Annelerin Ebeveyn Kabul Red Durumları ve Duygu Düzenlemeleri Arasındaki İlişki

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, anne olan erişkin kadınlarda, algılanan ebeveyn reddi ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğü arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir. Araştırmaya 300 kadın kişi katılmış olup katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 43.57±8.03’dir. Katılımcılara Ebeveyn Kabul-Reddi Ölçeği ve Duygu Düzenleme Güçlüğü ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca, katılımcıların yaş, cinsiyet, eğitim düzeyi, medeni durum, gelir düzeyi, ebeveyn gelir düzeyi değişkenlerini değerlendirmek amacıyla sosyodemografik bilgileri alınmıştır. Araştırma değişkenlerinin incelenmesinde istatistiksel veri analizleri (SPSS 23.0) kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen bulgulara göre, algılanan reddin duygu düzenleme güçlükleriyle anlamlı düzeyde ilişkili olduğu sonucu elde edilmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra sosyoekonomik değişkenlere göre yürütülen analizler sonucunda lisans veya lisansüstü eğitim düzeyindeki bireylerin algıladıkları ebeveyn reddinin eğitim durumu ilköğretim veya ortaöğretim olan bireylere göre daha düşük olduğu saptanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, bireylerin ebeveynleriyle kurdukları iletişimin türüne ve algıladıkları tutumlara bağlı olarak duygu düzenleme becerileri geliştirebildiklerini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• ebeveyn kabul reddi
• duygu düzenleme
• duygu sosyalleştirmesi

The Relationship Between Mothers’ Parental Acceptance-Rejection Levels and Their Emotion Regulation Skills

Öz

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between perceived parental acceptance-rejection levels and their emotion regulation skills in adult women who are mothers. 300 people participated in the study, and the Parental Acceptance-Rejection Scale and Emotion Regulation Difficulties Questionnaire were applied to the participants. In addition, socio-demographic information of the participants was obtained in order to evaluate the variables of age, gender, education level, marital status, income level, and parent income level. Statistical data analysis (SPSS 23.0) was used to analyze the research variables. According to the findings obtained in the study, it was found that there is a significant relationship between the levels of perceived acceptance rejection from parents and emotion regulation. Perceived rejection was significantly associated with emotion regulation difficulties; It was concluded that the perceived rejection from parents significantly predicted the difficulties of emotion regulation. Additionally, it was determined that the perceived parental rejection of the individuals at the undergraduate or graduate education level was lower than the individuals with primary or secondary education. The results show that individuals can develop emotion regulation skills depending on their perception of the type of communication they have with their parents.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• emotion regulation
• emotion socialization
• parental acceptance rejection

Kaynakça

1. Akse, J., Hale, W. W., Engels, R. C., Raaijmakers, Q. A., & Meeus, W. H. (2004). Personality, perceived parental rejection and problem behavior in adolescence. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39(12), 980-988.
2. Alves-Martins, M., Peixoto, F., Gouveia-Pereira, M., Amaral, V., & Pedro, I. (2002). Self-esteem and academic achievement among adolescents. Educational psychology, 22(1), 51-62.
3. Bowlby, J. (1973). Separation: Anxiety and Anger, Attachment and Loss: Vol. 2. NewYork: Basic Books.
4. Bowlby, J. (1980). Loss, Attachment and Loss: Vol. 3. NewYork: Basic Books.
5. Bariola, E., Hughes, E. K. & Gullone, E. (2012). Relationships between parent and child emotion regulation strategy use: A brief report. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 21(3), 443–448.
6. Calkins, S. D. (2011). Biopsychosocial models and the study of family processes and child adjustment. Journal of Marriage and Family, 73(4), 817–821.
7. Calkins SD, Gill KL, Johnson MC, & Smith CL (1999). Emotional reactivity and emotional regulation strategies as predictors of social behavior with peers during toddlerhood. Social Development, 8, 310–334. doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00098
8. Cassidy, J. (1994). Emotion regulation: Influences of attachment relationships. Monographs of the society for research in child development, 59(2-3), 228-249.

