Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Transition from cartel parties to anti-system populist parties: Theoretical review

Yıl 2024, , 259 - 271, 30.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1402345

Öz

Katz and Mair (1995) proposed a institutional approach to classify political parties. They categorized party types as cadre (elite) and mass parties theorized by Duverger (1974), catch-all parties introduced by Kirchheimer (1969), and cartel parties, which they defined for the first time. With the transition to the neoliberal economic model, catch-all parties have had to compete in the political arena with low membership, limited policy areas, and weak financial resources. This has led them to adopt a new survival strategy. The parties in the system have aimed to restrict competition among themselves and maximize their benefits from public financial aid, thus forming cartels. Cartel parties whose membership ties have weakened and have moved away from the electorate have been attacked by anti-establishment parties that have failed to respond to changing socio-economic dynamics. This study examines the characteristics of different types of parties, from cadre parties to populist parties, using a historical comparative method based on Katz and Mair's party typology. In recent years, populist parties, which have an extensive literature due to many studies, mostly stand out with anti-immigration, short-term policies, xenophobia, and charismatic leaders. This study aims to provide a new perspective by evaluating the impact of cartel parties to explain the rise of populist parties.

Kaynakça

  • Albertazzi, D. & Kessel, S. (2021). Right‐Wing Populist Party Organisation Across Europe: The Survival of the Mass‐Party? Introduction to the Thematic Issue. Politics and Governance, 9 (4): 224-227. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v9i4.5002
  • Bardi, L. (2022). Democracy in the ‘Void’: Peter Mair and Party Politics. İrish Political Studies, 37 (2): 161-171. https://doi.org/10.1080/07907184.2022.2045142
  • Blyth, M. (2003). Globalization and the Limits of Democratic Choice Social Democracy and the Rise of Political Cartelization. IPG, Sayı 3: 60-82. Erişim Adresi: [PDF] Globalization and the Limits of Democratic Choice Social Democracy and the Rise of Political Cartelization | Semantic Scholar
  • Blyth, M. & Katz, R. (2005). From Catch-all Politics to Cartelisation: The Political Economy of the Cartel Party, West European Politics, 28 (1): 33-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/0140238042000297080
  • Blyth, M., Hopkin, J. & Pelizzo, R. (2010). Liberalization and Cartel Politics in Europe: Why Do CentreLeft Parties Adopt Market Liberal Reforms?. 17th Conference of Europeanists, Montreal, 15‐17 April 2010. Erişim Adresi: blythhopkinpelizzoCES2010 (lse.ac.uk)
  • Dassoneville, R. & McAllister, I. (2023). Are They Different? A Comparative Study of European Populist Party Membership. Party Politics. 29 (1): 16-25. https://doi.org/10.1177/13540688211060652
  • Detterbeck, K. (2008). Party Cartel and Cartel Parties in Germany, German Politics, 17 (1): 27-40. DOI:10.1080/09644000701855119
  • Detterbeck, K. (2020). The Limits of Cartelization: Can Parties Cope with Vulnerability?. S. Bukow & U. Jun (Ed.). Continuity and Change of Party Democracies in Europe. Springer, Trier. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068818795195
  • Diamond, L. & Gunther, R. (2003) Species Of Political Parties a New Typology. Party Politics, 9 (2): 167-199. DOI:10.1177/13540688030092003
  • Duverger, M. (1974). Siyasi Partiler. (E. Özbudun. Çev.). Bilgi Yayınevi. Ankara.
  • Heinisch, R. & Mazzoleni, O. (2016). Comparing Populist Organizations. R. Heinisch & O. Mazzoleni. (Ed.). Understanding Populist Party Organisation: The Radical Right in Western Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, Londra: 223-244. DOI:10.17645/pag.v9i4.5002
  • Hopkin, J. (2003, Mart). The Emergence and Convergence of the Cartel Party: Parties, State and Economy in Southern Europe. Conference of Europeanists içinde (s.1-39). Chicago. Erişim Adresi: Clientelism, Corruption and Cartels: (lse.ac.uk)
  • Hopkin, J. (2020). Anti-System Politics: The Crisis of Market Liberalism in Rich Democracies. Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Hopkin, J. & Blyth, M. (2018). The Global Economics of European Populism: Growth Regimes and Party System Change in Europe. Government and Opposition, 54 (2): 193-225. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2018.43
  • Katz, R. & Mair, P. (1995). Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party. Party Politics, 1 (1): 5-28. DOI:10.1177/1354068895001001001
  • Katz, R. & Mair, P. (2009). The Cartel Party Thesis: A Restatement, Perspective On Politics, 7(4): 753-766. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592709991782
  • Katz, R. & Mair, P. (2018). Democracy and the Cartelization of Political Parties. Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Kışlalı, A. T. (2011). Siyaset Bilimi. İmge Kitabevi. Ankara.
  • Kirchheimer, O. (1969). The Transformation of the Western European Party Systems. J.L. Palombara & M. Wayner (Eds). Political Parties and Political Develeopment (pp 177-201). New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press,
  • Koole, R. (1996). Cadre, catch-all or Cartel A Comment on the Notion of the Cartel Party, Party Politics, 2 (4): 507-523. DOI:10.1177/1354068896002004004
  • Kopecky, P., Spirova, M.& Scherlis, G. (2011). Beyond the Cartel Party? Party Patronage and the Nature of Parties in New Democracies, Ortak IPSA / ECPR Konferansı İçin Hazırlanan Bildiri Kitabı içinde (s. 1-23.), Sao Paulo, Brezilya.
  • Lane, J. & Ersson, S. (1999). Politics and Society in Western Europe. SAGE Publications, London.
  • Mair, P. (2006). Party System Change, R. Katz ve W. Crotty. (Ed.), Handbook of Party Politics. SAGE Publications, Wiltshire, 63-73. DOI:10.4135/9781848608047.n8
  • Mudde, C. (2004). The Populist Zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39 (4): 541-563. DOI:10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x
  • Özbudun, E. (2016). Türkiye’de Parti ve Seçim Sistemi. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. İstanbul.
  • Roberts, K.,M. (2019). Left, Right and the Populist Structuring of Political Competition. C. Torre (Ed.). Routledge Handbook of Global Populism, New York, 149-163. Erişim Adresi: Left, right, and the populist structuring of political competition | 1 (taylorfrancis.com)
  • Sartori, G. (2005). Partys and Partys Systems A Framework For Analysis. Cambridge University Press. Colchester.
  • Urbinati, N. (2019). Antiestablishment and the Substitution of the Whole With One of Its Parts. C. Torre (Ed.). Routledge Handbook of Global Populism, New York,77-98. Erişim Adresi: Antiestablishment and the substitution of the whole with one of its pa (taylorfrancis.com)
  • Young, L. (1998). Party, State And Competition In Canada: The Cartel Model Reconsidered, Canadian Journal Of Political Science”, 31 (2): 339-358. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S000842390001982X

