Araştırma Makalesi
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The Impacts of Tourism Revenues on Economic Growth: Unit Root and Cointegration Tests with Structural Break for Turkey

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 829 - 848, 30.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.632553

Öz

Tourism sector has become one of the rapidly developing and expanding sectors of the world economy since the second half of the twentieth century. In addition to its foreign exchange-earning effect, tourism is an alternative source of growth for national economies with its significant contributions to national income, employment and balance of payments. With its versatile characteristics, the sector affects not only the economy but also the social and cultural life. Tourism is very important as a development factor in particular for developing countries including Turkey. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between international tourism revenues and economic performance, using data from Turkey 1987-2018. With this purpose, structural break unit root and cointegration tests was used. Cointegration relation among the series was observed based on cointegration test results. According to the long-term estimation results, tourism revenues have a positive impact on economic performance. According to the results of the error correction model, a significant relationship was found between tourism and all other variables. Therefore, according to the both short and long short run estimation results, tourism revenues have a significant impact on economic growth.   

Kaynakça

  • Antonakakis, Nikolaos; Dragouni, Mina; Filis, George (2015), “How Strong is The Linkage Between Tourism and Economic Growth in Europe?”, Economic Modelling, Vol. 44 (2015): 142–155.
  • Apergis, Nicholas; Payne, E. James (2012), “Tourism and Growth in the Caribbean. Evidence from a Panel Error Correction Model. Tourism Economics, Vol. 18, No. 4, 449–456.
  • Bahar, Ozan (2006), “Turizm Sektörünün Türkiye’nin Ekonomik Büyümesi Üzerindeki Etkisi: VAR Analizi Yakla-sımı”. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, C. 13, S. 2: 137-150.
  • Balaguer, Jacint; Cantavella-Jordá, Manuel (2002), ‘Tourism as a Long-Run Economic Growth Factor: The Spanish Case’, Applied Economics, Vol. 34, No. 7: 877–884.
  • Brida, J. Gabriel; Lanzilotta, Bibiana; Pizzolon, Fiorella (2016), “Dynamic Relationship Between Tourism and Economic Growth in MERCOSUR Countries: A Nonlinear Approach Based on Asymmetric Time Series Mo-dels”, Economics Bulletin, Vol. 36, No. 2 , 879-894.
  • Brown, R.L.; Durbin, J.; Evans, J.M. (1975), “Techniques for Testing The Constancy of Regression Relations Over Time”, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 37, No.2: 149–163.
  • Chatziantoniou, Ioannis; Filis, George; Eeckels, Bruno; Alexandros, Apostolakis (2003), Oil Prices, Tourism Income and Economic Growth: A Structural VAR Approach for European Mediterranean Countries, Tou-rism Management, Vol. 36 (2013): 331-341.
  • Chen, Ching; Song Zan, Chiou-Wei, (2009), Tourism Expansion, Tourism Uncertainty and Economic Growth: New Evidence from Taiwan and Korea, Tourism Management, Vol. 30, No. 6, 812-818.
  • Chou, Ming Che (2013), “Does Tourism Development Promote Economic Growth in Transition Countries? A Panel Data Analysis”, Economic Modelling, Vol. 33: 226-232.
  • Cortés-Jiménez, Isabel; Pulina, Manuela; Prunera, Carme Riera; Artis, Manuel (2009), “Tourism and Exports as a Means of Growth”, Research Institute of Applied Economics, Working Papers 2009/10.
  • Croes, Robertico; Vanegas, Manuel (2008). “Cointegration and Causality between Tourism and Poverty Re-duction”, Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 47, No. 1, 94–103.
  • Çetintaş, Hakan; Bektaş, Çetin (2008) “Türkiye’de Turizm ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Kısa ve Uzun Dö-nemli İlişkiler”, Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, C. 19, S.1: 1-8.
