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Yeni İpek Yolunun kıtalar arası demiryolu konteyner taşımacılığına etkisi: PESTLE analizi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 4, 724 - 740, 01.10.2020
https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.709425

Öz

Son yıllarda Tarihi İpek Yolunun canlandırılması girişimlerinin de etkisiyle demiryolu konteyner taşımacılığı Avrupa ile Asya arasındaki ticarette önemli rol oynamaya başlamıştır. Özellikle, Çin'in Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi (BRI) kıtalararası demiryolu konteyner taşımacılığının büyümesinde güçlü bir itici güç oluşturmuş ve olumlu etkisi değeri yüksek ve sermaye yoğun malların taşınmasında belirginleşmiştir. Demiryolu konteyner taşımacılığı, hava ve karayolu taşımacılığına kıyasla daha düşük maliyetle ve daha yüksek kapasitede, deniz taşımacılığından daha kısa sürede teslim hizmeti sunmaktadır. Bu özellikler demiryolu yük taşımacılığının bir pazar nişini doldurmasını ve diğer kıtalararası taşımacılık türleri ile rekabet etmesini sağlamaktadır. Demiryolu konteyner taşımacılığı küresel trendler, makroekonomik gelişmeler, teknolojik ilerlemeler, altyapıdaki yenilikler, uluslararası işbirlikleri, yasal ve çevresel düzenlemeler gibi çeşitli faktörlerden etkilenmektedir. Bu nedenle, Yeni İpek Yolu üzerinde önemli bir konumda olan Türkiye’nin demiryolu konteyner taşımacılığında karşı karşıya kaldığı fırsatlar ve tehditlerin detaylı analiz edilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Çin'den başlayıp Türkiye'den geçerek Avrupa'ya ulaşan Orta Koridor’a odaklanarak kıtalar arası demiryolu konteyner taşımacılığının gelişmesine yönelik fırsat ve tehditleri PESTLE analizi ile ortaya koymak, ayrıca Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi(BRI)’nin kıtalar arası demiryolu konteyner taşımacılığına etkisini incelemektir. Çalışma amaçları doğrultusunda farklı kaynaklardan literatür taraması yapılarak keşifsel bir araştırma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan analiz sonuçları demiryolu konteyner taşımacılığının gelişmesine yönelik fırsatların tehditlerden daha fazla olduğunu göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Calabrese, J. (2019, November 18). Setting the Middle Corridor on track”. https://www.mei.edu/publications/setting-middle-corridor-track
  • Cargoforwarder. (2016). [Web: https://www.cargoforwarder.eu/2016/01/04/dhl-gf-inaugurates-rail-link-china-turkey/..https: //news.cgtn.com/news/3d3d514e776b544f33457a6333566d54/index.html. Erişim Tarihi: 06.03.2020].
  • Cristea,A. D., Hummels, D., Puzzello, L. & G.A. Misak. (2013). Trade and the Greenhouse Gas Emissions from International Freight Transport. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 65(1), 153-173.
  • DEİK. (2019).Türkiye'nin Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi'nde Konumlandırılması. [Web: http://www.deik.org.tr. Erişim Tarihi: 06.03.2020].
  • DTO.(2019).[Web: https://www.denizticaretodasi.org.tr/tr/sirkuler/gemilerde-dusuk-sulfurlu-yakit-kullanimi-hk- 11188. Erişim Tarihi: 06.03.2020].
  • Dünya Bankası. (2019). Belt and Road Economics: Opportunities and Risks of Transport Corridors. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • EC/Jana Pieriegud. (2019) Analysis of the potential of the development of rail container transport market in Poland. European Commission Final Report Contract No 2018CE16BAT079 February.
  • Egger, P., & M. Larch. (2007). The Bilateral and Multilateral Trade Effects of Road and Railway Transport Infrastructure.” Mimeo. [Web: http://www.etsg.org/ETSG2007/papers/pegger.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 06.11.2019].
  • European Commission.(2020). Proposal for a DECISION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on a European Year of Rail (2021), Brussels, 4.3.2020 COM(2020) 78 final 2020/0035 (COD). [Web: https://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/files/legislation/com20200078. Erişim Tarihi: 28.12.2019].
  • Evtimov, E. (2017). Legal Interoperability CIM/SMGS Eurasian corridors stakeholders group. Paris, 22 November 2017 International Rail Transport Committee CIT
  • Hung M. & T. Chan. (2018). The Belt and Road Initiative – the New Silk Road: a research agenda. Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies, 7:2, 104-123, DOI: 10.1080/24761028.2019.1580407
