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Invasion, Migration, or Out of India? A Critical Perspective on Aryan Theories

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 335 - 357, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1813971

Öz

Scholarly debate has long persisted regarding the Aryans' arrival in the Indian subcontinent, their interactions with local cultures, and the establishment of their civilizations. These discussions are examined through three theoretical frameworks: the Aryan Invasion Theory (AIT) formulated by Western Orientalists, the Aryan Migration Theory (AMT) developed as a response to it, and the Out of India Theory (OIT), recently advocated primarily within an Indian nationalist framework. This article analyzes the historical and philological emergence of these theories, their interpretation of archaeological findings, and their underlying assumptions. Thus, it aims to reveal the historiographical roles and ideologies of each approach. These theories offer distinct explanations for the arrival of Aryans, their local interactions, and the origins of the caste system. The article demonstrates that the AIT essentially portrays the Aryans as an external group that invaded and subjugated the local population through violence and discusses how this narrative took shape in a colonial context, particularly Max Müller’s philological studies and Mortimer Wheeler’s archaeological interpretations. In contrast, the AMT rejects the reductionist and racist assumptions of the AIT, arguing that the Aryans did not arrive in India through a sudden invasion, but through complex and multidimensional cultural contacts and migration processes spread over time. On the other hand, the OIT claims that the Aryans were already indigenous to India and that no external migration took place. This approach has forged strong ideological ties, particularly with the rise of Hindu nationalism in recent times, following Indian independence and has often strayed from scientific objectivity. This study draws attention to the fact that, especially the Turkish academic literature, these approaches are frequently used in an intertwined manner without being explicitly mentioned and points out that this leads to theoretical ambiguities in the writing of history and the interpretation of religious texts. Thus, the article has two main objectives. Firstly, to examine these three approaches separately and clearly demonstrate their differences. Secondly, among these approaches, the pluralistic and multi-layered approach offered by AMT is the most consistent in understanding the historical process of the Aryans. Using comparative analysis and document analysis methods, the article systematically examines the similarities and differences between these theories by mutually analysing the assumptions, academic arguments, and historical bases of the three theories. Furthermore, it attempts to reveal the context and intellectual background in which they emerged by analysing the claims and works of the representatives of the three theories.