Kartel partilerden düzen karşıtı popülist partilere geçiş: Teorik inceleme

Yıl 2024, , 259 - 271, 30.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1402345

Öz

Kartel partiler, siyasi parti sınıflandırmaları içinde kurumsalcı bir yaklaşım benimsenerek Katz ve Mair (1995) tarafından ortaya konulmuştur. Katz ve Mair parti türlerini, Duverger’in (1974) teorize ettiği kadro (elit) ve kitle partileri, Kirchheimer’ın (1969) ortaya koyduğu herkesi kucaklayan partiler (catch-all party) ve kendilerinin ilk kez tanımladığı kartel partiler olarak sınıflandırmıştır. Neoliberal ekonomik modele geçişle beraber herkesi kucaklayan (catch-all party) partiler, düşük üyelik, kısıtlı politika alanı ve zayıf finansman kaynağı ile politik alanda rekabet etmek zorunda kalmıştır. Bu da onları yeni bir hayatta kalma stratejisine yönlendirmiştir. Sistemdeki partiler kendi aralarında rekabeti kısıtlayarak kamusal mali yardımlardan maksimum düzeyde yararlanmayı amaçlamışlar ve böylece kartelleşmişlerdir. Üyelik bağı zayıflayan ve seçmenden uzaklaşan kartel partiler değişen sosyo-ekonomik dinamiklere cevap verememiş ve düzen karşıtı partilerden olan popülist partiler tarafından saldırıya uğramıştır. Çalışma Katz ve Mair’in parti türü sınıflandırmasını temel alarak, kadro partilerinden popülist partilere kadar olan parti türlerinin özelliklerini tarihsel karşılaştırmalı bir yöntemle incelemektedir. Son yıllarda birçok çalışmayla geniş bir literatüre sahip olan popülist parti literatüründe kartel partilerin nedenselliği üzerinden bir perspektif açmak amaçlanmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Albertazzi, D. & Kessel, S. (2021). Right‐Wing Populist Party Organisation Across Europe: The Survival of the Mass‐Party? Introduction to the Thematic Issue. Politics and Governance, 9 (4): 224-227. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v9i4.5002
  • Bardi, L. (2022). Democracy in the ‘Void’: Peter Mair and Party Politics. İrish Political Studies, 37 (2): 161-171. https://doi.org/10.1080/07907184.2022.2045142
  • Blyth, M. (2003). Globalization and the Limits of Democratic Choice Social Democracy and the Rise of Political Cartelization. IPG, Sayı 3: 60-82. Erişim Adresi: [PDF] Globalization and the Limits of Democratic Choice Social Democracy and the Rise of Political Cartelization | Semantic Scholar
  • Blyth, M. & Katz, R. (2005). From Catch-all Politics to Cartelisation: The Political Economy of the Cartel Party, West European Politics, 28 (1): 33-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/0140238042000297080
  • Blyth, M., Hopkin, J. & Pelizzo, R. (2010). Liberalization and Cartel Politics in Europe: Why Do CentreLeft Parties Adopt Market Liberal Reforms?. 17th Conference of Europeanists, Montreal, 15‐17 April 2010. Erişim Adresi: blythhopkinpelizzoCES2010 (lse.ac.uk)
  • Dassoneville, R. & McAllister, I. (2023). Are They Different? A Comparative Study of European Populist Party Membership. Party Politics. 29 (1): 16-25. https://doi.org/10.1177/13540688211060652
  • Detterbeck, K. (2008). Party Cartel and Cartel Parties in Germany, German Politics, 17 (1): 27-40. DOI:10.1080/09644000701855119
  • Detterbeck, K. (2020). The Limits of Cartelization: Can Parties Cope with Vulnerability?. S. Bukow & U. Jun (Ed.). Continuity and Change of Party Democracies in Europe. Springer, Trier. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068818795195
  • Diamond, L. & Gunther, R. (2003) Species Of Political Parties a New Typology. Party Politics, 9 (2): 167-199. DOI:10.1177/13540688030092003
  • Duverger, M. (1974). Siyasi Partiler. (E. Özbudun. Çev.). Bilgi Yayınevi. Ankara.
  • Heinisch, R. & Mazzoleni, O. (2016). Comparing Populist Organizations. R. Heinisch & O. Mazzoleni. (Ed.). Understanding Populist Party Organisation: The Radical Right in Western Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, Londra: 223-244. DOI:10.17645/pag.v9i4.5002