  • IATA.(2019). [Web: https://www.iata.org/whatwedo/cargo/sustainability/Pages/benefits.aspx. Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2020.].
  • ICS. (2019). Shipping and World Trade. [Web: http://www.ics-shipping.org/shipping-facts/ 
shipping-and-world-trade. Erişim: 03.11.2019].
  • Jakóbowski, J., J.K. Popławski& M. Kaczmarski.(2018). The Silk Railroad The EU-China Rail Connections: Background, Actors, Interests, OSW Studies, Number 72, Warsaw February.
  • Koumparoulis, D. N. (2013). PEST Analysis: The case of E-shop. International Journal of Economy,Management and Social Sciences. 2(2), 31-36.
  • Li, Y. & H.-J. Schmerer.(2017). Trade and the New Silk Road: opportunities, challenges, and solutions. Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies. 15(3),205-213
  • Li, Y., Bolton, K.,& Westphal, T. (2016). The effect of the New Silk Road railways on aggregate trade volumes between China and Europe, Working Papers on East Asian Studies, No. 109/2016, University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute of East Asian Studies (IN-EAST), Duisburg. [Web: http://www.china.org.cn/ business/ 2018-08/04/content_58049002.htm. Erişim: 03.11.2019].
  • Mercator Institute for China Studies.(2018). Mapping the Belt and Road initiative: this is where we stand [Web: https://www.merics.org/en/bri-tracker/mapping-the-belt-and-road-initiative. Erişim: 23.03.2020].
  • Özdaşlı, E. (2015). Çin’in Yeni İpek Yolu Projesi ve Küresel Etkileri. Turkish Studies International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic. 10/14, 579-596.
DOI Number: http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.8879
ISSN: 1308-2140, ANKARA-TURKEY
  • PortSEurope (2019) [Web: https://www.portseurope.com/rail-cargo-group-baku-port-cabooter-group-agree-middle-corridor-development/. Erişim: 13.03.2020].
  • Rand Europe. (2018) China Belt and Road Initiative: Measuring the Impact of Improving Transport Connectivity on International Trade.
  • Rastogi, C.& J.-F. Arvis.(2014). The Eurasian Connection Supply-Chain Efficiency along the Modern Silk Route through Central Asia. World Bank, Washington.
  • Rodemann, H. & S. Templar. (2014). The enablers and inhibitors of intermodal rail freight between Asia and Europe. Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management. 4, 70–86.
  • Steer Davies Gleave.(2018). Research for TRAN Committee: The new Silk Route –opportunities and challenges for EU transport. European Parliament, Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies, Brussels.
  • UIC/Roland Berger.(2017). Eurasian Rail Corridors: What opportunities for freight stakeholders? International Union of Railways. UIC. September, [Web: https://uic.org/IMG/pdf/corridors_exe_sum2017_web.pdf. . Erişim: 10.02.2019].
  • UNECE (2018) Economic Commission for Europe Inland Transport Committee Report on Phase III of the Euro-Asian Transport Links Project Informal document ITC (2018) No. 8 [Web: https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/doc/2018/itc/Informal_document_No_8_EATL_3rd-phase_report.pdf 5 February. Erişim Tarihi: 10.02.2020].
  • UNECE. (2019). Economic Commission for Europe Inland Transport Committee Working Party on Rail Transport Group of Experts towards Unified Railway Law Nineteenth session Geneva, 2-4 April.
  • UNESCAP. (2016). Report on Documentation and Procedures for the Development of Seamless Rail-Based Intermodal Transport Services in Northeast and Central Asia.
  • van Leijen, Majorie (2019b). [Web: https://www.railfreight.com/beltandroad/2019/10/31/middle-corridor-more-options-for-transit-from-china-to-eu/Erişim Tarihi:16.02.2020].
  • Ward,D. & Rivani, E.(2005). An Overview of Strategy Development Models and the Ward-Rivani Model. Economics Working Papers. 6, 1–24.
  • Williams, M. (2019). Express rail deliveries increase along Silk Road By 23 April 2019, https://www.automotivelogistics.media/supply-chain-management/express-rail-deliveries-increase-along-silk-road/37950.article
  • ZEYBEK, H. (2008) Transport Network Designs and their Implications on Intermodal Rail Freight Transport System. ICOVACS’ta sunulan bildiri. İzmir, November 12-14.
  • ZEYBEK, H. (2019). Uluslararası Ticarette Yeni Avrasya Ulaşım Yolları Arayışı: Demiryolu Yük Taşımacılığına Etkileri. Avrasya Etüdleri, 56 (2), 135-154.