Kaynakça

  • Anthony, David W. The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2007.
  • Arsal, Sadri Maksudi. Umumi Hukuk Tarihi. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1948.
  • Banerjee, Subrata Chattopadhyay. The Development of Aryan Invasion Theory in India: A Critique of Nineteenth-Century Social Constructionism. Singapore: Springer, 2019.
  • Bergunder, Michael. “Contested Past: Anti-Brahmanical and Hindu Nationalist Reconstructions of Indian Prehistory”. Historiographia Linguistica, 31/1 (2004): 59–104.
  • Bryant, Edwin. The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • Büyükbahçeci, Esra. “Hint’te Kast Sisteminin İlk İzleri ve Hint Edebiyatindaki Yeri”. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi 56/2 (2016): 238–255.
  • Childe, Vere Gordon. The Aryans: A Study of Indo-European Origins. New York: Dorset Press, 1987.
  • Danino, Michael. Invasion That Never Was. Delhi: The Mother’s Institute of Research, 1996. https://www.scribd.com/document/612368065/Invasion-That-Never-Was-Michel-Danino-1996
  • Dinç, Mehmet Hanefi. Eskiçağ Hindistan’da Siyasal ve Sosyal Yapı. Doktora Tezi, Denizli: Pamukkale Üniversitesi, , 2022.
  • Elst, Koenraad. Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan, 1999.
  • Farquhar, John Nicol. Modern Religious Movements in India. Londra: Macmillan, 1915.
  • Frawley, David. Ayurvedic Astrology: Self-Healing Through the Stars. Winconsin: Lotus Press, 2006.
  • Frawley, David. Ayurvedic Healing: A Comprehensive Guide. Winconsin: Lotus Press, 2000.
  • Frawley, David. The Myth of the Aryan Invasion of India. New Delhi: Voice of India, 2005.
  • Frawley, David. Yoga and Ayurveda: Self-Healing and Self-Realization. Winconsin: Lotus Press, 1999.
  • Guha, Sudeshna. “Negotiating Evidence: History, Archaeology and the Indus Civilisation”. Modern Asian Studies 39/2 (2005): 399–426.
  • Jonston, Mindy. “Bal Gangadhar Tilak”. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Erişim: 25.09.2025, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bal-Gangadhar-Tilak
  • Kaaij-Gandhi, Sanne van der. “Romila Thapar (1931–)”. History from Loss, ed. Marnie Hughes v.dğr., Londra: Routledge, 2023.
  • Kosambi, Damodar Dharmanand. An Introduction to the Study of Indian History. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan, 1975.
  • Küçük, Abdurrahman & Tümer, Günay. Dinler Tarihi, 5. bs. Ankara: Ocak Yayınları, 2002.
  • Küçüköner, Halide Rumeysa. “Hint Alt-Kitasinin Dini ve Kültürel Yapisinin Şekillenmesinde Arilerin Rolü”. Şarkiyat 10/2 (2018): 610–624.
  • Kutlutürk, Cemil. Hindu Kutsal Metinleri: Upanişadlar. İstanbul: Dergâh Yayınları, 2014.
  • Kutlutürk, Cemil. “Sanatana Dharma/Hinduizm. Dünya Dinleri, ed. Şinasi Gündüz. 183–200. İstanbul: MilelNihal Yayınları, 2019.
  • Lal, B. B. “Aryan Invasion of India: Perpetuation of a Myth”. The Indo-Aryan Controversy, ed. Edwin Bryant v.dğr., Oxon: Routledge, 2004.
  • Leopold, Joan. “British Applications of the Aryan Theory of Race to India, 1850-1870”. The English Historical Review 89/352 (1974): 578–603.
  • Misra, Satya Swarup. The Aryan Problem, a Linguistic Approach. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1992.
  • Misra, Satya Swarup. ‘The Date of Rigveda and the Aryan Migration’. The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History, ed. Edwin Bryant v.dğr., 181–233. Londra: Routledge, 2004.
  • Müller, Friedrich Max. India: What Can It Teach Us? : A Course of Lectures. Londra: Longmans, Green, 1883.
  • Müller, Friedrich Max. On the Relation of the Bengali to the Arian and Aboriginal Languages of India.. Londra: British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1847.
  • Nanda, Meera. “Hindu Triumphalism and the Clash of Civilisations”. Economic and Political Weekly 44/28 (2009): 106–114.
  • Narasimhan, Vagheesh. “The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia”. Science 365/6457 (2019):1-14.
  • Parpola, Asko. Deciphering the Indus Script. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
  • Parpola, Asko. “The Coming of the Aryans to Iran and India and the Cultural and Ethnic Identity of the Dāsas”Studia Orientalia Electronica 64 (1988): 195–302.
  • Parpola, Asko. The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • Pirhabi, M. Reza. “Demons in Hindutva: Writing a Theology for Hindu Nationalism”. Modern Intellectual History 5/1 (2008): 27–53.
  • Poliakov, Léon. The Aryan Myth: A History of Racist and Nationalist Ideas in Europe. Londra: Sussex Univenity Press, 1971.
  • Reich, David. Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.
  • Renfrew, Colin. Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins. Londra: Penguin Books, 1989.
  • Risley, Herbert. The People of India. Londra: Asian Educational Services, 1999.
  • Schwab, Raymond. Oriental Renaissance: Europe’s Rediscovery of India and the East, 1680-1880. New York: Columbia University Press, 1984.
  • Shinde, Vasant v.dğr. “An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers”. Cell 179/3 (2019): 729-735.
  • Talageri, Shrikant G. The Aryan Invasion Theory: A Reappraisal. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan, 1993.
  • Teignmouth, John Shore Baron. The Works of Sir William Jones: With the Life of the Author. Londra: J. Stockdale and J. Walker, 1807.
  • Thapar, Romila. Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations. New Delhi: Orient Longman, 1978.
  • Thapar, Romila. Recent Perspectives of Early Indian History. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan, 1995.
  • Thapar, Romila. The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. Londra: Penguin Books, 2002.
  • Thapar, Romila. “The Theory of Aryan Race and India: History and Politics”. Social Scientist 24/1/3 (1996): 3–29.
  • Tilak, Bal Gangadhar. The Arctic Home in the Vedas: Being Also a New Key to the Interpretation of Many Vedic Texts and Legends. Poona: Messrs. Tilak Bros, 1908.
  • Tilak, Bal Gangadhar. The Orion, Or, Researches Into the Antiquity of the Vedas. Bombay: Mrs Radhabai Atmaram Sagoon Bookseller and Publisher, 1893.
  • Trautmann, Thomas R. Aryans and British India. New Delhi: Yoda Press, 2005.
  • Weber, Weber. “Objectivity’ in Social Science and Social Policy”. The Methodology of the Social Sciences, (1949): 49–112.
  • Wheeler, Mortimer. “Harappa 1946: The Defences and Cemetery R-37”. Ancient India 3 (1947): 58–130.
  • Wheeler, Mortimer. The Indus Civilization. Londra: Book Club Associates, 3. Baskı., 1968.
  • Witzel, Michael. “Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts”. Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies 7/3 (2001): 1–118.
  • Witzel, Michael. “Early ‘Aryans’ and Their Neighbors Outside and inside India”. Journal of Biosciences 44/3 (2019): 1–10.
  • Witzel, Michael. “Rama’s Realm: Indocentric Rewritings of Early South Asian Archaeology and History”. Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public, ed. Garrett G. Fagan. 203–232. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006.
  • Yitik, Ali İhsan. “Hinduizm”. Yaşayan Dünya Dinleri, ed. Şinasi Gündüz. 277–305. Ankara: Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Yayınları, 2007.

