Gelir Eşitsizliği ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Geçiş Ekonomileri Üzerine Panel Veri Analizi

Öz

Üretim süreçleri sonucunda yaratılan değeri ifade eden gelirin, bireyler arasındaki dağılımı bakımından ülke ekonomilerini önemli ölçüde etkilediği iler sürülmektedir. Gelir dağılımını etkileyen çok sayıda ve çeşit te unsur bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışma da ekonomik büyümenin gelir dağılımının üzerindeki etkileri geçiş ekonomisine sahip seçilen on ülke için 1995-2013 yıllarına ait ekonomik büyüme ve Gini değerleri kullanılarak statik panel veri yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın temel amacı Kuznets  ters-U hipotezinin geçiş ekonomileri için geçerliliğini test etmektir. Yapılan çalışmanın bulgularına göre, geçiş ekonomisine sahip ülkelerde Kuznets’in ters-U hipotezine uygun olarak ekonomik gelişmenin ilk aşamalarında gelir eşitsizliğinin arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Gelişmenin sonraki aşamalarında ise ekonomik büyümenin gelir eşitsizliğini azaltıcı bir etkiye sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Kontrol değişkenlerinden eğitime katılım oranının istatiksel olarak anlamlı olduğu görülmüştür. Kamu harcamalarının gelir eşitsizliği üzerinde etkisi istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir sonuç vermemiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, incelenen geçiş ekonomilerine sahip ülkelerde Kuznets’in ters-U hipotezini desteklemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ekonomik Büyüme,Geçiş Ekonomileri,Gelir Eşitsizliği,Statik Panel Veri Analizi

The Relationships between Income Inequality and Economic Growth: Panel Data Analysis on Transition Economies

Öz

It is argued that income, which represents the value created as a result of the production processes, has a significant impact on the economies of the country in terms of the income distribution. There are many and varied factors affecting income distribution. In this study, the effects of economic growth on income distribution were analyzed by using static panel data method. Eco-nomic growth and Gini data for the years 1995-2013 were used for ten selected transition economies. The main purpose of the study is to test the validity of the Kuznets inverse-U hypothesis for transition economies. According to the findings of the study, income inequality increased in the early stages of economic development in transition economies, consistent with the Kuznets in-verse-U hypothesis. In the later stages of the development, it was found that economic growth had a decreasing effect on income inequality. Among the control variables, education was found to be statistically significant. The effect of public expenditures on income inequality was not statistically significant. Overall, the results support the Kuznets inverse-U hypothesis in transition economies examined.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Economic Growth,Transition Economies,Income Inequality,Static Panel Data Analysis

Kaynakça

1. Ak, Mehmet Z. ve Altıntaş, Nurullah (2016), “Kuznets’in ters U eğrisi bağlamında Türkiye’de gelir eşitsizliği ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: 1986-2012”, Maliye Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(3), 93-102.
2. Akalin, Güray; Özbek, Rabia İ. ve Çiftçi, İsmail (2018), “Türkiye’de gelir dağılımı ve ekonomik büyüme arasın-daki ilişki: ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı”, Journal of Kastamonu University Faculty of Economics and Admi-nistrative Sciences, 20/4, 59, 76, 2.
3. Akıncı, Gönül Y. ve Akıncı, Merter (2016), “Ters-U Hipotezi Bağlamında Ekonomik Büyüme, Finansal Kalkınma ve Gelir Eşitsizliği Mekanizmaları Üzerine”, Finans Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar, 53(622), 61.
4. Anand, Sudhir ve Kanbur, SM Ravi (1993a), Inequality and development a critique”, Journal of Development economics, 41(1), 19-43.
5. Anand, Sudhir ve Kanbur, SM Ravi (1993b), “The Kuznets process and the inequality—development relati-onship”, Journal of development economics, 40(1), 25-52.
6. Atkinson, Anthony B ve Bourguignon, François (Eds.) (2014), Handbook of income distribution, (Vol. 2), Else-vier.
7. Barro, Robert, J. (2000), “Inequality and Growth in a Panel of Countries”, Journal of economic growth, 5(1), 5-32.
8. Brian, Keeley (2015), OECD Insights Income Inequality the Gap between Rich and Poor: The Gap between Rich and Poor, OECD Publishing.

