A BRIEF OVERVIEW TO SOLID WASTE TREATMENT & RECENT PRACTICE OF TURKEY

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 31 Sayı: 4, 1045 - 1059, 22.12.2023

Haldun Kurama

https://doi.org/10.31796/ogummf.1374306

Öz

High rates of energy and goods consumption, combined with increasing population growth and high living standards, lead to the ever-increasing production of solid waste. The amount of solid waste generated today has reached a level that poses serious threats to the environment and the sustainable management of the country's economies. Although action plans are being prepared and implemented by countries, unions and institutions for the environmentally friendly and sustainable management of solid waste, it is seen that the threat still exists for the near future. Within the scope of solid waste, management of household waste is undoubtedly one of the most important issues today. The MSW EU average for 2021 reached 530 million tons. Similarly, a total of 104.8 million tons of waste was generated in Turkey in 2020, 32.3 million tons of which were domestic waste. Although, today, the most common method of solid waste control globally is storage in open or controlled landfills, it is seen that Thermal conversion, MTB or Liquefaction applications, which enable energy production especially within the cyclical economy and production model, are increasingly increasing.
The aim of this compilation study, in which global and country-based statistics are briefly presented, is to raise awareness of the increasing threat.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Solid waste, Sustainability, Waste treatment, Municipal solid waste

KATI ATIK ARITIMINA KISA BİR BAKIŞ VE TÜRKİYE'DEKİ GÜNCEL UYGULAMALAR

Öz

Yüksek orandaki enerji ve mal tüketimi, artan nüfus artışı ve yüksek yaşam standartları ile birleşince, katı atık üretiminin sürekli artmasına yol açmaktadır. Günümüzde üretilen katı atık miktarı, çevre ve ülke ekonomilerinin sürdürülebilir yönetimi açısından ciddi tehdit oluşturacak düzeye ulaşmıştır. Katı atıkların çevre dostu ve sürdürülebilir yönetimine yönelik ülkeler, birlikler ve kurumlar tarafından eylem planları hazırlanıp uygulanıyor olsa da yakın gelecek için tehdit hala devam etmektedir. Katı atık kapsamında evsel atıkların yönetimi şüphesiz günümüzün en önemli konularından biridir. 2021 yılı MSW AB ortalaması 530 milyon tona ulaşmıştır. Benzer şekilde Türkiye'de de 2020 yılında 32,3 milyon tonu evsel atık olmak üzere toplam 104,8 milyon ton atık üretilmiştir. Günümüzde katı atık kontrolünün dünya genelinde en yaygın yöntemi açık veya kontrollü depolama alanlarında depolama olmasına rağmen, özellikle döngüsel ekonomi ve üretim modeli kapsamında enerji üretimine olanak sağlayan Termal dönüşüm, MTB veya Sıvılaştırma uygulamalarının giderek arttığı görülmektedir.
Küresel ve ülke bazlı istatistiklerin kısaca sunulduğu bu derleme çalışmasının amacı artan tehdit konusunda farkındalık yaratmaktır.
Küresel ve ülke bazlı istatistiklerin kısaca sunulduğu bu derleme çalışmasının amacı artan tehdit konusunda farkındalık yaratmaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Katı atık, Sürdürülebilirlik, Atık arıtımı, Evsek katı atık