İstila mı, Göç mü, Hindistan Çıkışlı mı? Āryan Teorileri Üzerine Bir Bakış

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 335 - 357, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1813971

Öz

Āryanların Hint-alt kıtasına ne şekilde geldikleri, geldiklerinde karşılaşmış oldukları yerel kültürlerle nasıl bir etkileşimde bulundukları ve kurmuş oldukları medeniyetleri hangi ortam ve bağlamda gerçekleştirdiklerine dair soru(n)lar akademide uzun zamandır tartışılagelmiştir. Bu tartışmalar üç teorik yaklaşımla incelenmiştir: Batılı oryantalistler tarafından oluşturulan Āryan İstilası Teorisi (AIT), buna bir yanıt şeklinde geliştirilen Āryan Göç Teorisi (AMT) ve son dönemde Hindistan merkezli olarak savunulan Hindistan Çıkışlı Teori (OIT). Bu makalede, bahsi geçen teorilerin tarihsel ve filolojik bağlamda nasıl ortaya çıktığı, Hindistan’da yapılan arkeolojik bulguları nasıl yorumladıkları ve hangi varsayımlara dayandığı detaylı bir şekilde analiz edilmektedir. Böylece bu üç yaklaşımın tarih yazımında oynadıkları rollerin ve ideolojilerin ortaya konulması hedeflenmektedir. Zira bu teoriler, Āryanların bölgeye geliş şekillerinin, yerel kültürlerle etkileşiminin nasıl olduğu ve Hindistan’da oluşturulan kast sisteminin temellerinin nasıl atıldığına dair birbirinden farklı yanıtlar sunmaktadır. Makalede, AIT’nin temel olarak Āryanları dışarıdan istila yoluyla gelen ve yerel halkı şiddet yoluyla egemenliği altına alan bir topluluk olarak ele aldığı gösterilip bu anlatının sömürgeci bağlamda nasıl şekillendiği ele alınmıştır. Özellikle Max Müller’in filolojik çalışmaları ve Mortimer Wheeler’ın arkeolojik yorumları AIT’nin kurgulanmasına sebep olmuştur. Buna karşılık AMT, AIT’nin indirgemeci ve ırkçı varsayımlarını reddederek, Āryanların Hindistan’a ani bir istila ile değil zamana yayılan, karmaşık ve çok boyutlu kültürel temaslar ve göç süreçleri yoluyla ulaştığını öne sürmektedir. Öte yandan OIT ise Āryanların zaten Hindistan kökenli olduğunu ve herhangi bir dış göçün yaşanmadığını iddia etmektedir. Bu yaklaşım özellikle Hindistan bağımsızlığı sonrası son zamanlarda artan Hindu milliyetçiliği ile güçlü ideolojik bağlar kurmuş ve çoğu zaman bilimsel nesnellikten uzaklaşmıştır. Bu çalışma ile bilhassa Türkiye’deki akademik literatürde bu yaklaşımların çoğu zaman isimleri dahi anılmadan içeriksel olarak iç içe geçmiş biçimde kullanıldığına dikkat çekilerek bunun tarih yazımı ve dinî metinlerin yorumlanmasında teorik belirsizliklere yol açtığı belirtilmektedir. Böylece makalede iki temel hedef gözetilmiştir. İlki, bu üç yaklaşımın ne olduğunu ayrı ayrı ele alıp bunların farklılıklarını açık bir şekilde göstermektir. İkincisi, bu yaklaşımlar arasında AMT’nin sunmuş olduğu çoğulcu ve katmanlı yaklaşımın Āryanların tarihsel sürecini anlamada en tutarlı yaklaşım olduğuna işaret etmektir. Makale karşılaştırmalı analiz ve doküman analizi yöntemlerinden faydalanarak üç teorinin varsayımlarını, akademik argümanlarını ve tarihsel dayanaklarını karşılıklı bir şekilde analiz ederek bu teorilerin benzerliklerini ve farklılıklarını sistematik bir şekilde ele almaktadır. Ayrıca üç teorinin temsilcilerinin iddiaları ve eserleri çözümlenerek bunların ortaya çıktıkları bağlam ve entelektüel arka plan gösterilmeye çalışılacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Anthony, David W. The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2007.
  • Arsal, Sadri Maksudi. Umumi Hukuk Tarihi. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1948.
  • Banerjee, Subrata Chattopadhyay. The Development of Aryan Invasion Theory in India: A Critique of Nineteenth-Century Social Constructionism. Singapore: Springer, 2019.
