Macroecomic Determinants of Income Inequality: GMM Panel Data Analysis for Türkiye and Emerging Market Economies
Öz
Income inequality remains one of the foremost socioeconomic challenges of the 21st century, yet the macroeconomic drivers of this inequality in emerging market economies remain insufficiently understood. This study examines the macroeconomic determinants of income inequality using an unbalanced panel dataset covering 20 emerging market economies over the period 2000-2024. A review of the existing literature reveals that while the two-step System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator—developed by Arellano and Bover (1995) and Blundell and Bond (1998)—has been widely applied to developed and Asian economies, its use for a broad panel of emerging markets, and for Türkiye in particular, remains limited. This estimator is employed to address endogeneity, dynamic panel bias, and unobserved country-specific heterogeneity inherent in inequality dynamics. The findings reveal that trade openness significantly reduces income inequality, while unemployment exerts a strong and robust positive effect. Inflation exhibits a non-linear U-shaped relationship with inequality, turning positive only above approximately 11 percent annually. Evidence for the Kuznets hypothesis is found to be modest and specification-sensitive. Türkiye-specific analysis demonstrates that inflation’s inequality-increasing effect is approximately 50 percent stronger than in peer economies, with inflation volatility generating additional distributional pressure. Diagnostic tests, including the Hansen and Arellano-Bond tests, confirm instrument validity and the absence of second-order serial correlation across all specifications. These results carry important policy implications for emerging market economies: achieving price stability, supporting employment, and maintaining trade openness emerge as the primary levers for inclusive and equitable growth.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Income inequality, Gini coefficient, System GMM, Kuznets hypothesis, Emerging markets
Kaynakça
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