The Emergence of Gnostic-Manichaean Christianity as a Case of Religious Identity in the Making

Yıl 2019, , 221 - 236, 31.12.2019

Johannes Van Oort Çevirmen: Nevfel Akyar

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3592479

Öz

In view of the theme of this conference, Manichaeism seems to be an appropriate subject to illustrate religious and, in particular, ecclesiastical identity in the making. The religion or church of Mani emerged from a Jewish-Christian sect. This means that in the earliest phase of its history, this movement had to assert its own identity over and against a Jewish-Christian community whose identity and profile were already well-established. Since the discovery of the Cologne Mani-Codex, we have unique evidence that demonstrates how Manichaean identity took its initial shape. In this article I will focus on this first stage of the emergence of Manichaeism, paying special attention to those elements which, aside from pointing to Mani as the Revealer par excellence, indicate the rise and function of authoritative sources within the Manichaean religion. The way in which Gnostic-Manichaean Christianity on the one hand and mainstream Catholic  Christianity on the other would later influence each other, thereby contributing to the formation of their respective identities, will be touched upon at the end

Bir Dinî Kimlik İnşâ Örneği Olarak Gnostik-Maniheist Hıristiyanlığın Ortaya Çıkışı

Öz

Bu tartışmanın teması açısından Maniheizm, özellikle kiliseye ait kimliğin ve dinin ortaya çıkışını betimlemek için uygun bir alan gibi görünmektedir. Maniheizm veya Mani kilisesi bir Yahudi-Hıristiyan mezhebinden ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu, söz konusu hareketin ortaya çıkışının ilk evresinde, kimliği ve profili halihazırda iyi oluşturulmuş bir Yahudi-Hıristiyan cemaati üzerinden ve ona karşı kendi kimliğini ifade etmek zorunda olduğu anlamına gelir. Köln Mani Kodeksi’nin keşfinden beri Maniheizm’in ilk şeklini nasıl edindiğini gösteren benzersiz kanıtlara sahibiz. Bu makalede, Maniheizm'in ortaya çıkışının bu ilk aşamasına odaklanacağız. Mani'yi kusursuz bir Elçi (Revealer) olarak göstermesinin dışında, Mani dinindeki otoriter kaynakların ortaya çıkışını ve fonksiyonlarını işaret eden unsurlara özellikle dikkat çekeceğiz. Nihayet bir taraftan Gnostik-Maniheist Hıristiyanlığın diğer taraftan ana akım Katolik  Hıristiyanlığın daha sonraki süreçte birbirlerini etkileyen ve böylelikle kendi şahsi kimliklerinin oluşmasına katkıda bulunan hususlara değinilecektir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dinler Tarihi, Maniheizm, Gnostizm, Hristiyanlık, Yahudilik