  • Bergunder, Michael. “Contested Past: Anti-Brahmanical and Hindu Nationalist Reconstructions of Indian Prehistory”. Historiographia Linguistica, 31/1 (2004): 59–104.
  • Bryant, Edwin. The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • Büyükbahçeci, Esra. “Hint’te Kast Sisteminin İlk İzleri ve Hint Edebiyatindaki Yeri”. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi 56/2 (2016): 238–255.
  • Childe, Vere Gordon. The Aryans: A Study of Indo-European Origins. New York: Dorset Press, 1987.
  • Danino, Michael. Invasion That Never Was. Delhi: The Mother’s Institute of Research, 1996. https://www.scribd.com/document/612368065/Invasion-That-Never-Was-Michel-Danino-1996
  • Dinç, Mehmet Hanefi. Eskiçağ Hindistan’da Siyasal ve Sosyal Yapı. Doktora Tezi, Denizli: Pamukkale Üniversitesi, , 2022.
  • Elst, Koenraad. Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan, 1999.
  • Farquhar, John Nicol. Modern Religious Movements in India. Londra: Macmillan, 1915.
  • Frawley, David. Ayurvedic Astrology: Self-Healing Through the Stars. Winconsin: Lotus Press, 2006.
  • Frawley, David. Ayurvedic Healing: A Comprehensive Guide. Winconsin: Lotus Press, 2000.
  • Frawley, David. The Myth of the Aryan Invasion of India. New Delhi: Voice of India, 2005.
  • Frawley, David. Yoga and Ayurveda: Self-Healing and Self-Realization. Winconsin: Lotus Press, 1999.
  • Guha, Sudeshna. “Negotiating Evidence: History, Archaeology and the Indus Civilisation”. Modern Asian Studies 39/2 (2005): 399–426.
  • Jonston, Mindy. “Bal Gangadhar Tilak”. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Erişim: 25.09.2025, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bal-Gangadhar-Tilak
  • Kaaij-Gandhi, Sanne van der. “Romila Thapar (1931–)”. History from Loss, ed. Marnie Hughes v.dğr., Londra: Routledge, 2023.
  • Kosambi, Damodar Dharmanand. An Introduction to the Study of Indian History. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan, 1975.
  • Küçük, Abdurrahman & Tümer, Günay. Dinler Tarihi, 5. bs. Ankara: Ocak Yayınları, 2002.
  • Küçüköner, Halide Rumeysa. “Hint Alt-Kitasinin Dini ve Kültürel Yapisinin Şekillenmesinde Arilerin Rolü”. Şarkiyat 10/2 (2018): 610–624.
  • Kutlutürk, Cemil. Hindu Kutsal Metinleri: Upanişadlar. İstanbul: Dergâh Yayınları, 2014.
  • Kutlutürk, Cemil. “Sanatana Dharma/Hinduizm. Dünya Dinleri, ed. Şinasi Gündüz. 183–200. İstanbul: MilelNihal Yayınları, 2019.
  • Lal, B. B. “Aryan Invasion of India: Perpetuation of a Myth”. The Indo-Aryan Controversy, ed. Edwin Bryant v.dğr., Oxon: Routledge, 2004.
  • Leopold, Joan. “British Applications of the Aryan Theory of Race to India, 1850-1870”. The English Historical Review 89/352 (1974): 578–603.
  • Misra, Satya Swarup. The Aryan Problem, a Linguistic Approach. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1992.
  • Misra, Satya Swarup. ‘The Date of Rigveda and the Aryan Migration’. The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History, ed. Edwin Bryant v.dğr., 181–233. Londra: Routledge, 2004.
  • Müller, Friedrich Max. India: What Can It Teach Us? : A Course of Lectures. Londra: Longmans, Green, 1883.
  • Müller, Friedrich Max. On the Relation of the Bengali to the Arian and Aboriginal Languages of India.. Londra: British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1847.
  • Nanda, Meera. “Hindu Triumphalism and the Clash of Civilisations”. Economic and Political Weekly 44/28 (2009): 106–114.
  • Narasimhan, Vagheesh. “The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia”. Science 365/6457 (2019):1-14.
  • Parpola, Asko. Deciphering the Indus Script. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
