1997). Civic virtues: Rights, citizenship, and republican liberalism. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195106336.001.0001
12. Dagger, R. (2004). Communitarianism and republicanism. İçinde G. Gaus & C. Kukathas (Eds.), Handbook of political theory (ss. 167–179). Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781848608139.n13
13. Devine, P. (2015). Politics after MacIntyre. Reason Papers, 37(2), 133–149.
14. Dworkin, R. (2007). Hakları ciddiye almak. Dost Kitabevi.
15. Frazer, E. (2006). The problems of communitarian politics. Oxford University Press.
16. Frega, R. (2019). Bringing character back in: From republican virtues to democratic habits. Etica & Politica / Ethics & Politics, 21(2), 185–208. https://doi.org/10.13137/1825-5167/28364
17. Gutmann, A. (1987). Democratic education. Princeton University Press.
18. Hinchman, L. (1989). Virtue or autonomy: Alasdair MacIntyre’s critique of liberal individualism. Polity, 21(4), 635–654. https://doi.org/10.2307/3234717
19. Honohan, I. (2002). Civic republicanism. Routledge.
20. İmamoğlu, M. İ. (2013). Liberal komüniteryanizmde insan, toplum, devlet. Dîvân Disiplinlerarası Çalışmalar Dergisi, 34(1), 97–160.
21. Johnson, P. (1994). Reclaiming the Aristotelian ruler. İçinde J. Horton & S. Mendus (Eds.), After MacIntyre (ss. 44–65). University of Notre Dame Press.
22. Kapust, D. (2011). Republicanism, rhetoric and Roman political thought. Cambridge University Press.
23. Knight, K. (2011). Virtue, politics, and history: Rival enquiries into action and order. İçinde P. Blackledge & K. Knight (Eds.), Virtue and politics: Alasdair MacIntyre’s revolutionary Aristotelianism (ss. 20–35). University of Notre Dame Press.
24. Lott, M. (2002). Reasonably traditional: Self-contradiction and self-reference in Alasdair MacIntyre’s account of tradition-based rationality. Journal of Religious Ethics, 30(3), 315–339. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9795.00111
25. Lutz, C. (2015). No one is minding the store: MacIntyre’s critique of modern liberal individualism. Perspectives on Political Science, 44(2), 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/10457097.2015.1011536
26. Lutz, M. A. (2000). On the connecting of socio-economics with communitarianism. Journal of Socio-Economics, 29(4), 341–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-5357(00)00076-7
27. MacIntyre, A. (1971). Against the self-images of the age. Schocken Books.
28. MacIntyre, A. (1990). Three rival versions of moral enquiry: Encyclopaedia, genealogy, and tradition. University of Notre Dame Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvpj75tx
29. MacIntyre, A. (1994). A partial response to my critics. İçinde J. Horton & S. Mendus (Eds.), After MacIntyre (ss. 283–305). University of Notre Dame Press.
30. MacIntyre, A. (1995). The spectre of communitarianism. Radical Philosophy, 70, 34–35.
31. MacIntyre, A. (1998a). Notes from the moral wilderness. İçinde K. Knight (Ed.), The MacIntyre reader (ss. 31–53). University of Notre Dame Press.
32. MacIntyre, A. (1998b). The claims of After Virtue. İçinde K. Knight (Ed.), The MacIntyre reader (ss. 69–73). University of Notre Dame Press.
33. MacIntyre, A. (1998c). Politics, philosophy and the common good. İçinde K. Knight (Ed.), The MacIntyre reader (ss. 235–255). University of Notre Dame Press.
34. MacIntyre, A. (1998c). An interview with Giovanna Borradori. İçinde K. Knight (Ed.), The MacIntyre reader (ss. 255–267). University of Notre Dame Press.
35. MacIntyre, A. (1999a). Dependent rational animals. Open Court Publishing.
36. MacIntyre, A. (1999b). Toleration and the goods of conflict. İçinde S. Mendus (Ed.), The politics of toleration: Tolerance and intolerance in modern life (ss. 133–157). Edinburgh University Press.
37. MacIntyre, A. (2006). Social structures and their threats to moral agency. İçinde A. MacIntyre (Ed.), Ethics and politics: Selected essays (ss. 311–329). Cambridge University Press.
38. MacIntyre, A. (2011). How Aristotelianism can become revolutionary: Ethics, resistance, and utopia. İçinde P. Blackledge & K. Knight (Eds.), Virtue and politics: Alasdair MacIntyre’s revolutionary Aristotelianism (ss. 11–20). University of Notre Dame Press.