9. Chen, Been, L. (2003), “An inverted-U relationship between inequality and long-run growth”, Economics Letters, 78(2), 205-212.
10. Dawson, P. (1997), “On testing Kuznets’ economic growth hypothesis”, Applied Economic Letter, Vol. 4 No. 7, 409-10.
11. Desbordes, Rodolphe ve Verardi, Vincenzo (2012). “Refitting the Kuznets curve”, Economics Letters, 116(2), 258-261.
12. Deutsch, Joseph ve Silber, Jacques (2004), “Measuring the impact of various income sources on the link between inequality and development: Implications for the Kuznets curve”, Review of Development Eco-nomics, 8(1), 110-127.
13. Ding Xun; Dong Tian; Xu Yanjie ve Zheng Zheng (2015), “Does economic growth positively affect income inequality in China?”, Deakin Papers on International Business Economics, 8(1).
14. Dişbudak, Cem ve Süslü, Bora (2007), “Türkiye'de kişisel gelir dağılımını belirleyen makroekonomik faktör-ler”, Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 18(65), 1-23.
15. Driscoll, John ve Kraay, Aart (1995), Spatial Correlations in Panel Data, Te World Bank Policy Research De-partment, Policy Research Working Paper, No: 1553.
16. Driscoll, John ve Kraay, Aart (1998), “Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimation with Spatially Dependent Data”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 80, 549-560.
17. Gallet, Craig A. ve Gallet, Rachel M. (2004), “US growth and income inequality: evidence of racial differen-ces”, The Social Science Journal, 41(1), 43-51.
18. Greene, William H. (2003), Econometric analysis,Pearson Education India.
19. Gujarati, Damodar N. (2004), Basic Econometrics, (4 th edtn) The McGraw− Hill Companies.
20. Hayes, Andrew F. ve Li, Cai (2007), Using HeteroskedasticityConsistent Standard Error Estimators in OLS Regression: An Introduction and Sofware Implementation, Behavior Research Methods, 39 (4), 709-722.
21. Hoyos, Rafael E. ve Sarafidis, Vasilis (2006), “Testing for CrossSectional Dependence in Panel Data Models” The Stata Journal, 6 (4), 482-496.
22. Hsiao, Cheng (2014), Analysis of panel data, No. 54, Cambridge University press.
23. Huang, Ho- Chuan R. (2004), “A flexible nonlinear inference to the Kuznets hypothesis”, Economics Letters, 84(2), 289-296.
24. Huang, Ho- Chuan; Lin, Yi-Chen ve Yeh, Chih-Chuan (2012), “An appropriate test of the Kuznets hypothesis”, Applied Economics Letters, 19(1), 47-51.
25. Jalil, Abdul (2012), “Modeling income inequality and openness in the framework of Kuznets curve: New evidence from China”, Economic Modelling, 29(2), 309-315.
26. Khasru, Syed, M. ve Jalil, Mohammad, M. (2004), “Revisiting Kuznets hypothesis: An analysis with time series and panel data”, The Bangladesh Development Studies, 89-112.
27. Kuştepeli, Yeşim (2006), “Income inequality, growth, and the enlargement of the European Union”, Emer-ging Markets Finance and Trade, 42(6), 77-88.
28. Kuznets, Simon, (1946), National Product Since 1869, National Bureau Of Economic Research, Newyork.
29. Kuznets, Simon, (1955), “Economic Growth and Income Inequality”, The American Economic Review, 1-28.
30. List, John A. ve Gallet, Craig, A. (1999), “The Kuznets Curve: What Happens After the Inverted‐U?”, Review of development economics, 3(2), 200-206.
31. Malinen, Tuomas (2012), “Estimating the long-run relationship between income inequality and economic development”, Empirical Economics, 42(1), 209-233.
32. Laszlo, Matyas; Laszlo, Konya ve Macquarie, Lachlan (1998), “The Kuznets U-curve hypothesis: some panel data evidence”, Applied Economics Letters, 5(11), 693-697.
