Nanopartiküller, Bitki Aktivatörü ve Bazı Kimyasalların Domates Bitkilerinde Bakteriyel Kanser ve Solgunluk Hastalığının Baskılanması Üzerine Antibakteriyel Etkisi

Öz

Bakteriyel kanser ve solgunluk hastalığına neden olan Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) domateste önemli bir patojendir. Bu çalışmada iki farklı metal nanopartikül [nano gümüş (AgNps) ve nano bakır (CuNps)], bitki aktivatörü (ISR-2000), bakır hidroksit ve iki yeni kimyasal bileşiğin [sodyum pentaborate pentahidrat (SPP), disodyum octaborate tetrahidrat (DOT)] hastalık üzerine olan baskılayıcı etkisi araştırılmıştır. Nanopartiküller (AgNps ve CuNps) hariç diğer dört uygulama hastalık çıkışını in vivo koşullarda baskılamada başarı göstermiştir. ISR-2000 ve bakır hidroksit uygulamaları domates bitkisinde hastalık çıkışını sırasıyla %78 ve %46 oranında baskılayan en başarılı uygulamalar olarak belirlenmiştir. SPP ve DOT uygulamaları hastalık çıkışını %28 ve %33 oranlarında baskılayan diğer başarılı uygulamalar olmakla birlikte domates yapraklarında fitotoksik etki göstermiştir. Bu nedenle SPP ve DOT içerikli kimyasallar, pestisitlerin aktif maddelerine eklenerek pestisitlerin etkisi artırılabilir ancak daha detaylı araştırmalara ihtiyaç olduğu açıktır. Nanopartiküller (AgNps ve CuNps) in vitro denemelerde umut verici antibakteriyel sonuçlar verirken, in vivo denemelerde aynı etkiyi gösterememiştir. Bu sonuçlar bitki aktivatörlerinin bakteriyel enfeksiyonu baskılamada en başarılı uygulama olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu uygulamalar özellikle kimyasallara direnç geliştirmiş patojenlere karşı alternatif, çevreye dost uygulamalar olarak büyük önem taşımaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Nanopartikül
• Bakteriyel Solgunluk
• SPP
• DOT

Antibacterial Effect of Nanoparticles, Plant Activator and Some Chemicals on Suppression of Bacterial Cancer and Wilt Disease in Tomatoes

Öz

Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), causal agent of Bacterial Canker and Wilt Disease are the important pathogens in tomatoes. In this study, the effects of two different nanoparticles [nano silver (AgNps) and nano copper (CuNps)], a plant activator (ISR-2000), copper hydroxide (a commercial fungicide, Kocide 2000) and two new chemical compounds [sodyum pentaborate pentahidrat (SPP), disodyum octaborate tetrahidrat (DOT)] were investigated on Suppression of Bacterial Canker and Wilt diseases in tomatoes. Except for nanomaterials (AgNps and CuNps), four other applications were successful in suppressing the disease. ISR-2000 and copper hydroxide applications were determined as the most successful applications by suppressing Bacterial Wilt Disease in tomato plants by 78% and 46%, respectively, and were in the same statistical group. SPP and DOT were the other successful treatments that suppressed disease emergence by 28% and 33%, but showed phytotoxic effects on tomato leaves. For this reason, chemicals containing SPP and DOT can be added to the active ingredients of pesticides to increase the effect of pesticides, but more detailed research is needed. While nanoparticles (AgNps and CuNps) gave promising antibacterial results in in vitro trials, they could not show the same effect in in vivo trials. Nanoparticles were evaluated as unsuccessful because they were statistically in the same group as the positive control. These results show that plant activators are the most successful application in suppressing bacterial infection. These applications are of great importance as alternative, environmentally friendly applications, especially against pathogens that have developed resistance to chemicals.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Nanoparticular
• Bacterial Wilt
• SPP
• DOT

