ÇEVRE İÇİN OMBUDSMANLIK VEYA ÇEVRE OMBUDSMANLIĞI ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 20, 207 - 228, 19.08.2024

Gülizar Çakır Sümer

Öz

Çevre sorunları ve riskleri günümüz toplumu için daha sık karşılaşılır ve tehlikeli hale gelmektedir. Ayrıca çevresel sorunların ulaştığı boyut, çatışma risklerini artırmaktadır. Bu nedenle kaynağı ne olursa olsun çevre sorunlarının önlenmesi ve çevreye karşı kötü karar ve uygulamaların ivedilikle ortadan kaldırılması gerekmektedir. Bunun için kendiliğinden ya da şikâyetlerle harekete geçip, denetleme ve soruşturmaları yapacak mekanizmalara olan ihtiyaç artmaktadır. Bu mekanizmalardan en etkin olanı orak olarak ombudsmanlıklar öne çıkmaktadır. Çevreye yönelik şikâyetlerin iletildiği genel ombudsmanlıklara ek olarak çevre alanında uzman ombudsmanlıklar da faaliyette bulunmaktadır. Çevre ombudsmanlıkları, idari kontrol açısından gereklidir.
Bu makalenin amacı, ortaya çıkan çevre sorunlarının önlenmesi ve kamu yönetiminin çevreye yönelik kötü karar ve uygulamalarının ortadan kaldırılmasında ombudsmanlık mekanizmalarının işlevlerini ve önemini vurgulamaktır. Bu makale, mevcut literatürün gözden geçirilmesi ve çevre ombudsmanlığına ilişkin uluslararası örneklerin incelenmesine dayanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çevre Ombudsmanı, Çevre için Ombudsmanlık., Ombudsman, Çevre