Kaynakça

• Augustinus. De haeresibus 46,16. t.y.
• Beck, Edmund. Ephräms Polemik gegen Mani und die Manichäer im Rahmen der zeitgenössischen griechischen Polemik und der des Augustinus. Louvain: Peeters Publishers, 1978.
• Böhlig, Alexander. Die Gnosis / III, Der Manichäismus. Zürich & München: Artemis Verlag, 1980.
• Böhlig, Alexander. “Manichäismus”. Theologische Realenzyklopädie 22 (1992): 25-45.
• Brown, Peter. Religion and Society in the Age of Augustine. London: Faber and Faber, 1972.
• Brown, Peter. The Diffusion of Manichaeism in the Roman Empire. London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, 1969.
• Cirillo, Luigi. “From the Elchasaite Christology to the Manichaean Apostle of Light”. Napoli: ISD, 2005.
• Cumont, Franz. “Une inscription manichéenne de Salone”. Revue d’histoire ecclésiastique 9 (1908).
• Cumont, Franz & Marc-Antoine Kugener. Recherches sur le Manichéisme. Bruxelles: H. Lamentin, 1912.
• De Stoop, Emile. Essai sur la diffusion du manichéisme dans l’empire romain. Gand: E. van Goethem, 1909.
• Decret, François. Mani et la tradition manichéenne. Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1974.
• Frankfurter, David. “Apocalypses Real and Alleged in the Mani Codex”. Numen 1/44 (1997): 60-73.
• Gulácsi, Zsuzsanna. Manichaean Art in Berlin Collections (Corpus Fontium Manichaeorum, Series Archaeologica et Iconographica I). Turnhout: Brepols, 2001.
• Henning, Wilhelm. Ein manichäisches Bet- und Beichtbuch (APAW, Phil.-hist. Klasse, 1936, Nr. 10). Berlin: Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1937.
• Henrichs, Albert v.dğr. (çev.). “Der Kölner Mani-Kodex (P. Colon. inv. nr. 4780) Περὶ τῆς γέννης τοῦ σώματος αὐτοῦ: Edition der seiten 1-72”. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 19 (1975): 1-85.
• Henrichs, Albert v.dğr. (çev.). Der Kölner Mani-Kodex: Über das Werden seines Leibes: kritische Edition. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1988.
• Henrichs, Albert & Ludwig Koenen (çev.). “Der Kölner Mani-Kodex (P. Colon. inv. nr. 4780) Περὶ τῆϲ γέννηϲ τοῦ ϲώματοϲ αὐτοῦ Edition der Seiten 72,8-99,9”. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 32 (1978): 87-199.
• Henrichs, Albert & Ludwig Koenen (çev.). “Der Kölner Mani-Kodex (P. Colon. Inv. Nr. 4780): Περὶ τῆϲ γέννχϲ τοῦ ϲώματοϲ αὐτοῦ Edition der Seiten 99, 10-120”. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 44 (1981): 201-318.
• Henrichs, Albert & Ludwig Koenen (çev.). “Der Kölner Mani-Kodex (P.Colon. Inv.Nr. 4780) Περὶ τῆϲ γέννηϲ τοῦ ϲώματοϲ αὐτοῦ: Edition der Seiten 121-192”. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 48 (1982): 1-59.
• Jones, F. Stanley. “The Astrological Trajectory in Ancient Syriac-Speaking Christianity (Elchasai, Bardaisan, and Mani)”. ed. Luigi Cirillo & Alois van Tongerloo, Lovanii: Brepols, 1997.
• Klein, Wolfgang W. Die Argumentation in den griechisch-christlichen Antimanichaica. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1991.
• Klimkeit, Hans-Joachim. Manichaean art and calligraphy. Leiden: Brill, 1982.
• Klimkeit, Hans-Joachim. “Vom Wesen manichäischer Kunst”. Zeitschrift für Religions- und Geistesgeschichte 3/34 (1982): 195-219.
• Koenen, Ludwig & Cornelia Römer. Der Kölner Mani-Kodex: Abbildungen und diplomatischer Text. Bonn, 1985.
• Lieu, Samuel N. C. Manichaeism in Central Asia and China. Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, 1998.
• Lieu, Samuel N. C. Manichaeism in Mesopotamia and the Roman East. Leiden, New York, Köln: Brill, 1994.
• Lieu, Samuel N. C. Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China. Tübingen: Mohr, 1992.
• Lieu, Samuel N. C. & Judith M. Lieu. “Mani and the Magians (?) – CMC 137-140”. Manichaeism in Mesopotamia and the Roman East, Leiden, New York, Köln: Brill, 1999, 1-21.
• Machabey, Armand. La cantillation manichéenne. Notation hypothétique, métrique, analogies. Paris: Richard-Masse, 1955.