Kaynakça

1. Ahmad A., Mbofung GY., Acharya J., Schmidt CL., Robertson AE. Characterization and comparison of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis strains recovered from epiphytic and symptomatic infections of maize in Iowa. PLoS One, 2015; 10(11): e0143553.
2. Albanese A., Tang PS., Chan CW. The effect of nanoparticle size, shape, and surface chemistry on biological systems. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, 2012; 14: 1–16.
3. Ashraf M., Atiq M., Rajput NA., Akram A., Fatima T., Ghaffar A., Ramzan S. Determination of antibacterial potency of different chemicals towards bacterial canker of tomato caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Agricultural Sciences Journal, 2022; 4(2): 63-73.
4. Aysan Y., Üstün N., Mirik M., Saygılı H., Şahin F. Domates bakteriyel benek hastalığı, sayfa 159-165. In: Bitki Bakteri Hastalıkları (Ed: Saygılı, H., Aysan, Y., Şahin, F., Soylu, S., Mirik, M.), Toprak Ofset Matbaacılık, Tekirdağ, 2019; 382 sayfa
5. Atiq M., Mazhar HMR., Rajput NA., Ahmad U., Hameed A., Lodhi AM., Usman M., Nawaz A., Ammar M., Khalid M. Green Synthesis of silver and copper nanoparticles from leaves of eucalyptus globulus and assessment of ıts antibacterial potential towards xanthomonas citri Pv. Citri Causing Citrus Canker Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 2022; 20(3): 2205–13.
6. Baştaş K. Effects on tomato bacterial canker of resistance inducers and copper compounds in greenhouse. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 2014; 28(1): 1-10.
7. Blank L., Cohen Y., Borenstein M., Shulhani R., Lofthouse M., Sofer M., Shtienberg D. Variables associated with severity of bacterial canker and wilt caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in tomato greenhouses. Phytopathology, 2016;106: 254–261.
8. Cemen A., Saygili H., Horuz S., Aysan Y. Potential of bacteriophages to control bacterial speck of tomato (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 2018; 27(12A): 9366-9373.