Kaynakça

• Abubakar, I.R., Maniruzzaman, K.M.; Dano, U.L., AlShihri, F.S., AlShammari, M.S., Ahmed, S.M.S., Al-Gehlani, W.A.G., Alrawaf, T.I. (2022) Environmental sustainability impacts of solid waste management practices in the global south. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19, 12717. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912717
• Aggeri F., (2021) From waste to urban mines: a historical perspective on the circular economy; Field Actions. Science Reports [Online], Special Issue, http://journals.openedition.org/factsreports/6530
• Akkoyunlu A., Avşar Y., and Erguven G.O., (2017) Hazardous Waste Management in Turkey. J. Hazard. Toxic Radioact. Waste, 21(4): 04017018, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000373
• - Basel Convention, available at; https://www.basel.int/TheConvention/Overview/TextoftheConvention/tabid/1275/Default.aspx
• Criteria for the Definition of Solid Waste and Solid and Hazardous Waste Exclusions (2023) available at https://www.epa.gov/hw/criteria-definition-solid-waste-and-solid-and-hazardous-waste-exclusions
• Chen, D.MC, Bodirsky, B. L, Krueger, T., Mishra, A., Popp A., (2020), The world’s growing municipal solid waste: trends and impacts, Environ. Res. Lett. 15 074021, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab8659
• Directive of Control on Waste Batteries and Accumulators, URL < http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/Metin.Aspx?MevzuatKod=7.5.7118&MevzuatIliski=0&sourceXmlSear>, (Accessed on. 2023)
• European Commission, Directorate-General for Environment, Being wise with waste – The EU's approach to waste management, Publications Office (2010), available at https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2779/93543
• European Commission EUROSTAT Directorate E: Sectoral and regional statistics Unit E-2: Environmental statistics and accounts; sustainable development Guidance on municipal waste data collection, September 2016, available at; https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/342366/351806/Municipal-waste-statistics-guidance.pdf
• European Commission EUROSTAT Directorate E: Sectoral and regional statistics Unit E-2: Environmental statistics and accounts; sustainable development Guidance for the compilation and reporting of data on municipal waste according to Commission Implementing Decisions 2019/1004/EC and 2019/1885/EC, and the Joint Questionnaire of Eurostat and OECD (2023),
• https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/342366/351811/Guidance+on+municipal+waste+data+collection/
• Eurostat, Waste Battery Collection, (Accessed by web, URL, http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=env_waspb&lang=en
• Eurostat Waste Statistics, (2020), available at https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Waste_statistics#Total_waste_generation
• Fourth Status Report on European Technology Platforms Harvesting the Potential, European Commission, (2009), available at; https://ec.europa.eu/invest-in-research/pdf/download_en/etp_status_IV_small_version.pdf
• Hazardous Waste New Approach Needed to Manage the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, https://www.gao.gov/products/rced-88-115
• https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=WSECTOR
• https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/society/20180328STO00751/waste-management-in-the-eu-infographic-with-facts-and-figures
• Karaagac B., Kalkan M.E., Deniz V., (2017), End of life tyre management: Turkey case, J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 19:577–584, DOI 10.1007/s10163-015-0427-2
• Kaza, S., Yao, L C., Bhada-Tata, P., Van Woerden, F., (2018), What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050. Urban Development; © Washington, DC: World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/30317 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.”
• Malinauskaite, J., Jouhara, H., Czajczyinska, D., Stanchev, P., Katsou, E., Rostkowski, P., Thorne, R.J., Colon, J., Ponsa, S., Al-Mansour, F., Anguilano, L., Krzyzynska, R., Lopez, I.C., Vlasopoulos, A., Spencer N., (2017), Municipal solid waste management and waste-to-energy in the context of a circular economy and energy recycling in Europe, Energy 141, 2013e2044, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.11.128
• Mechanical Biological Treatment, available at; https://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/Mechanical_biological_treatment.html
• Nanda, S. Berruti, F. (2021) Municipal solid waste management and landfilling technologies: a review, Environmental Chemistry Letters 19:1433–1456, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01100-y
• Onwosi, C.O., Igbokwe V. C., Odimba J. N., Eke I. E., Nwankwoala M. O., Iroh I. N., Ezeogu L.I., (2017), Composting technology in waste stabilization: On the methods, challenges and future prospects, Journal of Environmental Management 190, 140e157, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.12.051
• Panepinto, D.; Zanetti, M. (2021), Technical and environmental comparison among different municipal solid waste management scenarios. Sustainability, 13, 3167. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su13063167
• Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development Our Common Future, United Nations, 1987, available at; file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/our_common_futurebrundtlandreport1987%20(1).pdf
• Solid Waste Management, https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/resource-efficiency/what-we-do/cities/solid-waste management
• Technical Assistance for Assessment of Türkiye’s Potential on Transition to Circular Economy, (2022), available at https://dongusel.csb.gov.tr/en).
• Technical Assistance for Assessment of Türkiye’s Potential on Transition to Circular Economy, project report, (2023) https://ab.gov.tr/technical-assistance-for-assessment-of-turkeys-potential-on-transition-to-circular-economy_53000_en.html
• United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs Sustainable Development Goals, Global Sustainable Report 2023, https://sdgs.un.org/goals
• Waste management in the EU: infographic with facts and figures, URL: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/society/20180328STO00751/waste-management-in-the-eu-infographic-with-facts-and-figures
• Waste to energy, https://www.jmbaxi.com/newsletter/issue-xxvi/waste-to-energy.html)
• Waste Statistics 2020, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=37198&dil=2
• Waste Management in Turkey, 2007, available at
• https://www.sayistay.gov.tr/reports/download/3521-waste-management-in-turkey-full-report
• Yeşiltepe, S., Sesen, M.K, (2019) Battery collection in Turkey, Case study of Küçükçekmece municipality, J. Int. Environmental Application & Science, 14(3): 116-121
• Zaman, C. Z., Pal K., Yehye,W. A., Sagadevan, S., Shah, S. T., Adebisi, G. A., Marliana, E., Rafique, R.F., Johan, R.B., (2017), Pyrolysis: A Sustainable way to generate energy from waste, pyrolysis, Edited by Mohamed Samer, Chapter 1, http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.69036 , available at https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/56034
• 6th State of Environment Report for Republic of Turkey, (2020), Ministry of Environment and Urbanization Directorate General of Environmental Impact Assessment, Permit and Inspection, ISBN: 978-625-7076-06-7, PUBLICATION NUMBER: 48/2,