Transition from cartel parties to anti-system populist parties: Theoretical review

Yıl 2024, , 259 - 271, 30.04.2024

Funda Gülşen

https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1402345

Öz

Katz and Mair (1995) proposed a institutional approach to classify political parties. They categorized party types as cadre (elite) and mass parties theorized by Duverger (1974), catch-all parties introduced by Kirchheimer (1969), and cartel parties, which they defined for the first time. With the transition to the neoliberal economic model, catch-all parties have had to compete in the political arena with low membership, limited policy areas, and weak financial resources. This has led them to adopt a new survival strategy. The parties in the system have aimed to restrict competition among themselves and maximize their benefits from public financial aid, thus forming cartels. Cartel parties whose membership ties have weakened and have moved away from the electorate have been attacked by anti-establishment parties that have failed to respond to changing socio-economic dynamics. This study examines the characteristics of different types of parties, from cadre parties to populist parties, using a historical comparative method based on Katz and Mair's party typology. In recent years, populist parties, which have an extensive literature due to many studies, mostly stand out with anti-immigration, short-term policies, xenophobia, and charismatic leaders. This study aims to provide a new perspective by evaluating the impact of cartel parties to explain the rise of populist parties.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Party Types, Cartel Parties and Anty-System Populist Parties

Kartel partilerden düzen karşıtı popülist partilere geçiş: Teorik inceleme

Öz

Kartel partiler, siyasi parti sınıflandırmaları içinde kurumsalcı bir yaklaşım benimsenerek Katz ve Mair (1995) tarafından ortaya konulmuştur. Katz ve Mair parti türlerini, Duverger’in (1974) teorize ettiği kadro (elit) ve kitle partileri, Kirchheimer’ın (1969) ortaya koyduğu herkesi kucaklayan partiler (catch-all party) ve kendilerinin ilk kez tanımladığı kartel partiler olarak sınıflandırmıştır. Neoliberal ekonomik modele geçişle beraber herkesi kucaklayan (catch-all party) partiler, düşük üyelik, kısıtlı politika alanı ve zayıf finansman kaynağı ile politik alanda rekabet etmek zorunda kalmıştır. Bu da onları yeni bir hayatta kalma stratejisine yönlendirmiştir. Sistemdeki partiler kendi aralarında rekabeti kısıtlayarak kamusal mali yardımlardan maksimum düzeyde yararlanmayı amaçlamışlar ve böylece kartelleşmişlerdir. Üyelik bağı zayıflayan ve seçmenden uzaklaşan kartel partiler değişen sosyo-ekonomik dinamiklere cevap verememiş ve düzen karşıtı partilerden olan popülist partiler tarafından saldırıya uğramıştır. Çalışma Katz ve Mair’in parti türü sınıflandırmasını temel alarak, kadro partilerinden popülist partilere kadar olan parti türlerinin özelliklerini tarihsel karşılaştırmalı bir yöntemle incelemektedir. Son yıllarda birçok çalışmayla geniş bir literatüre sahip olan popülist parti literatüründe kartel partilerin nedenselliği üzerinden bir perspektif açmak amaçlanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Parti Türleri, Kartel Partiler, Düzen Karşıtı Popülist Partiler

Kaynakça

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