  • Dickey, David; Fuller, Wayne (1979), “Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series With a Unit Root”, Journal of American Statistical Association, Vol. 74, No. 366: 427-431.
  • Dritsakis, Nikolaos (2004), “Tourism as a Long-Run Economic Growth Factor: An Empirical Investigation for Greece Using Causality Analysis”, Tourism Economics, V.10, No.3: 305–316.
  • Dritsakis, Nikolaos (2012). “Tourism Development and Economic Growth in Seven Mediterranean Countries: A Panel Data Approach”, Tourism Economics, Vol. 18, No.4: 801–816.
  • Durbarry, Ramesh (2004), “Tourism and Economic Growth: The Case of Mauritius”, Tourism Economics, Vol. 10, No. 4, 389-401.
  • Eeckels, Bruno; Filis, George; Leon, Costas (2012), “Tourism İncome and Economic Growth in Greece: Empi-rical Evidence from Their Cyclical Components”, Tourism Economics, Vol. 18, No. 4, 817–834.
  • Eralp, Ziya (1983), Genel Turizm, Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basın Yayın Yüksek Okulu Yayınları.
  • Esen, Ethem; Özata, Erkan (2015), “Turizmin Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Turizme Dayalı Büyüme Hipotezinin Türkiye İçin Geçerliğinin ARDL Modeli ile Analizi”, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, C.17, S. 1: 43-58.
  • Eugenio-Martín, Juan Luis; Morales, Noelia Martín; Scarpa, Riccardo (2004), “Tourism and Economic Growth in Latin American countries: A Panel Data Approach”, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei Working Paper Se-ries, Working Note, 26.
  • Frimpong, Joseph Magnus; Oteng-Abaiye, Eric, Fosu. (2006), “Bounds Testing Approach to Cointegration: An Examination of FDI, Trade, and Growth Relationships”, American Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 11: 2079–2085.
  • Fayissa, Bichaka; Nsiah, Christian; Tadesse, Bedassa (2011), “Tourism and Economic Growth in Latin American Countries- Further Empirical Evidence”, Tourism Economics, Vol. 17, No. 6, 1365–1373.
  • Gövdeli, Tuncer (2018), “Türkiye’de Turizm, İhracat ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Maki Eşbütünleşme ve Bootstrap Nedensellik Analizi”, Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, C. 8, S. 16: 571-586.
  • Gündüz, Lokman; Hatemi, Abdulnasser (2005), “Is the Tourism-led Growth Hypothesis Valid for Turkey”, Applied Economics, Vol. 12, No. 8: 499-504.
  • Hepaktan, Erdem; Serkan, Çınar (2010), “Turizm Sektörünün Türkiye Ekonomisi Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi S.B.E. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, C. 8, S. 2: 135-154.
  • Işık, Cem (2010), “Türkiye’de Yabancı Ziyaretçi Harcaması ve Turizm Gelirleri İlişkisi: Bir Eş-bütünleşme Analizi (1970-2008)”, Sosyo-Ekonomi, C. 2010, S. 2: 115-128.
  • Ivanov, Stanislav; Webster, Craig (2013), “Tourism's Impact on Growth: The Role of Globalisation”, Annals of Tourism Research. Vol. 41, 231–236.
  • Kasimati, Evangelia (2011), “Economic Impact of Tourism on Greece's Economy: Cointegration and Causality Analysis”, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, Vol. 79, 79-85.
  • Katırcıoğlu, S. Turan (2009) “Revisiting the Tourism-led-growth Hypothesis for Turkey Using the Bounds Test and Johansen Approach for Cointegration” Tourism Management, Vol. 30, 17-20
  • Kızılgöl, Özlem; Erbaykal, Erman (2008), “Türkiye’de Turizm Gelirleri ile Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Bir Neden-sellik Analizi”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, C. 13, S. 2: 351-360.
  • Kozak, Nazmi (2012), Genel Turizm Bilgisi, Eskişehir; T.C. Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayını No: 2472, Açıköğretim Fakültesi Yayını No: 1443.
  • Narayan, Paresh Kumar (2004), “Fiji's Tourism Demand: The Ardl Approach to Cointegration”, Tourism Eco-nomics, Vol. 10, No. 2, 193–206.
  • Narayan, Paresh Kumar; Russell Smyth (2006), “What Determines Migration Flows From Low-Income to High-Income Countries? An Empirical İnvestigation of Fiji-U.S. Migration 1972-2001”, Contemporary Economic Policy, Vol. 24, No. 2: 332-342.
