Avusturya’nın Ulusal ve Uluslararası Ayrımcılık Yasağı Hukuku ve Yabancı Düşmanlığından Korunma Mekanizmaları

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 9, 107 - 140, 31.12.2018

Faik Tanrıkulu

Öz

Avusturya’da
yabancı düşmanlığının son seneler üç kat artması ülkede yaşayan göçmen kökenli
bireyleri tedirgin etmektedir. İş hayatında, eğitimde ve sosyal hayatın her
aşamasında sözlü ve fiziksel saldırıların artmasıyla dolaylı ve dolaysız
ayrımcılık had safhaya ulaşmıştır. Birçok göçmen yaşadığı ayrımcılığı kendi
dünyasında yaşamakta veya ilgili koruma mekanizmalarını bilmediği için itiraz
etme hakkını kullanmamaktadır. Bu nedenle kendisine yapılan haksızlığa karşı
boyun eğmekte ve mağdur olmaktadır. Halbuki ayrımcılığa maruz kalındığında her
yerde ve herkese karşı kullanabilecek haklar mevcuttur.

Çalışma Avusturya’nın
insan hakları alanında taraf olduğu uluslararası antlaşmaları, Avrupa insan
hakları sözleşmesi ve AB direktiflerinde yer alan ayrımcılık yasağı ve
uygulamalarını içermektedir. Buna karşı yükselen yabancı düşmanlığı,
ırkçılık ve aşırı sağa karşı ayrımcılıktan korunma mekanizmalarını
irdelemektedir.  Mevzuat çerçevesinde oluşturulan resmi ve sivil toplum kuruluşlarının neler
olduğu araştırılmaktadır. Bu kurumlar mercek altına alınarak ve yüz yüze
görüşmeler yapılarak pratikte ne kadar etkili olduğu anlaşılmaya
çalışılmaktadır. Bilhassa görev tanımı bakımından hakları korumak için oldukça
işlevsel görünen bazı kurumların, uygulamada gerçekten etkili bir koruma sağlayıp
sağlamadığı sorgulanmaktadır. Bu çerçevede Avusturya’da göçmenlerle yapılan mülakatlar,
kurumlara ilişkin yaygın kanaat ve deneyimler ışığında kurumların etkileri
araştırılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Avusturya’da Ayrımcılık Hukuku, Yabancı Düşmanlığından Korunma Mekanizmaları, Ulusal ve Uluslararası Hukuk

National and International Prohibition of Discrimination Act and Protection Mechanisms against Xenophobia in Austria

Öz

Xenophobia
has tripled in Austria in recent years, which disturbs immigrants still living
there. Since oral and physical attacks in business life, education and social
life have increased, direct and indirect discrimination have reached the
extreme point. Many immigrants either experience discrimination in their own world,
or they don’t use their right of opposition due to their lack of knowledge
about protection mechanisms.  For this
reason, they give in to the injustice and they suffer from this situation.
However, there are rights which can be used in all conditions when being
subjected to any kind of discrimination.

This
study includes international treaties Austria have acceded to, European
Convention on Human Rights and discriminatory prohibitions and treatments shown
in EU directions. On the other hand, it also addresses protection mechanisms
against discrimination in the face of rising xenophobia, racism and extreme
right. Official bodies and NGO’s which were found in accordance with
legislation are examined. By scrutinizing these establishments and talking face
to face with immigrants, it is tried to be understood that how much influence
these institutions have in practical terms. Particularly, certain
establishments which ostensibly seem functional for protecting rights with
regards to their alleged mission, are questioned in terms of whether they are
really providing an efficient protection or not. Within this scope, in the
light of interviews which were done with immigrants in Austria, general opinion
on institutions and experiences of the people getting services, the impact of
institutions are searched.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Discrimination Law in Austria, Protection Mechanisms of Xenophobia, National and İnternational Law