The effect of new silk road on intercontinental container transport by rail: PESTLE analysis

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 4, 724 - 740, 01.10.2020
https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.709425

Öz

In recent years railway container transport has increased significantly between Europe and Asia with the effect of the initiatives to revitalize the Historical Silk Road. Especially, Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) of China has given a strong impetus and a positive trend in the growth of intercontinental railway container transport becomes especially apparent in the transport of high value and capital-intensive goods. Railway container transport offers lower cost and higher capacity compared to air and road freight and shorter delivery time than maritime container transport. Railway container transport is influenced by various factors such as global trends, macroeconomic developments, technological advances, innovations in infrastructure, international collaborations, legal and environmental regulations. This paper aims to summarize the opportunities and threats towards the improvement and expansion of intercontinental railway container transport focusing specifically on the Middle Corridor which starts from China, passes through Turkey towards Europe and also to highlight the effects of the BRI by using PESTLE. To accomplish the objectives, exploratory research was carried out by searching the literature from different sources. The analysis results show that the opportunities for the development of railway container transport are more than threats.

Kaynakça

  • Calabrese, J. (2019, November 18). Setting the Middle Corridor on track”. https://www.mei.edu/publications/setting-middle-corridor-track
  • Cargoforwarder. (2016). [Web: https://www.cargoforwarder.eu/2016/01/04/dhl-gf-inaugurates-rail-link-china-turkey/..https: //news.cgtn.com/news/3d3d514e776b544f33457a6333566d54/index.html. Erişim Tarihi: 06.03.2020].
  • Cristea,A. D., Hummels, D., Puzzello, L. & G.A. Misak. (2013). Trade and the Greenhouse Gas Emissions from International Freight Transport. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 65(1), 153-173.
  • DEİK. (2019).Türkiye'nin Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi'nde Konumlandırılması. [Web: http://www.deik.org.tr. Erişim Tarihi: 06.03.2020].
  • DTO.(2019).[Web: https://www.denizticaretodasi.org.tr/tr/sirkuler/gemilerde-dusuk-sulfurlu-yakit-kullanimi-hk- 11188. Erişim Tarihi: 06.03.2020].
  • Dünya Bankası. (2019). Belt and Road Economics: Opportunities and Risks of Transport Corridors. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • EC/Jana Pieriegud. (2019) Analysis of the potential of the development of rail container transport market in Poland. European Commission Final Report Contract No 2018CE16BAT079 February.
  • Egger, P., & M. Larch. (2007). The Bilateral and Multilateral Trade Effects of Road and Railway Transport Infrastructure.” Mimeo. [Web: http://www.etsg.org/ETSG2007/papers/pegger.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 06.11.2019].
  • European Commission.(2020). Proposal for a DECISION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on a European Year of Rail (2021), Brussels, 4.3.2020 COM(2020) 78 final 2020/0035 (COD). [Web: https://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/files/legislation/com20200078. Erişim Tarihi: 28.12.2019].
  • Evtimov, E. (2017). Legal Interoperability CIM/SMGS Eurasian corridors stakeholders group. Paris, 22 November 2017 International Rail Transport Committee CIT
  • Hung M. & T. Chan. (2018). The Belt and Road Initiative – the New Silk Road: a research agenda. Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies, 7:2, 104-123, DOI: 10.1080/24761028.2019.1580407
  • IATA.(2019). [Web: https://www.iata.org/whatwedo/cargo/sustainability/Pages/benefits.aspx. Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2020.].
  • ICS. (2019). Shipping and World Trade. [Web: http://www.ics-shipping.org/shipping-facts/ 
shipping-and-world-trade. Erişim: 03.11.2019].
  • Jakóbowski, J., J.K. Popławski& M. Kaczmarski.(2018). The Silk Railroad The EU-China Rail Connections: Background, Actors, Interests, OSW Studies, Number 72, Warsaw February.