  • Khoshnevis S. Yazdi; Salehi, K. Homa; Soheilzad, Mahshid (2017), “The Relationship Between Tourism, Fore-ign Direct Investment And Economic Growth: Evidence From Iran”, Current Issues in Tourism, Vol. 20, No. 1, 15-26
  • Kızılkaya, Oktay; Sofuoğlu, Emrah; Karaçor, Zeynep (2016), “Türkiye’de Turizm Gelirleri-Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, C. 23, S. 1: 203-215.
  • Lee, Chien-Chiang; Chang, Chun-Ping (2008), “Tourism Development and Economic Growth: A Closer Look at Panels”, Tourism Management, Vol. 29, 180-192.
  • Oh, Chi-Ok (2005), “The Contribution of Tourism Development to Economic Growth in the Korean Eco-nomy”, Tourism Management, Vol. 26, No. 1, 39–44.
  • Ongan, Serdar; Demiroz, M., Dündar (2005), “The Contribution of Tourism to The Long-Run Turkish Economic Growth”, Journal of Economics, Vol. 53, No. 9: 880–894.
  • Payne, E. James; Mervar, Andrea (2010), “The Tourism–Growth Nexus in Croatia”. Tourism Economics, Vol. 16, No. 4, 1089–1094.
  • Pesaran, M. Hashem; Yongcheol Shin; Richard J. Smith (2001), “Bounds Testing Approaches to The Analysis of Level Relationships”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol. 16, No.3: 289-326.
  • Phillips, C.B. Peter, Perron, Pierre (1988), “Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression”. Biomètrika, Vol. 75, No.2: 336-346.
  • Po, Wan-Chen; Huang, Bwo-Nung (2008), “Tourism Development and Economic Growth: A Nonlinear Appro-ach”, Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, V. 387, No. 22, 5535-5542.
  • Polat, Esra; Günay, Süleyman (2012), “Türkiye’de Turizm ve İhracat Gelirlerinin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisinin Testi: Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik Analizi”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi F.B.E. Dergisi, C. 16, S.2: 204-211.
  • Proença, Sara; Soukiazi, Elias (2008), “Tourism as an Economic Growth Factor: A Case Study for Southern European Countries”, Tourism Economics, Vol. 14, S. 4: 791–806.
  • Seetanah, Boopen (2011), “Assessing the Dynamic Economic Impact of Tourism for Island Economies”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 38, No. 1, 291-308.
  • Sugiyarto, Guntur; Blake, Adam; Sinclair, Thea (2003), “Tourism and Globalization Economic İmpact in İndo-nesia”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 30, No. 3, 683-701.
  • Surugiu, Camelia; Surugiu, M.Razvan (2013), “Is The Tourism Sector Supportive of Economic Growth? Empiri-cal Evidence on Romanian Tourism”, Tourism Economics, Vol. 19, No. 1, 115–132.
  • Tang, Chun-Hung Hugo; Jang, , SooCheong Shawn (2009), “The Tourism-Economy Causality in the United States: A Sub-Industry Level Examination”, Tourism Management, Vol. 30, 553-558.
  • Tang, C. Foon (2011), “Is the Tourism-Led Growth Hypothesis Valid for Malaysia? A View from Disaggregated Tourism Markets”, International Journal of Tourism Research, Vol. 13, No. 1, 97–101.
  • Tuğcu, Can Tağsel (2014), “Tourism and Economic Growth Nexus Revisited: A Panel Causality Analysis for the Case of the Mediterranean Region”, Tourism Management, Vol. 42, 207–212.
  • Vanegas, Manuel (2018), “Tourism, Macroeconomics, Growth, and the St. Louis Equation”, Tourism Review International, Vol.22: 3-21.
  • Yavuz Nilgün Çil (2006), “Türkiye’de Turizm Gelirlerinin Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisinin Testi: Yapısal Kırılma ve Nedensellik Analizi”, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, C. 7, S. 2: 162-171.
  • Yıldırım, Jülide; Öcal, Nadir, (2004), “Tourism and Economic Growth in Turkey”, Ekonomik Yaklaşım, C. 15, S.52-53: 131-141.
  • World Tourism Organisation, (UNWTO), (2011), Tourism Towards 2030, Rebublic Of Korea.
  • World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO), Why Tourism? http://www2.unwto.org/content/why-tourism (Erişim: 21.03.2019).