• Nagel, Peter. “Der Parakletenspruch des Mani (Keph. 14,7-11) und die altsyrische Evangelienübersetzung”. Festschrift zum 150-jährigen Bestehen des Berliner Ägyptischen Museums (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Mitteilungen aus der Ägyptischen Sammlung 8), Berlin, 1974, 303-313.
• Nedîm, Muhammed bin İshak el-. Mani, seine Lehre und seine Schriften: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Manichaismus. Aus dem Fihrist des Abu ’l faradsch Muhammad ben Isḥak al-Warrâk. Çev. Gustav Flügel, Leipzig: F A Brockhaus, 1962.
• Nedîm, Muhammed bin İshak el-. The Fihrist of al-Nadîm A Tenth-Century Survey of Muslim Culture. Çev. Bayard Dodge, New York, London: Columbia University Press, 1970.
• Oort, Johannes van v.dğr. “Augustine and Manichaeism in the Latin West”. Nag Hammadi and Manichaean studies Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, 2001.
• Oort, Johannes van. “Elkesaiten”. Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, Brill, 1999, 4: 1227-1228.
• Oort, Johannes van. “Manichäismus”. Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, Brill, 2002, 5: 732-741.
• Oort, Johannes van. “New Directions in Manichaean Research”. Le Muséon 106 (1993): 237-254.
• Oort, Johannes van. “The Study of the Cologne Mani Codex, 1969-1994”. Manichaean Studies Newsletter 13 (1996): 22-30.
• Ort, L. J. R. Mani: a Religio-Historical Description of His Personality. Leiden: Brill, 1967.
• Polotsky, Hans Jakob & Alexander Böhlig. Kephalaia I, 1. Hälfte (Manichäische Handschriften der Staatlichen Museen Berlin). Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1940.
• Pseudo-Clementina. “Die Pseudoklementinen I: Homilien”. Die Griechischen Christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten Jahrhunderte, ed. Bernhard Rehm v.dğr., 1969, c. 42.
• Pseudo-Clementina. “Die Pseudoklementinen II: Rekognitionen in Rufins Übersetzung”. Die Griechischen Christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten Jahrhunderte, ed. Bernhard Rehm & Franz Paschke, 1965, c. 51.
• Puech, Henri-Charles. Le manichéisme: Son fondateur, sa doctrine. Paris: Civilisations du Sud, 1949.
• Puech, Henri-Charles. “Musique et hymnologie manichéennes”. Encyclopédie des musiques sacrées, ed. Jacques Porte, Paris: Labergerie, 1968, 1: 354-386.
• Puech, Henri-Charles. Sur le manichéisme et autres essais. Paris: Flammarion, 1979.
• Quispel, Gilles. “Genius and Spirit”. Essays on the Nag Hammadi Texts in Honour of Pahor Labib (Nag Hammadi Studies VI), ed. Martin Krause, Leiden: Brill, 1975, 103–118.
• Quispel, Gilles. “Mani et la tradition évangélique des judéo-chrétiens”. Judéo-christianisme. Recherches historiques et théologiques offerts au cardinal J. Daniélou, Paris: Aux Bureaux de la Revue, 1972, 143-150.
• Quispel, Gilles. “Mani the Apostle of Jesus Christ”. Gnostic Studies, İstanbul, 1975, 2: 230-237.
• Reeves, John C. Heralds of that Good Realm. Syro-Mesopotamian Gnosis and Jewish Traditions (Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies XLI). Leiden, New York, Boston: Brill, 1996.
• Reeves, John C. “The Elchasaite Sanhedrin of the Cologne Mani Codex in Light of Second Temple Jewish Sectarian Sources”. Journal of Jewish Studies 42 (1991): 68-91.
• Römer, Cornelia. Manis Frühe Missionsreisen nach der Kölner Manibiographie: Textkritischer Kommentar und Erläuterungen zu p. 121 – p. 192 des Kölner Mani-Kodex. Opladen, 1994.
• Säve-Söderbergh, Torgny. Studies in the Coptic Manichaean psalm-book : Prosody and Mandaean parallels. Uppsala: Vilhelm Ekmans Universitetsfond, 1949.
• Schoeps, Hans-Joachim. Theologie und Geschichte des Judenchristentums. Tübingen: Mohr, 1949.
• Sundermann, Werner. “Der Paraklet in der ostmanichäischen Überlieferung”. Manichaean Studies ed. P. Bryder, 1988.
• Sundermann, Werner. “Studien zur kirchengeschichtlichen Literatur der iranischen Manichäer III”. Altorientalische Forschungen 1-2/14 (1987): 41-107.
• Tardieu, Michel. Le manichéisme. Paris: Institut français d’iranologie, 1981.