  • Parpola, Asko. “The Coming of the Aryans to Iran and India and the Cultural and Ethnic Identity of the Dāsas”Studia Orientalia Electronica 64 (1988): 195–302.
  • Parpola, Asko. The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • Pirhabi, M. Reza. “Demons in Hindutva: Writing a Theology for Hindu Nationalism”. Modern Intellectual History 5/1 (2008): 27–53.
  • Poliakov, Léon. The Aryan Myth: A History of Racist and Nationalist Ideas in Europe. Londra: Sussex Univenity Press, 1971.
  • Reich, David. Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.
  • Renfrew, Colin. Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins. Londra: Penguin Books, 1989.
  • Risley, Herbert. The People of India. Londra: Asian Educational Services, 1999.
  • Schwab, Raymond. Oriental Renaissance: Europe’s Rediscovery of India and the East, 1680-1880. New York: Columbia University Press, 1984.
  • Shinde, Vasant v.dğr. “An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers”. Cell 179/3 (2019): 729-735.
  • Talageri, Shrikant G. The Aryan Invasion Theory: A Reappraisal. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan, 1993.
  • Teignmouth, John Shore Baron. The Works of Sir William Jones: With the Life of the Author. Londra: J. Stockdale and J. Walker, 1807.
  • Thapar, Romila. Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations. New Delhi: Orient Longman, 1978.
  • Thapar, Romila. Recent Perspectives of Early Indian History. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan, 1995.
  • Thapar, Romila. The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. Londra: Penguin Books, 2002.
  • Thapar, Romila. “The Theory of Aryan Race and India: History and Politics”. Social Scientist 24/1/3 (1996): 3–29.
  • Tilak, Bal Gangadhar. The Arctic Home in the Vedas: Being Also a New Key to the Interpretation of Many Vedic Texts and Legends. Poona: Messrs. Tilak Bros, 1908.
  • Tilak, Bal Gangadhar. The Orion, Or, Researches Into the Antiquity of the Vedas. Bombay: Mrs Radhabai Atmaram Sagoon Bookseller and Publisher, 1893.
  • Trautmann, Thomas R. Aryans and British India. New Delhi: Yoda Press, 2005.
  • Weber, Weber. “Objectivity’ in Social Science and Social Policy”. The Methodology of the Social Sciences, (1949): 49–112.
  • Wheeler, Mortimer. “Harappa 1946: The Defences and Cemetery R-37”. Ancient India 3 (1947): 58–130.
  • Wheeler, Mortimer. The Indus Civilization. Londra: Book Club Associates, 3. Baskı., 1968.
  • Witzel, Michael. “Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts”. Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies 7/3 (2001): 1–118.
  • Witzel, Michael. “Early ‘Aryans’ and Their Neighbors Outside and inside India”. Journal of Biosciences 44/3 (2019): 1–10.
  • Witzel, Michael. “Rama’s Realm: Indocentric Rewritings of Early South Asian Archaeology and History”. Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public, ed. Garrett G. Fagan. 203–232. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006.
  • Yitik, Ali İhsan. “Hinduizm”. Yaşayan Dünya Dinleri, ed. Şinasi Gündüz. 277–305. Ankara: Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Yayınları, 2007.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Dinler Tarihi, Dini Araştırmalar (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Esra Akay Dağ 0000-0002-1477-0861

Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Ekim 2025
Kabul Tarihi 28 Kasım 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Akay Dağ, Esra. “İstila mı, Göç mü, Hindistan Çıkışlı mı? Āryan Teorileri Üzerine Bir Bakış”. Oksident 7/2 (Aralık2025), 335-357. https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1813971.