Turizm Gelirlerinin Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Türkiye İçin Yapısal Kırılmalı Birim Kök ve Eşbütünleşme Analizi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 829 - 848, 30.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.632553

Öz

Turizm sektörü yirminci yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren dünya ekonomisinin en hızlı gelişen ve genişleyen sektörlerinden biri haline gelmiştir. Turizm, döviz kazandırıcı etkisinin yanı sıra milli gelire, istihdama ve ödemeler dengesine olan önemli katkılarıyla ülke ekonomileri açısından alternatif bir büyüme kaynağıdır. Sektör çok yönlü özelliği ile sadece ekonomiyi değil aynı zamanda sosyal ve kültürel hayatı da etkilemektedir. Özellikle Türkiye'nin de içinde bulunduğu gelişmekte olan ülkeler açısından turizm, bir kalkınma faktörü olarak son derece önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’nin 1987-2018 dönemi verilerini kullanarak uluslararası turizm gelirleri ile ekonomik performans arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Bu amaçla yapısal kırılmalı birim kök ve eşbütünleşme testleri kullanılmıştır. Eşbütünleşme testi sonuçlarına göre seriler arasında eşbütünleşme ilişkisi görülmektedir. Uzun vadeli tahmin sonuçlarına göre, turizm gelirlerinin ekonomik performans üzerinde pozitif bir etkisi vardır. Hata düzeltme modelinin sonuçlarına göre turizm değişkeni ile diğer tüm değişkenler arasında anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Dolayısıyla kısa ve uzun dönem tahmin sonuçlarına göre turizm gelirleri ekonomik büyüme üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahiptir.  