9. Cooper, M. L., Shaver, P. R., & Collins, N. L. (1998). Attachment styles, emotion regulation, and adjustment in adolescence. Journal of personality and social psychology, 74(5), 1380-1397.
10. Crandall, A., Deater-Deckard, K., & Riley, A. W. (2015). Maternal emotion and cognitive control capacities and parenting: A conceptual framework. Developmental review: DR, 36, 105–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2015.01.004
11. Cui, L., Morris, A. S., Criss, M. M., Houltberg, B. J., & Silk, J. S. (2014). Parental psychological control and adolescent adjustment: The role of adolescent emotion regulation. Parenting: Science and Practice, 14, 47– 67.
12. Çalışır, M. (2009). Yetişkin bağlanma kuramı ve duygulanım düzenleme stratejilerinin depresyonla ilişkisi. Psikiyatride Güncel yaklaşımlar, 1(3), 240-255.
13. Çaha, H., Aydın, E.S., & Çaha, Ö. (2014). Değişen Türkiye’de kadın. KADEM, 1, 190-194.
14. Denham S.A., Mitchell-Copeland J., Strandberg K., Auerbach S., & Blair K. (1997). Parental contributions to preschoolers’ emotional competence: Direct and indirect effects. Motivation & Emotion, 21, 65–86.
15. Diaconu-Gherasim, L. R., & Măirean, C. (2016). Perception of parenting styles and academic achievement: The mediating role of goal orientations. Learning and Individual Differences, 49, 378-385.
16. Eisenberg N, & Morris AS (2002). Children’s emotion-related regulation. In Kail R. V. (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior, Vol. 30, 189–229. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. 12402675
17. Erdem T. (1990). The validity and reliability Turkish form of parental acceptance and rejection questionnaire. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul.
18. Fabes, R. A., Leonard, S. A., Kupanoff, K., & Martin, C. L. (2001). Parental coping with children's negative emotions: relations with children's emotional and social responding. Child development, 72(3), 907–920. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00323
19. Faraji, H. (2020). Borderline kişilik bozukluğunda duygu düzenleme ve ilk nesne ilişkileri ile ruhsal işleyişin Rorschach testindeki görünümü (Doktora Tezi). YÖK tez merkezinden edinilmiştir. (628244)
20. Frederickson, J. J., Messina, I., & Grecucci, A. (2018). Dysregulated anxiety and dysregulating defenses: Toward an emotion regulation informed dynamic psychotherapy. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 20-54.
21. Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-226.
22. Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment, 26(1), 41-54.
23. Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of general psychology, 2(3), 271-299.
24. Hughes, M., Blom, M., Rohner, R. P., & Britner, P. A. (2005). Bridging parental acceptance rejection theory and attachment theory in the preschool strange situation [Special Issue]. Ethos, 33, 378-401.
25. Jones S., Eisenberg N., Fabes R.A., & MacKinnon D.P. (2002). Parents’ reactions to elementary school children’s negative emotions: Relations to social and emotional functioning at school. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly. 48, 133–159.
26. Joshi, S., & Srivastava, R. (2009). Self-esteem and academic achievement of adolescents. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 35(spec iss), 33–39.
27. Karasu, R. Ö. (2020). Ebeveyn kabul reddi ve kişilerarası duygu düzenleme stratejileri ile sosyal kaygı arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi (Yüksek Lisans tezi). YÖK tez merkezinden edinilmiştir. (630130)
28. Khaleque, A., & Rohner, R. P. (2002). Perceived parental acceptance‐rejection and psychological adjustment: A meta‐analysis of cross‐cultural and intracultural studies. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(1), 54-64.
29. Khaleque, A., & Rohner, R. P. (2002b). Reliability of measures assessing the pancultural association between perceived parental acceptance-rejection and psychological adjustment: A metaanalysis of cross-cultural and intracultural studies. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33, 87-99.
30. LeMoyne, T., & Buchanan, T. (2011). Does “hovering” matter? Helicopter parenting and its effect on well-being. Sociological Spectrum, 31(4), 399-418.
31. Li D., Li D., Wu N., Wang Z. (2019). Intergenerational transmission of emotion regulation through parents’ reactions to children’s negative emotions: tests of unique, actor, partner, and mediating effects. Children Youth Services Review Vol. 101, 113–122.
32. Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2019). Attachment orientations and emotion regulation. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 6-10.
33. Moed, A., Gershoff, E. T., Eisenberg, N., Hofer, C., Losoya, S., Spinrad, T. L., & Liew, J. (2017). Parent–child negative emotion reciprocity and children's school success: An emotion‐attention process model. Social Development, 26(3), 560-574.
