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The Examination of the Relationships among Public Stigma, Locus of Control, Self Stigma, and Life Satisfaction

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 2, 367 - 377, 10.03.2015

Öz

The fear of stigmatizon is a psychological and social situation that influences one’s life satisfaction (Buseh, Kelber, Hewitt, Stevens, & Park, 2006; Girma et al., 2013). Although it is known that the perception of stigmatization might affect the life satisfaction (Link, Struening, Rahav, Phelan ve Nuttbrock, 1997), little is known regarding the relationships between public stigma, locus of control, self stigma for receiving help, and life satisfaction. There are many factors that play role in the unwillingness to seek psychological help-seeking. Stigmatization, however; had a crucial role in the help-seeking intention (Mittal et al., 2013). It is still not known that how public stigma and self stigma for receiving help and locus of control important on life satisfaction. Therefore, it was aimed at determining the relationships among public stigma for receiving psychological help, locus of control, self stigma and life satisfaction. In addition, the mediating role of self stigma between public stigma, locus of control, and life satisfaction has been examined. To investigate the relationships a survey among 755 undergraduate students were conducted. Of those participated to the study, % 64.9 (490) was female and 35.1% (265) was male. Their age ranged between 18 and 23 (M = 20.35, SD = 1.21). Public Stigma Scale for Receiving Psychological Help, Rotter’s Locus of Control Scale, Self-Stigma of Seeking Help Scale, and Satisfaction with Life Scale were used as the data collection instruments in the study. 25.4 % of the students were freshman, 39.7 % of them were sophomore, 21.2 % were junior and, 13.6% were senior. Firstly, fully mediated model was tested. The fit indexes of the fully mediated model were not satisfactory. Following the modification indexes, the model was rerun with adding a direct path between locus of control and life satisfaction. After rerunning the partial path model, the fit indexes were as follows: ( / df = 1.86, AGFI = .98, CFI = .99, RMSEA = .034, SRMR = .013). All direct and indirect paths in the model were examined and seen that all of them were significant. Bootstrap analysis was conducted to examine the contribution of the indirect paths to the model. The results showed that the direct path between locus of control and life satisfaction (std. β = -.13, p < .05) and indirect path through self stigma (std. β = -1.4, p =.004) was significant. Moreover, the path between public stigma and life satisfaction through  self stigma (std. β = -7.3, p = .002) was significant. The proposed model explained 5 % of the total variance. The results of the study demonstrated that the relationships between public stigma, locus of control and life satisfaction were mediated by self-stigma for seeking psychological help among university students. According to the results of the study, greater public stigma and locus of control related to greater self stigma, which in turn, resulted in decreased life satisfaction. Moreover, it was found that locus of control has direct effect on life satisfaction. Generally, the results of the study demonstrated that public stigma for receiving psychological help, locus of control, self stigma of receiving psychological help inversely related to life satisfaction. Specifically, it was found that public stigma and self stigma were negatively related to life satisfaction. People with external locus of control had lower level of life satisfaction. These results were similar to previous research findings (Buseh vd., 2006, Chirwa vd., 2009; Markowitz, 1998; Mashiach-Eizenberg vd., 2013). When the research results were evaluated in general, it was clearly seen that the findings regarding the relationships among public stigma for receiving psychological help, locus of control, self stigma of seeking psychological help and life satisfaction were so similar with the research studies conducted in the abroad. This similarity might have been stem from the fear of stigmatization that has been also experienced in the Turkish culture. Similarly, the research results including public stigma and self stigma of seeking psychological help demonstrated that Turkish people also experience fear of stigmatization (Topkaya, 2011a; Vogel et al., 2013). One of the limitations of the study was about not inferring the causality among the variables due to the cross-sectional design of the study. Various research designs can be utilized in order to obtain more information regarding the study variables in the future researches. Other variables that may have affect life satisfaction can be examined to understand the barriers related to help-seeking. Moreover, the relationships among public stigma for receiving psychological help, self stigma of seeking psychological help, depression, hope, and self-esteem can be examined. 

