Düşük Plastisiteli Zeminlerde Dispersibilite Özeliğinin Farklı Yöntemlerle Değerlendirilmesi
Yıl 2001,
Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 37 - 52, 31.12.2001
Hasan Tosun
,
Hasan Savaş
Öz
Dolgu barajlarda oluşan göçmenin önemli bir nedeni olarak içsel erozyon gösterilmektedir. İçsel erozyon, zemin cinsine göre farklı şekilde oluşmaktadır. Bu tip göçmenin oluşmasında da, zeminlerin dispersif özelliğinin önemli bir etkisi vardır. Bu killerin doğru tanımlanması, sonradan oluşacak problemlerin çözümündeki zorluk ve yüksek maliyetten dolayı önemli bir aşama olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada Afyon, Eskişehir ve Bilecik illerinde inşa edilmekte olan veya işletme aşamasında bulunan on barajın kil ocağından alınmış düşük plastisiteli yirmi yedi adet zemin örneği üzerinde, önce tanımlama deneyleri yapılmış, daha sonra çifte hidrometri, dağılma ve iğne deliği gibi dispersibilite deneyleri gerçekleştirilmiş ve bu deney sonuçları karşılaştırılmıştır.
Kaynakça
-
[1] H. Tosun, “Dispersif Killer ve Toprak Dolgu Barajlar Açısından Önemi” DSİ
Teknik Bülteni, 1994, sayı:80, ss.51-60.
-
[2] H. Tosun, “Dolgu Barajlar Yönünden Dispersif Killer ve DSİ Çalışmaları” 5.
Ulusal Zemin Mekaniği ve Temel Mühendisliği Kongresi, 20-21 Ekim 1994, Ankara,
ss. 98-110.
-
[3] P.C. Knodel, “Characteristics and Problems of Dispersive Clay Soils”, Bureau of
Reclamation, Materials Engineering Branch, R-91-09,17p. 1991.
-
[4] H. Tosun, “Importance of Dispersive Soils for Earthfill Dams an a Research on
Control Tests Adopted in Turkey” Symposium on Research and Development in the
Field of Dams, 7-9 September 1995, Crass-Montana, Switzerland, ss. 133-144.
-
[5] H. Tosun, 1997, “Comparative Study on Physical Tests of Dispersibility of Soils
Used for Earthfill Dams in Turkey” ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journal, GTSODS,
Vol.20, No.2, 242-251.
-
[6] E.R. Tuncer, ” Toprak Dolgu Barajlarda İçsel Erozyon” Dolgu Barajlar Yönünden
Zemin Mekaniği Semineri, DSİ Genel Müdürlüğü, 1995, Adana, ss.27-15.
-
[7] H. Tosun, İ. Zorluer, H. Tozluk, H. Savaş, “Toprak Dolgu Barajlarda Dispersif
Killerin Kullanımı ve Tasarım ve Kontrol Kriterlerinin Araştırılması” TÜBİTAK
Projesi, P. No: İNTAG-719, 2001.
-
[8] J.L. Sherard, R.S. Decker, N.L. Ryker, “Piping in earth dams of dispersive clay”
Proceeding Specialty Conference on performance of Earth and Earth Supported
Structures, ASCE, Vol.1, pp.589-626,1972.
-
[9] J.L. Sherard, L.P. Dunnigan, R.S. Decker, “Identification and nature of dispersive
soils” Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol.102, n.GT2, pp.
287-301, 1976
-
[10] ICOLD, "Deterioration of Dams and Reservoirs, Examples and Their Analysis",
International Commission on Large Dams, 1983.
-
[11] H. Tosun, İ. Zorluer, H. Savaş, Ö. Taşkıran, H. Demirkol ve A. Kar, “Temel
Sorunlarından Oluşan Baraj Göçmeleri” Osmangazi Üniversitesi, Geoteknik yayınları
Serisi:99/1, Eskişehir, 95 s.1999.
-
[12] USBR 5400-89, “ Determining Dispesibility of Clayey Soils by the Crumb Test
Method”, Earth Manual II, United States Department of the Interior Bureau of
Reclamation, pp. 414-418.
-
[13] USBR 5405-89, “Determining Dispesibility of Clayey Soils by the Double
Hydrometer Test Method”, Earth Manual II, United States Department of the Interior
Bureau of Reclamation, 419-424.
-
[14] ASTM D 4647-93, “Standard Test Method for Dispersive Characteristics of Clay
Soil by Double Hydrometer” American Society for Testing and Materials, V.04.08.
-
[15] USBR 5410-89, “Determining Dispersibility of Clayey Soils by the Pinhole Test
Method”, Earth Manual II, United States Department of the Interior Bureau of
Reclamation, pp. 425-437.
-
[16] ASTM D 4221-90, “Standard Test Method for Identification and Classification of
Dispersive Clay Soils by the Pinhole Test”, American Society for Testing and
Materials,V.04.08.
-
[17] B.M. Tucker, “Laboratory Procedures for cation exchange measurements on soils”
CSIRO Aust. Div. Soils, Tech.pap. No.23.
-
[18] G.H. Bolt and M.G.G. Bruggenwert, “Soil Chemistry-A Basic Element”, Elsevier
Scintific Publ. Amsterdam, 1976.
-
[19] TS 1900, “İnşaat Mühendisliğinde Zemin Deneyleri” , TSE, Ankara, 1987.