  • Hopkin, J. (2003, Mart). The Emergence and Convergence of the Cartel Party: Parties, State and Economy in Southern Europe. Conference of Europeanists içinde (s.1-39). Chicago. Erişim Adresi: Clientelism, Corruption and Cartels: (lse.ac.uk)
  • Hopkin, J. (2020). Anti-System Politics: The Crisis of Market Liberalism in Rich Democracies. Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Hopkin, J. & Blyth, M. (2018). The Global Economics of European Populism: Growth Regimes and Party System Change in Europe. Government and Opposition, 54 (2): 193-225. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2018.43
  • Katz, R. & Mair, P. (1995). Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party. Party Politics, 1 (1): 5-28. DOI:10.1177/1354068895001001001
  • Katz, R. & Mair, P. (2009). The Cartel Party Thesis: A Restatement, Perspective On Politics, 7(4): 753-766. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592709991782
  • Katz, R. & Mair, P. (2018). Democracy and the Cartelization of Political Parties. Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Kışlalı, A. T. (2011). Siyaset Bilimi. İmge Kitabevi. Ankara.
  • Kirchheimer, O. (1969). The Transformation of the Western European Party Systems. J.L. Palombara & M. Wayner (Eds). Political Parties and Political Develeopment (pp 177-201). New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press,
  • Koole, R. (1996). Cadre, catch-all or Cartel A Comment on the Notion of the Cartel Party, Party Politics, 2 (4): 507-523. DOI:10.1177/1354068896002004004
  • Kopecky, P., Spirova, M.& Scherlis, G. (2011). Beyond the Cartel Party? Party Patronage and the Nature of Parties in New Democracies, Ortak IPSA / ECPR Konferansı İçin Hazırlanan Bildiri Kitabı içinde (s. 1-23.), Sao Paulo, Brezilya.
  • Lane, J. & Ersson, S. (1999). Politics and Society in Western Europe. SAGE Publications, London.
  • Mair, P. (2006). Party System Change, R. Katz ve W. Crotty. (Ed.), Handbook of Party Politics. SAGE Publications, Wiltshire, 63-73. DOI:10.4135/9781848608047.n8
  • Mudde, C. (2004). The Populist Zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39 (4): 541-563. DOI:10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x
  • Özbudun, E. (2016). Türkiye’de Parti ve Seçim Sistemi. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. İstanbul.
  • Roberts, K.,M. (2019). Left, Right and the Populist Structuring of Political Competition. C. Torre (Ed.). Routledge Handbook of Global Populism, New York, 149-163. Erişim Adresi: Left, right, and the populist structuring of political competition | 1 (taylorfrancis.com)
  • Sartori, G. (2005). Partys and Partys Systems A Framework For Analysis. Cambridge University Press. Colchester.
  • Urbinati, N. (2019). Antiestablishment and the Substitution of the Whole With One of Its Parts. C. Torre (Ed.). Routledge Handbook of Global Populism, New York,77-98. Erişim Adresi: Antiestablishment and the substitution of the whole with one of its pa (taylorfrancis.com)
  • Young, L. (1998). Party, State And Competition In Canada: The Cartel Model Reconsidered, Canadian Journal Of Political Science”, 31 (2): 339-358. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S000842390001982X
Toplam 29 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Kamu Yönetimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Funda Gülşen 0000-0002-5514-3602

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi 28 Şubat 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Gülşen, F. (2024). Kartel partilerden düzen karşıtı popülist partilere geçiş: Teorik inceleme. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(2), 259-271. https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1402345
Creative Commons Lisansı
Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari-AynıLisanslaPaylaş 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.