Mikroplastiklerin Yenidoğan Maruziyeti ve İmmün Sistem Üzerine Etkileri

Öz

Mikroplastikler (MP'ler), çevre ve insan sağlığına yönelik potansiyel riskler taşıdıklarından küresel arenada hararetle tartışılan sıcak gündem konularından biridir. Hamilelik, bebeklik ve çocukluk, çevresel maruziyet için hassas pencerelerdir. Ancak nano ve mikroplastiklere (NMP'ler) maruz kalmanın sağlık üzerindeki etkileri henüz büyük ölçüde araştırılmamış veya bu konuda spesifik olarak belirlenmiş metotlarla yapılan özellikle erken yaşam maruziyeti açısından incelemelere literatürde rastlanılmamıştır. Bu derlemede amaç, MP’ler üzerinde yapılan toksikolojik araştırmaların çocuklar özellikle de yenidoğanlar üzerinde henüz yeterince odaklanılmadığı düşünülerek bu konuda literatür boşluklarını doldurmak, ilgili sektörler, karar vericiler ve toplumun her kesiminden ferdin bilinçlendirilmesini sağlamaktır. Ayrıca, bu farkındalık sayesinde, yaşamın erken dönemlerinde plastiğe maruziyetin azaltılmasına yönelik fırsatlara vesile olacak tedbirlere yönelik öneriler sunmaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Mikroplastikler
• İnsan maruziyeti
• Yenidoğan
• İmmün sistem
• Erken gelişim dönemi
• Çevre kirliliği

Effects of Microplastics on Newborn Exposure and Immune System

Öz

Microplastics (MPs) are one of the hot topics that are deeply debated in the global arena, as they pose potential risks to the environment and human health. Pregnancy, infancy and childhood are sensitive windows for environmental exposure. However, the effects of exposure to nano and microplastics (NMPs) on health have not been studied to a large extent, or studies with specific methods on this subject, especially in terms of early life exposure, have not been found in the literature. The aim of this review is to fill the gaps in the literature on this subject, considering that toxicological studies on MPs have not yet focused on children, especially newborns, and to raise awareness of the relevant sectors, decision makers and individuals from all segments of the society. In addition, through this awareness, it is to offer suggestions for measures that will lead to opportunities to reduce exposure to plastic in the early stages of life.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Microplastics
• Human exposure
• Newborn
• Immune system
• Early development stage
• Environmental pollution

Kaynakça

1. Amato-Lourenço LF., Dos Santos Galvão L., de Weger LA., Hiemstra PS., Vijver MG., Mauad T. An emerging class of air pollutants: potential effects of micro-plastics to respiratory human health? Science of the Total Environment 2020; 749: 141676.
2. Amran NH., Zaid SSM., Mokhtar MH., Manaf LA., Othman S. Exposure to microplastics during early developmental stage: Review of Current Evidence. Toxics 2022; 10(10): 597.
3. Barboza LGA., Lopes C., Oliveira P., Bessa F., Otero V., Henriques B., Guilhermino, L. Microplastics in wild fish from North East Atlantic Ocean and its potential for causing neurotoxic effects, lipid oxidative damage, and human health risks associated with ingestion exposure. Science of the Total Environment 2020; 717: 134625.
4. Braun T., Ehrlich L., Henrich W., Koeppel S., Lomako I., Schwabl P., Liebmann B. Detection of microplastic in human placenta and meconium in a clinicalsetting. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13(7): 921.
5. Brennecke D., Duarte B., Paiva F., Cacador I., Canning-Clode J. Microplastics as vectors for heavy metal contamination from the marine environment. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 2016; 178: 189–195.
6. Burgos-Aceves MA., Abo-Al-Ela HG., Faggio C. Physiological and metabolic approach of plastic additive effects: immune cells responses. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2021; 404: 124114.
7. Callaghan B., McCormack C., Tottenham N., Monk C. Evidence for cognitive plasticity during pregnancy via enhanced learning and memory. Memory 2022; 30(5): 519-536.
8. Camacho M., Herrera A., Gómez M., Acosta-Dacal A., Martínez I., Henríquez-Hernández L., Luzardo OP. Organic pollutants in marine plastic debris from Canary Islands beaches. Science of the Total Environment 2019; 662: 22–31.

9. Campanale C., Massarelli C., Savino I., Locaputo V., Uricchio VF. A detailed review study on potential effects of microplastics and additives of concern on human health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020; 17(4): 1212.
10. Carbery M., O'Connor W, Palanisami T. Trophic transfer of microplastics and mixed contaminants in the marine food web and implications for human health. Environmental International 2018; 115: 400-409.
11. Chen Q., Lackmann C., Wang W., Seiler TB., Hollert H., Shi H. Microplastics lead to hyperactive swimming behaviour in adult zebrafish. Aquatic Toxicology 2020; 224: 105521.
12. Cho YM., Choi KH. The current status of studies of human exposure assessment of microplastics and their health effects: a rapid systematic review. Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology 2021; 36(1): e2021004-0.
13. Cincinelli A., Scopetani C., Chelazzi D., Lombardini E., Martellini T., Katsoyiannis A., Fossi MC., Corsolini S. Microplastic in the surface waters of the Ross Sea (Antarctica): Occurrence, distribution and characterization by FTIR. Chemosphere 2017; 175: 391-400.