Kaynakça

  • ABU-BADER Soleman H., ROGERS Anissa ve BARUSCH Amanda S. (2002). “Predictors of Life Satisfaction in Frail Elderly”, Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 38, 3, 3-17.
  • ADRIAN, Genaro J. (2005). Help-seeking Attitudes in Latino Pentecostals. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, USA.(UMI No 3226813).
  • BARWICK Alexa K., dE MAN Anton F. ve MCKELVIE Stuart J. (2009). “Personality Factors and Attitude toward Seeking Professional Help”, North American Journal of Psychology, 11, 2, 333-342.
  • BATHJE Geoff J. ve PRYOR John B. (2011). “The Relationships of Public and Self-Stigma to Seeking Mental Health Services,” Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 33, 2, 161–176.
  • BLAU Gary, PETRUCCI Tony ve McClendon John (2013). “Correlates of Life Satisfaction and Unemployment Stigma and the Impact of Length of Unemployment on a Unique Unemployment Sample,” Career Development International, 18, 3, 257-280.
  • BRANHOLM Inga-Britt, FUGL-MEYER Axel R. ve FRÖLUNDE Anne (1998). “Life Satisfaction, Sense of Coherence And Locus of Control In Occupational Therapy Students”, Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 5, 39-44.
  • BUSEH Aaron G. vd. (2006). “Perceived Stigma and Life Satisfaction: Experiences of Urban African American Men Living With Hiv/Aids,” International Journal of Men’s Health, 5, 1, 35-51.
  • CHIRWA Maureen L. vd. (2009). “HIV Stigma And Nurse Job Satisfaction in Five African Countries,” Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 20, 1, 14–21.
  • CHRISTOPHER Michael S. (2004). The Ability of Self-Construals to Predict Psychological Distress, Satisfaction with Life, and Help-Seeking in Ethnically Diverse American College Students. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, South Dakota Üniversitesi, South Dakota. (UMI No 3138432)
  • DAĞ İhsan (1991). “Rotter’ın İç-Dış Kontrol Odağı Ölçeği’nin (Ridkoö) Üniversite Öğrencileri için Güvenirliği ve Geçerliği,” Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 7, 26, 10-16.
  • DIENER Ed vd. (1985). “The Satisfaction with Life Scale”, Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.
  • FISCHER Edward H. ve TURNER John L. (1970). “Development and Research Utility of an Attitude Scale”, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 35, 79–90.
  • GERRARD Cynthia Kabat, REZNIKOFF Marvin ve RIKLAN Manuel (1982). “Level of Aspiration, Life Satisfaction, and Locus of Control in Older Adults”, Experimental Aging Research, 8, 2, 119-121.
  • GIRMA Eshetu vd., (2013). “Facility Based Cross-Sectional Study of Self Stigma Among People with Mental İllness: Towards Patient Empowerment Approach”, International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 7, 21, 1-8.
  • GREEF Minrie vd. (2010). “Perceived Hiv Stigma and Life Satisfaction among Persons Living With Hiv İnfection in Five African Countries: A Longitudinal Study”, International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47, 4, 475-486.
  • HOLZEMER William L. vd. (2009). “Exploring Hiv Stigma and Quality of Life for Persons Living with Hiv Infection”, Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 20, 3, 161-168.
  • HU Li-tze ve BENTLER Peter M. (1999). “Cutoff Criteria for Fit İndexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives,” Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
  • KIM Paul Y. vd. (2011). “Stigma, Negative Attitudes about Treatment, and Utilization of Mental Health Care Among Soldiers”, Military Psychology, 23, 65-81.
  • KLINE Rex B. (2005). Principles and Practice of Structural
  • Equation Modeling (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