34. Özgüle, E. T. U., & Sümer, N. (2017). Ergenlikte duygu düzenleme ve psikolojik uyum: duygu düzenleme ölçeğinin türkçe uyarlaması. Turk Psikoloji Yazıları, 20(40), 1-18.
35. Pektaş, E. (2015). Üniversite öğrencilerinin algıladıkları ebeveyn kabul-reddi ile depresyon ve sürekli kaygı düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: duygu düzenleme güçlüklerinin aracı rolü (Yüksek Lisans tezi). YÖK tez merkezinden edinilmiştir. (399627)
36. Polat, A. S. (1988). Parental acceptance-rejection. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Bogazici University, Istanbul.
37. Robertson, J. F., & Simons, R. L. (1989). Family factors, self-esteem, and adolescent depression. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 125-138.
38. Rogers, M. L., Halberstadt, A. G., Castro, V. L., MacCormack, J. K., & Garrett-Peters, P. (2016). Maternal emotion socialization differentially predicts third-grade children's emotion regulation and lability. Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 16(2), 280–291. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000142
39. Rohner R. P. (2007). Handbook for the study of parental acceptance and rejection. USA: Rohner research publications.
40. Rohner, R. P. (1975). They Love Me, They Love Me Not: A Worldwide Study of the Effects of Parental Acceptance and Rejection. New Haven, Ct: HRAF Press.
41. Rohner, R. P. (1986). The warmth dimension: Foundations of parental acceptance-rejection theory. Sage Publications, Inc.
42. Rohner, R. P. (1986). The warmth dimension: Foundations of parental acceptance-rejection theory. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. (Available from Rohner Research Publications).
43. Rohner, R. P., & Khaleque, A. (2002). Perceived parental acceptance and rejection and psychological adjustment: A Meta analyses of cross-cultural and intracultural studies. National Council on Family Relations, 64(1): 54-64.
44. Rohner, R. P., & Khaleque, A. (2005). Handbook of parental acceptance and rejection (4th ed.). Storrs, CT: Rohner Research Publications.
45. Rohner, R. P., & Rohner, E. C. (1981). Parental acceptance-rejection and parental control: Crosscultural codes. Ethnology, 20, 245-260.
46. Ross, C. E., & Broh, B. A. (2000). The role of self-esteem and the sense of personal control in the academic achievement process. Sociology of Education, 73(4), 270–284.
47. Rutherford, H. J. V., Wallace, N. S., Laurent, H. K. ve Mayes, L. C. (2015). Emotion regulation in parenthood. Developmental Review, 36, 1–14.
48. Sameroff A (2010). Dynamic developmental systems: Chaos and order In Evans GW & Wachs TD (Eds.), Chaos and its influence on children’s development: An ecological perspective (pp. 255– 264). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/12057-016
49. Sarıtaş, D. ve Gençöz, T. (2012). Ergenlerin duygu durum düzenleme güçlüklerinin, annelerin duygu düzenleme güçlükleri ve çocuk yetiştirme davranışları ile ilişkisi. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 18, 117-126.
50. Schnuck, J., & Handal, P. J. (2011). Adjustment of college freshmen as predicted by both perceived parenting style and the five factor model of personality. Psychology, 2(4), 275–282.
51. Segrin, C., & Taylor, M. (2007). Positive interpersonal relationships mediate the association between social skills and psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(4), 637–646.
52. Shaver, P. R. & Mikulincer, M. (2007). Adult attachment strategies and the regulation of emotion. In Gross J. J. (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation, 446-465. New York: The Guilford Press.
53. Shenaar-Golan, V., Wald, N., & Yatzkar, U. (2017). Patterns of emotion regulation and emotion-related behaviors among parents of children with and without ADHD. Psychiatry research, 258, 494–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.090
54. Sobrinho, A. T., Campos, R. C. & Holden, R. R. (2016). Parental rejection, personality, and depression in the prediction of suicidality in a sample of nonclinical young adults. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 33(4), 554-570.
55. Starkey, S. L. (1980). The relationship between parental acceptance-rejection and the academic performance of fourth and fifth graders. Behavior Science Research, 15(1), 67-80.
56. Thompson, R. A. & Meyer, S. (2007). Socialization of Emotion Regulation in the Family. In Gross J. J. (Ed.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation (p.p. 249-268). New York: The Guilford Press.
57. Uddin, M. K. (2011). Parental Warmth and Academic Achievement of Adolescent Children. Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 21(1), 1-12.
58. Varan, A. (2003). EKAR kuramı değerlendirme araçlarının Türkiye güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Ege Üniversitesi, İzmir.
59. Warren H.K., & Stifter C.A. (2008). Maternal emotion-related socialization and preschoolers’ developing emotion self-awareness. Social Development. 17, 239–258.