9. Çetinkaya Yıldız R., Aysan Y. Domates bakteriyel solgunluk hastalığının bitki büyüme düzenleyici kök bakterileri ile biyolojik mücadelesi. Türkiye Biyolojik Mücadele Dergisi, 2014; 5(1): 9-22.
10. Çetinkaya Yıldız R., Belgüzar S., Aysan Y. Domates bakteriyel solgunluk hastalığı. In: Saygılı, H., Aysan Y., Şahin, F., Soylu, S., Mirik M. (ed.) Bitki Bakteri Hastalıkları: Toprak Ofset; 2019; 39-48.
11. Davis MJ., Gillaspie Jr AG., Vidaver AK., Harris RW. Clavibacter: A new genus containing some phytopathogenic coryneform bacteria, including Clavibacter xyli subsp. xyli sp. nov., subsp. nov. and Clavibacter xyli subsp. cynodontis subsp. nov., pathogens that cause ratoon stunting disease of sugarcane and bermudagrass stunting disease. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 1984; 34: 107–117.
12. de León L., Felipe S., María ML. Ana R. Clavibacter michiganesis Subsp. michiganensis, a seedborne tomato pathogen: Healthy seeds are still the goal. Plant Disease 2011; 95(11): 1328–1339.
13. Eichenlaub R.; Gartemann KH. The Clavibacter michiganensis subspecies: molecular investigation of gram-positive bacterial plant pathogens. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 2011;49: 445-464.
14. EPPO 2016. PM 7/42 (3) Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Bull OEPP/EPPO Bull 46:202–225.
15. EPPO 2022. EPPO Datasheet: Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CORBMI/datasheet. Erişim Tarihi:21.02.2024
16. Frewer LJ., Norde W., Fischer A., Kampers F. (Eds.) Nanotechnology in the agri-food sector: implications for the future. John Wiley-VCH, Germany, 2011.
17. Hausbeck M., Bell J., Medina-Mora C., Podolsky R., Fulbright D. Effect of bactericides on population sizes and spread of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis on tomatoes in the greenhouse and on disease development and crop yield in the field. Phytopathology, 2000; 90: 38–44.
18. Jones J., Jackson L., Balogh B., Obradovic A., Iriarte F. Momol M. Bacteriophages for plant disease control. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 2007; 45: 245–262.
19. Karaca K., Belgüzar S., Yanar Y., Karadağ A. Antibacterial effects of disiyanido complex aganist Clawibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. 27th International Scientific-Expert Congress of Agriculture and Food Industry, 26-28 September 2016, sayfa no:105, Bursa.
20. Kasselaki AM., Goumas D., Tamm L., Fuchs J., Cooper J., Leifert C. Effect of alternative strategies for the disinfection of tomato seed infected with bacterial canker (Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis). NJAS –Wageningen Journal Life Science, 2011; 58: 145–147.
21. Klement Z., Mavrıdıs A., Rudolph K., Vıdaver A. Inoculation of plant tissue. In: Klement, Z., Ruholph, K., andSands, D. C (Edts) Methods in Phytobacteriology, Budapest: Akadémiai Kaidó, 1990;99.
22. Mahapatra S., Chakraborty S., Samanta M., Das, S., Islam T. Current understanding and future directions of biocontrol of plant diseases by bacillus spp., with special reference to induced systemic resistance. In Bacilli in Agrobiotechnology: Plant Stress Tolerance, Bioremediation, and Bioprospecting, In: Islam, M.T., Rahman, M., Pandey, P. (eds) Springer International Publishing,2022; 127-150.
23. Mirik M., Altın İ. Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis Bakteriyel Kanser In:Mirik M. (ed.) Domates Hastalıkları, Göktuğ Ofset, 2020; 538-543, Ankara.
24. Méndez-Andrade R., Moisesm R., Vallejo P., Esperanza L., Gladys D., Luis AG., Ileana V.. Efficacy of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from larrea tridentata against Clavibacter michiganensis. Journal of Phytopathology, 2022; 170(2): 91–99.
25. Mishra S., Xiaodong Y., Shatrupam R., Leonardom FF., Singh HB. Antibacterial and biofilm inhibition activity of biofabricated silver nanoparticles against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae causing blight disease of rice instigates disease suppression. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2020; 36(4): 1–10.
26. Noshad A., Iqbal M., Hetherington C., Wahab H. Biogenic AgNPs—A nano weapon against bacterial canker of tomato (BCT). Advances in Agriculture, 2020; Article ID 9630785.
27. Noshad A, Crispin H., Mudassar I. Impact of agnps on seed germination and seedling growth: a focus study on its antibacterial potential against Clavibacter michiganensis infection in Solanum lycopersicum. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2019; 1-12.
28. Rajasekaran P., Kannan H., Das S., Young M., Santra S. Comparative analysis of copper and zinc based agrichemical biocide products: materials characteristics, phytotoxicity and in vitro antimicrobial efficacy. AIMS Environmental Science, 2016; 3(3): 439-455.
29. Sen Y., Aysan Y., Mirik M., Ozdemir D., Meijer-Dekens F., van der Wolf JM., Visser RGF., van Heusden S. Genetic characterization of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis Population in Turkey. Plant Disease, 2018; 102(2): 300-308.
30. Shukla P., Parul C., Kaiser Y., Ovais SQ., Soban AF., Gaurav S. Nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture: studies from seed priming to post-harvest management. Nanotechnology for Environmental Engineering, 2019; 4(1): 1–15.
31. Soykan Ö., Aysan Y. Bazı bitki aktivatörleri ile organik ve inorganik gübrelerin domates bakteriyel kanser ve solgunluk hastalığına etkisi. Türkiye IV: Bitki Koruma Kongresi Bildirileri, 28-30 Haziran 2011, S:317.
32. Soylu S., Baysal Ö., Soylu EM. Induction of disease resistance by the plant activator, acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), against bacterial canker (Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis) in tomato seedlings. Plant Science, 2003; 165: 1069-1075.
33. Soylu S., Kara M., Türkmen M., Şahin B. Synergistic effect of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil on the antibacterial activities of Ag- and Cu-substituted ZnO nanorods (ZnO-NRs) against food, human and plant pathogenic bacterial disease agents. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 2022; 146: 110103.
34. Şahin B., Soylu S., Kara M., Türkmen M., Aydin R., Çetin H. Superior antibacterial activity against seed-borne plant bacterial disease agents and enhanced physical properties of novel green synthesized nanostructured ZnO using Thymbra spicata plant extract. Ceramics International, 2021; 47, 341-350.
35. Şahin B., Aydin R., Soylu S., Türkmen M., Kara M., Akkaya A., Çetin H., Ayyıldız E. The effect of Thymus syriacus plant extract on the main physical and antibacterial activities of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by SILAR Method. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 2022; 135: 109088
36. Vijayakumar MD., Surendhar GJ., Natrayan L., Pravin P., Bupathi Ram PM., Prabhum P., Seral Y. Evolution and recent scenario of nanotechnology in agriculture and food ındustries. Nano-Biopesticides Today and Future Perspectives 2019; 7(13): 57–67.
37. Werner NA., Fulbright DW., Podolsky R., Bell J. Hausbeck, M.K. Limiting populations and spread of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis on seedling tomatoes in the greenhouse. Plant Disease, 2002; 86: 535–542.
38. Yigenoglu CY., Işık O., Aysan Y., Ak B., Uslu L. Biological control of tomato bacterial wilt and canker disease by Spirulina platensis. Proceedings of the IOBC/WPRS Working Group "Integrated Control in Protected Crops, Temperate Climate, Niagara Falls, Canada, 4-8 June 2017.
39. Zhou H., Li Q. X., Zeng L., Cao C., Zhang T., Zhou Y., He H. Uracil hydrazones: Design, synthesis, antimicrobial activities, and putative mode of action. Pest Management Science. 2023; 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.7771