  • KOMIYA Noboru, GOOD Glenn E. ve SHERROD Nancy B. (2000). “Emotional Openness as a Predictor of College Students’ Attitudes toward Seeking Psychological Help”, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 138–143.
  • KÖKER Süreyya (1991). Normal ve Sorunlu Ergenlerin Yaşam Doyumu Düzeyinin Karşılaştırılması. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • LINK Bruce G. vd. (1997). “On Stigma and Its Consequences: Evidence from A Longitudinal Study of Men with Dual Diagnoses of Mental Illness And Substance Abuse”, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 38, 177–190.
  • MAJOR Brenda ve O’BRIEN Laurie T. (2005). “The Social Psychology of Stigma,” Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 393–421.
  • MARCUSSEN Kristen, RITTER Christian ve MUNETZ Mark R. (2010). “The Effect of Services and Stigma on Quality Of Life For Persons With Serious Mental Illnesses”, Psychiatric Services, 61, 5, 489-494.
  • MARKOWITZ Fred E. (1998). “The Effects of Stigma on the Psychological Well-Being and Life Satisfaction of Persons with Mental Illness”, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 39, 335-347.
  • MASHIACH-EIZENBERG Michal vd. (2013). “Internalized Stigma and Quality of Life among Persons with Severe Mental Illness: The Mediating Roles of Self-Esteem and Hope,” Psychiatry Research, 208, 1, 15–20.
  • MITTAL Dinesh vd. (2013). “Stigma Associated With PTSD: Perceptions of Treatment Seeking Combat Veterans, “Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 36, 2, 86-92.
  • MOSES Tally (2009). “Stigma and Self-Concept among Adolescents Receiving Mental Health Treatment,” American Journal of Orthopschiatry, 79, 2, 261-274.
  • OLUYINKA Ojedokun (2011). “Psychological Predictors of Attitude towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help in a Nigerian University Student Population”, South African Journal of Psychology, 41, 3, 310-327.
  • ROTTER Julian B. (1966). “Generalized Expectancies for Internal Versus External Control of Reinforcement”, Psychological Monographs, 80, 1. (whole no. 609).
  • TOPKAYA Nursel (2011a). Psikolojik Yardım Alma Niyetinin Sosyal Damgalanma, Tedavi Korkusu, Beklenen Yarar, Beklenen Risk ve Tutum Faktörleriyle Modellenmesi, Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, İzmir, Türkiye.
  • TOPKAYA Nursel (2011b). Psikolojik Yardım Alma Nedeniyle Kendini Damgalama Ölçeğinin Geçerlik Ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. XI. Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi, 3-5 Ekim 2011, İzmir.
  • VOGEL David L. vd. (2013). “Cross-cultural Validity of the Self-Stigma of Seeking Help (SSOSH) scale: Examination across Six Countries,” Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60, 303-310.
  • VOGEL David L., WADE Nathaniel G. ve HAAKE Shawn (2006). “Measuring the Self-Stigma associated with Seeking Psychological Help,” Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 2, 301-308.
  • VOGEL David L., WADE Nathaniel G. ve HACKLER Ashley H. (2007). “Perceived Public Stigma and the Willingness to Seek Counseling: The Mediating Roles of Self-Stigma and Attitudes towards Counseling,” Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 40-50.
  • YETİM Ünsal (1993). “Life Satisfaction: A Study Based on The Organization of Personal Projects”, Social Indicators Research, 29, 3, 277-289.
  • ZAWAVI Jehad Alaedein ve HAMAIDEH Shaher H. (2009). “Depressive Symptoms and Their Correlates with Locus of Control and Satisfaction with Life among Jordanian College Students,” Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 4, 71-103.
  • ZHI-HONG Hao (2010). Predictors of College Students’ Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help. 4. International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE), 18-20 Haziran 2010, Chengdu, Çin.