An Evaluation on Ombudsman for the Environment or Environmental Ombudsman

Öz

Kaynakça

• Albasha, Ali (2018). “Does the ‘climate change’ require ombudsman services for environment?”, https://europeansting.com/2018/08/27/does-the-climate-change-require-ombudsman- services-for-environment/, ( 02.01.2024).
• Amollo, Otiende (2016). “Challenges for Ombudsman Work Resulting from Multiple Mandates”, https://www.theioi.org/downloads/bddl7/33, (23.03.2024).
• Avşar, B. Zakir (2021). Ombudsman- İyi Yönetilen Türkiye İçin Kamu Hakemi. Hayat Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
• Ayeni, Victor (2005). “The Role and Effectiveness of the Ombudsman Institution”, National Democratic Institute for International Affairs. https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/ 1904_gov_ombudsman_080105_5.pdf, (02.02.2024).
• Bizjak, Ivan (1999). Effectiveness Of An Ombudsman Institution, Fifth Undp International Workshop On Ombudsmen And Human Rights Institutions Almaty, 15-17 November, 1999. https://www.varuh-rs.si/en/news/news/effectiveness-of-an-ombudsman-institution/, (21.03.2024).
• CDPHE-Colorado Department of Public Health & Environment (2024). “Environmental Justice Ombudsperson”, https://cdphe.colorado.gov/ej/ombudsperson, (13.03.2024).
• Council of Europa (2015, 01 Haziran). “The Commissioner Urges Serbia to Shield the National Ombudsman from Undue Pressure”, https://www.coe.int/es/web /commissioner/-/the-commissioner-urges-serbia-to-shield-the-national-ombudsman-from-undue-pressure, (15.02.2024).
• Diamandouros, P. Nikiforos (2011). “Monitoring our impact on the environment: the role of Ombudsmen”, https://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/en/speech/en/10558, (04.03.2024).
• ECLAC-Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean(2018). Access to Information, Participation and Justice in Environmental Matters in Latin America and the Caribbean: Towards Achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. https://repositorio.cepal.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/ df4bbf15-d052-4247-a17a-b56accc77a3d/content. (28.05.2024).
• Ege, Karl J. (1971). “Enforcing Environmental Policy the Environmental Ombudsman”, Cornell Law Review, 56(5), 847-863.
• Eisen, Nathaniel ve Nina Eschke (2020). Climate Change and Human Rights, German Institute for Human Rights
• European Network of Ombudsmen (2019). “How Ombudsmen can Develop the Use of ‘Soft Powers’ to Maximise Impact”. https://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/webpub/eno-newsletter/ 2019/1/en/chapter2.html, (23.03.2024).
• FAO (2024). “Environment Ombudsman law”, https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details / fr/c/LEX-FAOC089165/.
• GANHRI-Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions (2022). Practical Guidance for NHRIs on Addressing Human Rights and Climate Change, https://ganhri.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Annex-II-GANHRI-Members-Activities-related-to-Climate-Change-Updated-to-20-June-2022.pdf.(29.05.2024).
• Girindrawardana, Danang (2015, June 25 ). “The role of Ombudsman Institution in Improving Public Service Delivery”, https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/governance/role-ombudsman-institution -improving-public-service-delivery, (20.03.2024).
• Haász, Veronika (2019). National Human Rights Institutions Is The Ombudsman Suitable For The Role?, Doktota Tezi, Viyana Üniversitesi, Avusturya.
• Haren, Frans (2003). “Environmental Ombudsman In Third Year Of Operation”, https://ideasforpeace.org/es/content/environmental-ombudsman-in-third-year-of-operation/ (02.20.2024).
• International Ombudsman Institute (2018). Conclusions IOI International Workshop Good Environmental Governance: The Role Of Ombuds Institutions In Protecting Environmental Rights, https://www.theioi.org/downloads/164q2/IOI_International%20 Workshop_Vitoria-Gasteiz_2018_Conclusions.pdf.
• International Ombudsman Institute (2024). “About the IOI”, https://www.theioi.org/the-i-o-i, (05.03.2024).
• Jameison, Roberta (1997). “Ombudsman Institutions Around The World: Analysis And Comparison Of A Plurality And Practice”, https://www.theioi.org/downloads/cbhdl/ioi-canada_occasional-paper-59_roberta-jamieson_om-institutions-around-the-world-analysis-and-comparision_1997-1.pdf, (15.01.2024).
• Liaska, Emilia ve John Sayas, (2018). Environmental Mediation as a Tool for Combating Environmental Criminality. Citizen's complaints and the Role of the Greek Ombudsman in the Fight Against Environmentalcrime, https://environmentalprosecutors. eu/conference2018/wp-content/ uploads/2018/11/ environmental-crime-Crete-20183.pdf.
• Mwangonde, Martha Chizuma( 2019). “Malavi Ombudsmanı”, 2. İstanbul Uluslararası Ombudsmanlık Konferansı, 18-19 Kasım, İstanbul.
• NECC(2024). “About NECC”, https://www.necc.go.ke/about-necc/, (05.03.2024).
• Office of the Commissioner for Fundamental Rights of Hungary (2024). “The Role of the Ombudsman”. https://www.ajbh.hu/web/ajbh-en/the-role-of-the-ombudsman. (29.05.2024).
• OHCHR (2024). “Ombudsman for Future Generations”, https://www.ohchr.org/ Documents/Issues/Environment/ImplementationReport/Ombudsman%20for%20Future%20 Generations. doc. (20.03.2024).
• Olenev, Mihail (2021). Structural analysis of the national ombudsman activities in ensuring environmental human rights, E3S Web of Conferences 258, 05023 (2021). https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/abs/2021/34/e3sconf_uesf2021_05023/ e3sconf_ uesf2021_05023.html.
• Ombudsman Ontario (2024). “Energy & Environment”. https://www.ombudsman.on.ca/ what-we-do/topics/energy-environment. (20.02.2024).
• Ombudsman Western Australia (2020). “Effective Handling of Complaints Made to Your Organisation-An Overview”, https://www.ombudsman.wa.gov.au/Publications/Documents/ guidelines/Effective-handling-of-complaints-made-to-your-organisation.pdf, (21.03.2024).
• ÖKOBÜRO (2019). “Ombuds Offices for Environmental Protection”, https://www.oekobuero.at/en/legal-service/austrian-ombudsoffices-environmental-protection/. (21.03.2024).
• Özden, Kemal (2005). Ombudsman-Yeni Yönetim Anlayışı İçin Bir Model. Tasam Yayınları, İstanbul.
• Parlak, Bekir ve Kadir Caner Doğan (2016). Karşılaştırmalı Ombudsman İncelemeleri. Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara.
• Parliamentary Commissioners’ Office (2008). “The Hungarian Ombudsman Institution (1995–2008)”, https://www.ajbh.hu/documents/14315/131278/Hungarian+ Ombudsman+I nstitution.pdf/63e0bab0-2a3d-4384-9bba-b2c28176ff83?version=1.1&t=13636 10334929.
• Parliamentary Ombudspersons of Lithuania (2023). “How Are Your Environmental Rights Protected in the EU”?, https://www.lrski.lt/en/naujienos/according-to-the-seimas-ombudsperson -the-realization-procedure-of-the-publics-right-to-appeal-to-the-courts-on-environmental-issues-is-not-sufficient-in-lithuania/.(15.02.2024).
• Provo City (2024). “Ombudsman & Property Management”, https://www.provo.org/ departments/development/ombudsman, (05.03.2024).
• Ruppel-Schlichting, Katharina (2022). “The Ombudsman And The Environment”, https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/10.5771/9783748933564-693.pdf, (15.03.2024).
• Republic of Croatia Ombudsman (2018). “Ombudsman Of The Republic Of Croatia -Case Study”, https://www.ararteko.eus/en/good-environmental-governance-role-ombuds-institutions-protecting-environmental-rights-ombudsman-republic-croatia-case-study.
• Shindo, Mahito (2013). The Environmental Ombudsman and Administrative Decision Making: An Assessment of Its Suitability for Japan. Doktora Tezi, Macquarie Universitesi, Avustralya.
• The Greek Ombudsman (2012). 2012 Annual Report. https://www.theioi.org/ downloads/2c9i6/ Greece_Annual%20Report%202012_EN.pdf, (01.15.2024).
• The Office of the Ombudsman (2018). “Role of The Ombudsman in Protecting Environmental Rights”, https://www.ombudsman.ie/news/role-of-the-ombudsman-in/. (02.02.2024).