  • Koumparoulis, D. N. (2013). PEST Analysis: The case of E-shop. International Journal of Economy,Management and Social Sciences. 2(2), 31-36.
  • Li, Y. & H.-J. Schmerer.(2017). Trade and the New Silk Road: opportunities, challenges, and solutions. Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies. 15(3),205-213
  • Li, Y., Bolton, K.,& Westphal, T. (2016). The effect of the New Silk Road railways on aggregate trade volumes between China and Europe, Working Papers on East Asian Studies, No. 109/2016, University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute of East Asian Studies (IN-EAST), Duisburg. [Web: http://www.china.org.cn/ business/ 2018-08/04/content_58049002.htm. Erişim: 03.11.2019].
  • Mercator Institute for China Studies.(2018). Mapping the Belt and Road initiative: this is where we stand [Web: https://www.merics.org/en/bri-tracker/mapping-the-belt-and-road-initiative. Erişim: 23.03.2020].
  • Özdaşlı, E. (2015). Çin’in Yeni İpek Yolu Projesi ve Küresel Etkileri. Turkish Studies International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic. 10/14, 579-596.
DOI Number: http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.8879
ISSN: 1308-2140, ANKARA-TURKEY
  • PortSEurope (2019) [Web: https://www.portseurope.com/rail-cargo-group-baku-port-cabooter-group-agree-middle-corridor-development/. Erişim: 13.03.2020].
  • Rand Europe. (2018) China Belt and Road Initiative: Measuring the Impact of Improving Transport Connectivity on International Trade.
  • Rastogi, C.& J.-F. Arvis.(2014). The Eurasian Connection Supply-Chain Efficiency along the Modern Silk Route through Central Asia. World Bank, Washington.
  • Rodemann, H. & S. Templar. (2014). The enablers and inhibitors of intermodal rail freight between Asia and Europe. Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management. 4, 70–86.
  • Steer Davies Gleave.(2018). Research for TRAN Committee: The new Silk Route –opportunities and challenges for EU transport. European Parliament, Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies, Brussels.
  • UIC/Roland Berger.(2017). Eurasian Rail Corridors: What opportunities for freight stakeholders? International Union of Railways. UIC. September, [Web: https://uic.org/IMG/pdf/corridors_exe_sum2017_web.pdf. . Erişim: 10.02.2019].
  • UNECE (2018) Economic Commission for Europe Inland Transport Committee Report on Phase III of the Euro-Asian Transport Links Project Informal document ITC (2018) No. 8 [Web: https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/doc/2018/itc/Informal_document_No_8_EATL_3rd-phase_report.pdf 5 February. Erişim Tarihi: 10.02.2020].
  • UNECE. (2019). Economic Commission for Europe Inland Transport Committee Working Party on Rail Transport Group of Experts towards Unified Railway Law Nineteenth session Geneva, 2-4 April.
  • UNESCAP. (2016). Report on Documentation and Procedures for the Development of Seamless Rail-Based Intermodal Transport Services in Northeast and Central Asia.
  • van Leijen, Majorie (2019b). [Web: https://www.railfreight.com/beltandroad/2019/10/31/middle-corridor-more-options-for-transit-from-china-to-eu/Erişim Tarihi:16.02.2020].
  • Ward,D. & Rivani, E.(2005). An Overview of Strategy Development Models and the Ward-Rivani Model. Economics Working Papers. 6, 1–24.
  • Williams, M. (2019). Express rail deliveries increase along Silk Road By 23 April 2019, https://www.automotivelogistics.media/supply-chain-management/express-rail-deliveries-increase-along-silk-road/37950.article
  • ZEYBEK, H. (2008) Transport Network Designs and their Implications on Intermodal Rail Freight Transport System. ICOVACS’ta sunulan bildiri. İzmir, November 12-14.
  • ZEYBEK, H. (2019). Uluslararası Ticarette Yeni Avrasya Ulaşım Yolları Arayışı: Demiryolu Yük Taşımacılığına Etkileri. Avrasya Etüdleri, 56 (2), 135-154.
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hulya Zeybek 0000-0002-4671-5330

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ekim 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Mart 2020
Kabul Tarihi 30 Mayıs 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Zeybek, H. (2020). Yeni İpek Yolunun kıtalar arası demiryolu konteyner taşımacılığına etkisi: PESTLE analizi. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(4), 724-740. https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.709425
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