Kaynakça

  • Antonakakis, Nikolaos; Dragouni, Mina; Filis, George (2015), “How Strong is The Linkage Between Tourism and Economic Growth in Europe?”, Economic Modelling, Vol. 44 (2015): 142–155.
  • Apergis, Nicholas; Payne, E. James (2012), “Tourism and Growth in the Caribbean. Evidence from a Panel Error Correction Model. Tourism Economics, Vol. 18, No. 4, 449–456.
  • Bahar, Ozan (2006), “Turizm Sektörünün Türkiye’nin Ekonomik Büyümesi Üzerindeki Etkisi: VAR Analizi Yakla-sımı”. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, C. 13, S. 2: 137-150.
  • Balaguer, Jacint; Cantavella-Jordá, Manuel (2002), ‘Tourism as a Long-Run Economic Growth Factor: The Spanish Case’, Applied Economics, Vol. 34, No. 7: 877–884.
  • Brida, J. Gabriel; Lanzilotta, Bibiana; Pizzolon, Fiorella (2016), “Dynamic Relationship Between Tourism and Economic Growth in MERCOSUR Countries: A Nonlinear Approach Based on Asymmetric Time Series Mo-dels”, Economics Bulletin, Vol. 36, No. 2 , 879-894.
  • Brown, R.L.; Durbin, J.; Evans, J.M. (1975), “Techniques for Testing The Constancy of Regression Relations Over Time”, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 37, No.2: 149–163.
  • Chatziantoniou, Ioannis; Filis, George; Eeckels, Bruno; Alexandros, Apostolakis (2003), Oil Prices, Tourism Income and Economic Growth: A Structural VAR Approach for European Mediterranean Countries, Tou-rism Management, Vol. 36 (2013): 331-341.
  • Chen, Ching; Song Zan, Chiou-Wei, (2009), Tourism Expansion, Tourism Uncertainty and Economic Growth: New Evidence from Taiwan and Korea, Tourism Management, Vol. 30, No. 6, 812-818.
  • Chou, Ming Che (2013), “Does Tourism Development Promote Economic Growth in Transition Countries? A Panel Data Analysis”, Economic Modelling, Vol. 33: 226-232.
  • Cortés-Jiménez, Isabel; Pulina, Manuela; Prunera, Carme Riera; Artis, Manuel (2009), “Tourism and Exports as a Means of Growth”, Research Institute of Applied Economics, Working Papers 2009/10.
  • Croes, Robertico; Vanegas, Manuel (2008). “Cointegration and Causality between Tourism and Poverty Re-duction”, Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 47, No. 1, 94–103.
  • Çetintaş, Hakan; Bektaş, Çetin (2008) “Türkiye’de Turizm ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Kısa ve Uzun Dö-nemli İlişkiler”, Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, C. 19, S.1: 1-8.
  • Dickey, David; Fuller, Wayne (1979), “Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series With a Unit Root”, Journal of American Statistical Association, Vol. 74, No. 366: 427-431.
  • Dritsakis, Nikolaos (2004), “Tourism as a Long-Run Economic Growth Factor: An Empirical Investigation for Greece Using Causality Analysis”, Tourism Economics, V.10, No.3: 305–316.
  • Dritsakis, Nikolaos (2012). “Tourism Development and Economic Growth in Seven Mediterranean Countries: A Panel Data Approach”, Tourism Economics, Vol. 18, No.4: 801–816.
  • Durbarry, Ramesh (2004), “Tourism and Economic Growth: The Case of Mauritius”, Tourism Economics, Vol. 10, No. 4, 389-401.
  • Eeckels, Bruno; Filis, George; Leon, Costas (2012), “Tourism İncome and Economic Growth in Greece: Empi-rical Evidence from Their Cyclical Components”, Tourism Economics, Vol. 18, No. 4, 817–834.
  • Eralp, Ziya (1983), Genel Turizm, Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basın Yayın Yüksek Okulu Yayınları.
  • Esen, Ethem; Özata, Erkan (2015), “Turizmin Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Turizme Dayalı Büyüme Hipotezinin Türkiye İçin Geçerliğinin ARDL Modeli ile Analizi”, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, C.17, S. 1: 43-58.
  • Eugenio-Martín, Juan Luis; Morales, Noelia Martín; Scarpa, Riccardo (2004), “Tourism and Economic Growth in Latin American countries: A Panel Data Approach”, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei Working Paper Se-ries, Working Note, 26.
  • Frimpong, Joseph Magnus; Oteng-Abaiye, Eric, Fosu. (2006), “Bounds Testing Approach to Cointegration: An Examination of FDI, Trade, and Growth Relationships”, American Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 11: 2079–2085.
  • Fayissa, Bichaka; Nsiah, Christian; Tadesse, Bedassa (2011), “Tourism and Economic Growth in Latin American Countries- Further Empirical Evidence”, Tourism Economics, Vol. 17, No. 6, 1365–1373.
  • Gövdeli, Tuncer (2018), “Türkiye’de Turizm, İhracat ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Maki Eşbütünleşme ve Bootstrap Nedensellik Analizi”, Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, C. 8, S. 16: 571-586.
  • Gündüz, Lokman; Hatemi, Abdulnasser (2005), “Is the Tourism-led Growth Hypothesis Valid for Turkey”, Applied Economics, Vol. 12, No. 8: 499-504.
  • Hepaktan, Erdem; Serkan, Çınar (2010), “Turizm Sektörünün Türkiye Ekonomisi Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi S.B.E. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, C. 8, S. 2: 135-154.
  • Işık, Cem (2010), “Türkiye’de Yabancı Ziyaretçi Harcaması ve Turizm Gelirleri İlişkisi: Bir Eş-bütünleşme Analizi (1970-2008)”, Sosyo-Ekonomi, C. 2010, S. 2: 115-128.
  • Ivanov, Stanislav; Webster, Craig (2013), “Tourism's Impact on Growth: The Role of Globalisation”, Annals of Tourism Research. Vol. 41, 231–236.
  • Kasimati, Evangelia (2011), “Economic Impact of Tourism on Greece's Economy: Cointegration and Causality Analysis”, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, Vol. 79, 79-85.