-
[20] TS 1500, “İnşaat Mühendisliğinde Zeminlerin Sınıflandırılması”, Türk Standartları
Enstitüsü, Ankara, 1987.
Comparative Study On Dispersibilty Tests Performed On Low Plasticity Soils
Yıl 2001,
Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 37 - 52, 31.12.2001
Hasan Tosun
,
Hasan Savaş
Öz
Internal erosion is considered as the most significant cause for the failure
of earthfill dams. Different failure modes can develop depending on soil types. The
dispersibility of soil is a dominant factor for internal erosion. If this type of soils is
adequately defined and properly used, the serious problems which may be difficult to
solve later and have high expenditures can be prevented. This paper includes the
investigation performed on the determination of dispersibility properties of the low
plasticity soils. It briefly presents the tests to describe the dispersibility properties of
soils and discusses their limitations as depending on the comparative study on crumb
test, double hydrometer and pinhole tests, based on the results of twenty-seven samples
belonging to ten different projects which are under operation and construction stages in
Afyon, Bilecik and Eskişehir provisions of Turkey.
Kaynakça
-
[1] H. Tosun, “Dispersif Killer ve Toprak Dolgu Barajlar Açısından Önemi” DSİ
Teknik Bülteni, 1994, sayı:80, ss.51-60.
-
[2] H. Tosun, “Dolgu Barajlar Yönünden Dispersif Killer ve DSİ Çalışmaları” 5.
Ulusal Zemin Mekaniği ve Temel Mühendisliği Kongresi, 20-21 Ekim 1994, Ankara,
ss. 98-110.
-
[3] P.C. Knodel, “Characteristics and Problems of Dispersive Clay Soils”, Bureau of
Reclamation, Materials Engineering Branch, R-91-09,17p. 1991.
-
[4] H. Tosun, “Importance of Dispersive Soils for Earthfill Dams an a Research on
Control Tests Adopted in Turkey” Symposium on Research and Development in the
Field of Dams, 7-9 September 1995, Crass-Montana, Switzerland, ss. 133-144.
-
[5] H. Tosun, 1997, “Comparative Study on Physical Tests of Dispersibility of Soils
Used for Earthfill Dams in Turkey” ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journal, GTSODS,
Vol.20, No.2, 242-251.
-
[6] E.R. Tuncer, ” Toprak Dolgu Barajlarda İçsel Erozyon” Dolgu Barajlar Yönünden
Zemin Mekaniği Semineri, DSİ Genel Müdürlüğü, 1995, Adana, ss.27-15.
-
[7] H. Tosun, İ. Zorluer, H. Tozluk, H. Savaş, “Toprak Dolgu Barajlarda Dispersif
Killerin Kullanımı ve Tasarım ve Kontrol Kriterlerinin Araştırılması” TÜBİTAK
Projesi, P. No: İNTAG-719, 2001.
-
[8] J.L. Sherard, R.S. Decker, N.L. Ryker, “Piping in earth dams of dispersive clay”
Proceeding Specialty Conference on performance of Earth and Earth Supported
Structures, ASCE, Vol.1, pp.589-626,1972.
-
[9] J.L. Sherard, L.P. Dunnigan, R.S. Decker, “Identification and nature of dispersive
soils” Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol.102, n.GT2, pp.
287-301, 1976
-
[10] ICOLD, "Deterioration of Dams and Reservoirs, Examples and Their Analysis",
International Commission on Large Dams, 1983.
-
[11] H. Tosun, İ. Zorluer, H. Savaş, Ö. Taşkıran, H. Demirkol ve A. Kar, “Temel
Sorunlarından Oluşan Baraj Göçmeleri” Osmangazi Üniversitesi, Geoteknik yayınları
Serisi:99/1, Eskişehir, 95 s.1999.
-
[12] USBR 5400-89, “ Determining Dispesibility of Clayey Soils by the Crumb Test
Method”, Earth Manual II, United States Department of the Interior Bureau of
Reclamation, pp. 414-418.
-
[13] USBR 5405-89, “Determining Dispesibility of Clayey Soils by the Double
Hydrometer Test Method”, Earth Manual II, United States Department of the Interior
Bureau of Reclamation, 419-424.
-
[14] ASTM D 4647-93, “Standard Test Method for Dispersive Characteristics of Clay
Soil by Double Hydrometer” American Society for Testing and Materials, V.04.08.
-
[15] USBR 5410-89, “Determining Dispersibility of Clayey Soils by the Pinhole Test
Method”, Earth Manual II, United States Department of the Interior Bureau of
Reclamation, pp. 425-437.
-
[16] ASTM D 4221-90, “Standard Test Method for Identification and Classification of
Dispersive Clay Soils by the Pinhole Test”, American Society for Testing and
Materials,V.04.08.
-
[17] B.M. Tucker, “Laboratory Procedures for cation exchange measurements on soils”
CSIRO Aust. Div. Soils, Tech.pap. No.23.
-
[18] G.H. Bolt and M.G.G. Bruggenwert, “Soil Chemistry-A Basic Element”, Elsevier
Scintific Publ. Amsterdam, 1976.
-
[19] TS 1900, “İnşaat Mühendisliğinde Zemin Deneyleri” , TSE, Ankara, 1987.
-
[20] TS 1500, “İnşaat Mühendisliğinde Zeminlerin Sınıflandırılması”, Türk Standartları
Enstitüsü, Ankara, 1987.