33. Mollick, André V. (2012), “Income inequality in the US: The Kuznets hypothesis revisited”, Economic Sys-tems, 36(1), 127-144.
34. Muinelo‐Gallo, L. ve Roca‐Sagalés, O. (2011), “Economic growth and inequality: the role of fiscal policies”, Australian Economic Papers, 50(2‐3), 74-97.
35. Nel, Philip. (2003), “Income inequality, economic growth, and political instability in sub-Saharan Africa”, The Journal of Modern African Studies, 41(4), 611-639.
36. Ongan, T. Hakan (2004), “Gelir eşitsizliği, doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımları ve ters u eğrisi”, İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 54(1), 153.
37. Paukert, Felix (1973), “Income distribution at different levels of development: A survey of evidence”, Int'l Lab. Rev., 108, 97.
38. Ram, Rati (1989), “Level of Development and Income Inequality: An Extension of Kuznets‐Hypothesis to the World Economy”, Kyklos, 42(1), 73-88.
39. Ram, Rati (1997), “Level of economic development and income inequality: evidence from the postwar developed world”, Southern Economic Journal, Vol. 64, 576-83.
40. Rehman, Hafeez. U; Khan, Sajawal ve Imtiaz, Ahmed (2008), “Income distribution, growth and financial deve-lopment: A cross countries analysis”, Pakistan Economic and Social Review, 1-16.
41. Rehme, Günther (2007), “Education, economic growth and measured income inequality”, Economica, 74(295), 493-514.
42. Robinson, Sherman (1976), “A Note on the U Hypothesis Relating Income Inequality and Economic Deve-lopment”, American Economic Review, vol. 66,437-440.
43. Rogers, William H. (1993), “Regression Standard Errors in Clustered Samples”, Stata Technical Bulletin, 13 (3), 19-23.
44. Rubin, Amir ve Segal, Dan (2015), “The effects of economic growth on income inequality in the US”, Journal of Macroeconomics, 45, 258-273.
45. Rycroft, Robert S. (2014), The Economics of Inequality, Discrimination, Poverty, and Mobility, Routledge.
46. Sarıgıannıdou, Maria ve Theodore Palivos (2012), “A Modern Theory of Kuznets’Hypothesis” Texas Christian University Department of Economics Department Working Paper Series, (No. 201202).
47. Sen, Amartya (1997), On Economic Inequality, Oxford University Press Catalogue.
48. Shahbaz, Muhammad (2010), “Income inequality-economic growth and non-linearity: a case of Pakistan”, International Journal of Social Economics, 37(8), 613-636.
49. Shin, Inyong (2012), “Income inequality and economic growth”, Economic Modelling, 29(5), 2049-2057.
50. Stock, James H. ve Watson, Mark W. (2008), “Heteroskedasticity-robust Standard Errors for Fixed Effects Panel Data Regression”, Econometrica, 76 (1), 155-174.
51. Thornton, John (2001), “The Kuznets inverted-U hypothesis: panel data evidence from 96 countries”, App-lied Economics Letters, 8(1), 15-16.
52. Tokatlıoğlu, İbrahim ve Atan, Murat (2007), “Türkiye'de Bölgeler Arası Gelişmişlik Düzeyi Ve Gelir Dağılımı Eşitsizliği: Kuznets Eğrisi Geçerli Mi?”, Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 18(65), 25-58.
53. Topuz, Seher G. ve Dağdemir, Özcan (2016), “Ekonomik büyüme ve gelir eşitsizliği ilişkisi: Kuznets ters-u hipotezi’nin geçerliliği”, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 11(13), 115-130.
54. Williams, Rick L. (2000), “A Note on Robust Variance Estimation For Cluster-Correlated Data”, Biometrics, 56: 645–646.
55. Wooldridge, Jeffrey M.(2003), “Cluster-sample methods in applied econometrics”, American Economic Review, 93(2), 133-138.
56. Zang, Hyoungsoo (1998), “The stability of the Kuznets Curve: some further evidence”, Applied Economics Letters, 5(3), 131-133.