  • Katırcıoğlu, S. Turan (2009) “Revisiting the Tourism-led-growth Hypothesis for Turkey Using the Bounds Test and Johansen Approach for Cointegration” Tourism Management, Vol. 30, 17-20
  • Kızılgöl, Özlem; Erbaykal, Erman (2008), “Türkiye’de Turizm Gelirleri ile Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Bir Neden-sellik Analizi”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, C. 13, S. 2: 351-360.
  • Kozak, Nazmi (2012), Genel Turizm Bilgisi, Eskişehir; T.C. Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayını No: 2472, Açıköğretim Fakültesi Yayını No: 1443.
  • Narayan, Paresh Kumar (2004), “Fiji's Tourism Demand: The Ardl Approach to Cointegration”, Tourism Eco-nomics, Vol. 10, No. 2, 193–206.
  • Narayan, Paresh Kumar; Russell Smyth (2006), “What Determines Migration Flows From Low-Income to High-Income Countries? An Empirical İnvestigation of Fiji-U.S. Migration 1972-2001”, Contemporary Economic Policy, Vol. 24, No. 2: 332-342.
  • Khoshnevis S. Yazdi; Salehi, K. Homa; Soheilzad, Mahshid (2017), “The Relationship Between Tourism, Fore-ign Direct Investment And Economic Growth: Evidence From Iran”, Current Issues in Tourism, Vol. 20, No. 1, 15-26
  • Kızılkaya, Oktay; Sofuoğlu, Emrah; Karaçor, Zeynep (2016), “Türkiye’de Turizm Gelirleri-Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, C. 23, S. 1: 203-215.
  • Lee, Chien-Chiang; Chang, Chun-Ping (2008), “Tourism Development and Economic Growth: A Closer Look at Panels”, Tourism Management, Vol. 29, 180-192.
  • Oh, Chi-Ok (2005), “The Contribution of Tourism Development to Economic Growth in the Korean Eco-nomy”, Tourism Management, Vol. 26, No. 1, 39–44.
  • Ongan, Serdar; Demiroz, M., Dündar (2005), “The Contribution of Tourism to The Long-Run Turkish Economic Growth”, Journal of Economics, Vol. 53, No. 9: 880–894.
  • Payne, E. James; Mervar, Andrea (2010), “The Tourism–Growth Nexus in Croatia”. Tourism Economics, Vol. 16, No. 4, 1089–1094.
  • Pesaran, M. Hashem; Yongcheol Shin; Richard J. Smith (2001), “Bounds Testing Approaches to The Analysis of Level Relationships”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol. 16, No.3: 289-326.
  • Phillips, C.B. Peter, Perron, Pierre (1988), “Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression”. Biomètrika, Vol. 75, No.2: 336-346.
  • Po, Wan-Chen; Huang, Bwo-Nung (2008), “Tourism Development and Economic Growth: A Nonlinear Appro-ach”, Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, V. 387, No. 22, 5535-5542.
  • Polat, Esra; Günay, Süleyman (2012), “Türkiye’de Turizm ve İhracat Gelirlerinin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisinin Testi: Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik Analizi”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi F.B.E. Dergisi, C. 16, S.2: 204-211.
  • Proença, Sara; Soukiazi, Elias (2008), “Tourism as an Economic Growth Factor: A Case Study for Southern European Countries”, Tourism Economics, Vol. 14, S. 4: 791–806.
  • Seetanah, Boopen (2011), “Assessing the Dynamic Economic Impact of Tourism for Island Economies”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 38, No. 1, 291-308.
  • Sugiyarto, Guntur; Blake, Adam; Sinclair, Thea (2003), “Tourism and Globalization Economic İmpact in İndo-nesia”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 30, No. 3, 683-701.
  • Surugiu, Camelia; Surugiu, M.Razvan (2013), “Is The Tourism Sector Supportive of Economic Growth? Empiri-cal Evidence on Romanian Tourism”, Tourism Economics, Vol. 19, No. 1, 115–132.
  • Tang, Chun-Hung Hugo; Jang, , SooCheong Shawn (2009), “The Tourism-Economy Causality in the United States: A Sub-Industry Level Examination”, Tourism Management, Vol. 30, 553-558.
  • Tang, C. Foon (2011), “Is the Tourism-Led Growth Hypothesis Valid for Malaysia? A View from Disaggregated Tourism Markets”, International Journal of Tourism Research, Vol. 13, No. 1, 97–101.
  • Tuğcu, Can Tağsel (2014), “Tourism and Economic Growth Nexus Revisited: A Panel Causality Analysis for the Case of the Mediterranean Region”, Tourism Management, Vol. 42, 207–212.
  • Vanegas, Manuel (2018), “Tourism, Macroeconomics, Growth, and the St. Louis Equation”, Tourism Review International, Vol.22: 3-21.
  • Yavuz Nilgün Çil (2006), “Türkiye’de Turizm Gelirlerinin Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisinin Testi: Yapısal Kırılma ve Nedensellik Analizi”, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, C. 7, S. 2: 162-171.
  • Yıldırım, Jülide; Öcal, Nadir, (2004), “Tourism and Economic Growth in Turkey”, Ekonomik Yaklaşım, C. 15, S.52-53: 131-141.
  • World Tourism Organisation, (UNWTO), (2011), Tourism Towards 2030, Rebublic Of Korea.
  • World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO), Why Tourism? http://www2.unwto.org/content/why-tourism (Erişim: 21.03.2019).
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hasan Önder Sarıdoğan 0000-0002-6463-4681

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Kasım 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Ekim 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Sarıdoğan, H. Ö. (2020). Turizm Gelirlerinin Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Türkiye İçin Yapısal Kırılmalı Birim Kök ve Eşbütünleşme Analizi. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 15(3), 829-848. https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.632553