Kaynakça

• AKGÜL, M. (2008) ‘’Avrupa Birliği Adalet Divanının Yargı Etkisi’’, Yetkin Yayınları, Ankara,
• ALLGEMEİNES ZUR GLEİCHBEHANDLUNG IN DER PRİWATWİRTSCHAFT (2018),https://www.help.gv.at/Portal.Node/hlpd/public/content/186/Seite.1860220.html (05.03.2018)ANTİDİSKRİMİNİERUNGSSTELLE STEİERMARK (2018) Rechtschutz gegen Diskriminierung,EinLeitfaden‘’http://www.antidiskriminierungsstelle.steiermark.at/cms/dokumente/11758063_74229405/686c203c/leitfaden3.pdf , (02.04.2018)ARBEİTSKREİS FÜR GLEİCHBEHANDLUNGSFRAGEN (2017) http://gleichbehandlung.univie.ac.at/ (02.01.2018)BUNDESKANZLERAMT ÖSTERREİCH (2018) ‘’Gleichbehandlungsbericht für die Privatwirtschaft 2014 und 2015; Anwaltschaft für Gleichbehandlung ‘’https://www.gleichbehandlungsanwaltschaft.gv.at/documents/340065/441457/161125_GAW_Bericht_2015_15.pdf/b5f2f5da-c901-4dc2-9ded-519cbbec254d s.136 (04.06.2018)COUNCİL OF EUROPE (2014)’’ European Convention on Human Rights’’ https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Convention_ENG.pdf (10.05.2018)COUNCİL OF EUROPE (2010), ‘’European Convention on Human Rights’’ https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Convention_ENG.pdf (10.08.2010)COMMİSSİON OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNİTİES,’’ Report from Commission on the implementation of measures intented to promote observance of human rights and democratic principles in external Policies’’, https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sites/devco/files/annual-report-2000-promoting-observance-human-rights-com2000726_en_5.pdf (03.02.2018)EUROPEAN COMMİSSİON (2000), Council Directive 2000/43/EC (implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin) https://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0043:en:HTML (02.03.2018)
• EUROPEAN COMMİSSİON (2000), Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 (establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation) https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0078:en:HTML (08.04.2018)EU-GRUNDRECHTECHARTA HAT VERFASSUNGSRANG (2012), https://diepresse.com/home/politik/innenpolitik/754832/VfGH_EUGrundrechtecharta-hat-Verfassungsrang- (07.06.2018)EUROPEAN OMBUDSMAN (2018)https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/institutions-bodies/european-ombudsman_en (03.06.2018)GESETZ ZUR BEKAMPFUNG VON DİSKRİMİNİERUNG (2018) ‘’Wiener Antidiskriminierungsgesetz’’ https://www.wien.gv.at/recht/landesrecht-wien/rechtsvorschriften/pdf/i5000000.pdf (03.04.2018)OFFİCİAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNİTİES (1978),’’ Council of Directive of 19 December 1978 ‘’https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:31979L0007&from=EN (03.04.2018)
• OFFİCİAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN UNİON (2004), ‘’Council Directive 2004/113/EC’’https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32004L0113&from=EN (02.01.2018)İNİTİATİVE FÜR EİN DİSKRİMİNİERUNGSFREİES BİLDUNGSWESEN (2017) http://diskriminierungsfrei.at/unsere-ziele (11.01.2017)İSLAMFEİNDLİCHKEİT UND ANTİMUSLİMİSCHER RASSİSMUS (2018),https://www.dokustelle.at/%C3%BCber-uns/ (10.09.2018)ÖSTERREİCHİSCHER PRESSERAT (2018) https://www.presserat.at/show_content.php?hid=2 (10.05.2018)UNİTED NATİONS (2012). Protect Human Rights,http://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-do/protect-human-rights/index.html (04.06.2018)UNİTED NATİONS (2014). The International Bill of Human Rights https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/Compilation1.1en.pdf (05.06.2018)UNİTED NATİONS HIGH COMMİSSİONER FOR HUMAN RİGHTS (2010) National Human Rights Institutions ( History, Principles, Roles and Responsibilities) New York.URTEİL DES GERİCHTSHOFES (2000),’Vertragsverletzung eines Mitgliedstaats – Richtlinie 2000/78/EG – Gleichbehandlung in Beschäftigung und Beruf – Nicht fristgerechte’’ Umsetzung “http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=56217&pageIndex=0&doclang=DE&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=433690 (06.05.2018)
• KLAGSVERBAND MİT RECHT GEGEN DİSKRİMİNİERUNG (2018)https://www.klagsverband.at/ueber-uns (03.02.2018)KLAGSVERBAND ZUR DURCHSETZUNG DER RECHT VON DİSKRİMİNİERUNGSOPFERN (2017) JahresberichtRECHTSİNFORMATİONSSYSTEM DES BUNDES (2016). Gesamte Rechtsvorschrift für Internationales Übereinkommen über die Beseitigung aller Formen rassischer Diskriminierung, https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10000516 , (03.04.2018)RECHTS UND VERFASSUNGSGESCHİCHTE ARBEİTSGEMEİNSCHAFT ÖSTERREİCHİSCHE RECHTSGESCHİCHTE, http://jus.wien.vsstoe.at/wpcontent/uploads/sites/4/2018/02/Zusammenfassug-Manual-Rechts-und-Verfassungsgeschichte.pdf s.66-69 (04.02.2018)THE INTERNATİONAL BİLL OF HUMAN RİGHTS (1948) Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Adopted and proclaimed by General Assembly Resolution 217 A (III) of 10 December 1948 https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/Compilation1.1en.pdf (02.04.2018)SU, Ali Ercan, Tekin H., Aktaşoğlu E., Taşkıner U., İner M., Aşkın C., Ergani Ç. (2014), ‘’Çalışma Mevzuatı ile ilgili Avrupa Birliği Direktifleri ‘’ Editör: Fazıl Aydın, Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı, AnkaraVOLKSANWALTSCHAFT (2017) ‘’ Praventive Menschenrechtskontrolle’’ https://volksanwaltschaft.gv.at/praeventive-menschenrechtskontrolle (03.05.2018)ZARA (2018) https://zara.or.at/index.php/ueber-zara (06.06.2018)