39. MacIntyre, A. (2019). Erdem peşinde. Vakıfbank Kültür Yayınları.
40. MacIntyre, A. (2023). Kimin adaleti? Hangi rasyonellik?. Livera.
41. Mason, A. (1994). MacIntyre on liberalism and its critics: Tradition, incommensurability and disagreement. İçinde J. Horton & S. Mendus (Eds.), After MacIntyre (ss. 225–245). University of Notre Dame Press. McMylor, P. (1994). Alasdair MacIntyre. Routledge.
42. Miller, D. (1994). Virtues, practices and justice. İçinde J. Horton & S. Mendus (Eds.), After MacIntyre (ss. 245–265). University of Notre Dame Press.
43. Mulhall, S. (1994). Liberalism, morality and rationality: MacIntyre, Rawls and Cavell. İçinde J. Horton & S. Mendus (Eds.), After MacIntyre (ss. 205–225). University of Notre Dame Press.
44. Mulhall, S. ve Swift, A. (1996). Liberals and communitarians. Blackwell Publishing.
45. Murphy, M. (2003). MacIntyre’s political philosophy. İçinde M. Murphy (Ed.), Alasdair MacIntyre (ss. 152–176). Cambridge University Press.
46. Nozick, R. (2015). Anarşi, devlet ve ütopya. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
47. Okumuş, A. (2022). Komüniteryanizm: Cemaatçi siyaset felsefesi. İçinde M. A. Ağcan (Ed.), Çağdaş siyaset teorisi (ss. 65–101). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
48. Okumuş, A. (2023). Post-seküler durum ve modern devletin eleştirisi. Felsefi Düşün, 20, 85–114.
49. Oldfield, A. (1990). Citizenship: An unnatural practice?. The Political Quarterly, 61(2), 177–187. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-923X.1990.tb00809.x
50. O’Shea, T. (2020). Socialist republicanism. Political Theory, 48(5), 548–572. https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591719876889
51. Öztürk, A. (2013). Neo-Atina cumhuriyetçiliği özelinde liberalizm. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, 71, 93–107.
52. Pettit, P. (1994). Liberal/communitarian: MacIntyre’s mesmeric dichotomy. İçinde J. Horton & S. Mendus (Eds.), After MacIntyre (ss. 176–205). University of Notre Dame Press.
53. Pettit, P. (1997). Republicanism: A theory of freedom and government. Oxford University Press.
54. Pettit, P. (2001). A theory of freedom: From the psychology to the politics of agency. Oxford University Press.
55. Rawls, J. (2017). Bir adalet teorisi. Phoenix.
56. Sandel, M. (2014). Liberalizm ve adaletin sınırları. Dost Yayınları.
57. Saussine, E. P. (2005). Alasdair MacIntyre. University of Notre Dame Press.
58. Schlueter, N. (2015). A conservative conversation worth having: Alasdair MacIntyre and John Finnis on morality. Perspectives on Political Science, 44(2), 102–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/10457097.2015.1011481
59. Slaughter, S. (2018). Republicanism and international political theory. İçinde C. Brown & R. Eckersley (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of international political theory (ss. 1–15). Oxford University Press.
60. Stam, J. H. (2012). “Once a Marxist…”: Alasdair MacIntyre’s revolutionary Aristotelianism. Socialism and Democracy, 26(3), 173–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/08854300.2012.714571
61. Stolz, S. (2019). Alasdair MacIntyre, rationality and education. Springer.
62. Taylor, C. (1989). Cross-purposes: The liberal-communitarian debate. İçinde N. L. Rosenblum (Ed.), Liberalism and the moral life (ss. 159–183). Harvard University Press.
63. Uysal, Ö. F. (2024). Komüniteryanizmin siyasal ontolojisi. Nobel Yayıncılık.
64. Walzer, M. (1983). Spheres of justice. Basil Blackwell.
65. Weinstein, J. R. (2003). On MacIntyre. Thomson Learning.
66. Wofford, P. (2009, Ocak). MacIntyre and republicanism [Konferans bildirisi]. Annual Meeting of Southern Political Science Association.
67. Young, D. E. (2022). A dead end in Alasdair MacIntyre’s political thought? Reconsidering social institutions, pluralism, and the liberal tradition. Journal of Religion, Culture & Democracy, 1–16.
68. Zelyût Hünler, S. (2001). Sunuş: Alasdair MacIntyre. İçinde A. MacIntyre, Ethik’in kısa tarihi (ss. i-xxiv). Paradigma.