Psikolojik Yardım Alma Nedeniyle Sosyal Damgalanma, Denetim Odağı, Kendini Damgalama ve Yaşam Doyumu Arasındaki İlişkiler

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 2, 367 - 377, 10.03.2015

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, psikolojik yardım alma nedeniyle sosyal damgalanma algısı, denetim
odağı ve psikolojik yardım alma nedeniyle kendini damgalama ile yaşam doyumu arasındaki
ilişkileri incelemektir. Araştırmaya gönüllü 755 (490 kadın, 265 erkek) üniversite öğrencisi
katılmıştır. Katılımcıların yaşları 18 ile 23 (Ort = 20.35, SS = 1.21) arasında değişmektedir.
Psikolojik Yardım Alma Nedeniyle Sosyal Damgalanma Ölçeği, Rotter İç-Dış Denetim Odağı
Ölçeği, Psikolojik Yardım Alma Nedeniyle Kendini Damgalama Ölçeği ve Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği
veri toplama araçları olarak kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları, psikolojik yardım alma
nedeniyle sosyal damgalanma algısının ve denetim odağının psikolojik yardım alma nedeniyle
kendini damgalama aracılığıyla yaşam doyumunu yordadığını göstermiştir. Ayrıca, denetim
odağının yaşam doyumuyla doğrudan ilişkisinin anlamlı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bunun yanında
araştırma sonuçları, kısmi aracılı yapısal modelin toplam varyansın % 5’ini açıkladığını ortaya
koymuştur. Araştırma sonuçları literatür eşliğinde tartışılmış ve özellikle, psikolojik yardım
alma nedeniyle kendini damgalamayı azaltmaya yönelik öneriler sunulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • ABU-BADER Soleman H., ROGERS Anissa ve BARUSCH Amanda S. (2002). “Predictors of Life Satisfaction in Frail Elderly”, Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 38, 3, 3-17.
  • ADRIAN, Genaro J. (2005). Help-seeking Attitudes in Latino Pentecostals. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, USA.(UMI No 3226813).
  • BARWICK Alexa K., dE MAN Anton F. ve MCKELVIE Stuart J. (2009). “Personality Factors and Attitude toward Seeking Professional Help”, North American Journal of Psychology, 11, 2, 333-342.
  • BATHJE Geoff J. ve PRYOR John B. (2011). “The Relationships of Public and Self-Stigma to Seeking Mental Health Services,” Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 33, 2, 161–176.
  • BLAU Gary, PETRUCCI Tony ve McClendon John (2013). “Correlates of Life Satisfaction and Unemployment Stigma and the Impact of Length of Unemployment on a Unique Unemployment Sample,” Career Development International, 18, 3, 257-280.
  • BRANHOLM Inga-Britt, FUGL-MEYER Axel R. ve FRÖLUNDE Anne (1998). “Life Satisfaction, Sense of Coherence And Locus of Control In Occupational Therapy Students”, Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 5, 39-44.
  • BUSEH Aaron G. vd. (2006). “Perceived Stigma and Life Satisfaction: Experiences of Urban African American Men Living With Hiv/Aids,” International Journal of Men’s Health, 5, 1, 35-51.
  • CHIRWA Maureen L. vd. (2009). “HIV Stigma And Nurse Job Satisfaction in Five African Countries,” Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 20, 1, 14–21.
  • CHRISTOPHER Michael S. (2004). The Ability of Self-Construals to Predict Psychological Distress, Satisfaction with Life, and Help-Seeking in Ethnically Diverse American College Students. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, South Dakota Üniversitesi, South Dakota. (UMI No 3138432)
  • DAĞ İhsan (1991). “Rotter’ın İç-Dış Kontrol Odağı Ölçeği’nin (Ridkoö) Üniversite Öğrencileri için Güvenirliği ve Geçerliği,” Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 7, 26, 10-16.
  • DIENER Ed vd. (1985). “The Satisfaction with Life Scale”, Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.
  • FISCHER Edward H. ve TURNER John L. (1970). “Development and Research Utility of an Attitude Scale”, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 35, 79–90.
  • GERRARD Cynthia Kabat, REZNIKOFF Marvin ve RIKLAN Manuel (1982). “Level of Aspiration, Life Satisfaction, and Locus of Control in Older Adults”, Experimental Aging Research, 8, 2, 119-121.
  • GIRMA Eshetu vd., (2013). “Facility Based Cross-Sectional Study of Self Stigma Among People with Mental İllness: Towards Patient Empowerment Approach”, International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 7, 21, 1-8.
  • GREEF Minrie vd. (2010). “Perceived Hiv Stigma and Life Satisfaction among Persons Living With Hiv İnfection in Five African Countries: A Longitudinal Study”, International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47, 4, 475-486.
  • HOLZEMER William L. vd. (2009). “Exploring Hiv Stigma and Quality of Life for Persons Living with Hiv Infection”, Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 20, 3, 161-168.
  • HU Li-tze ve BENTLER Peter M. (1999). “Cutoff Criteria for Fit İndexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives,” Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
  • KIM Paul Y. vd. (2011). “Stigma, Negative Attitudes about Treatment, and Utilization of Mental Health Care Among Soldiers”, Military Psychology, 23, 65-81.
  • KLINE Rex B. (2005). Principles and Practice of Structural
  • Equation Modeling (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
  • KOMIYA Noboru, GOOD Glenn E. ve SHERROD Nancy B. (2000). “Emotional Openness as a Predictor of College Students’ Attitudes toward Seeking Psychological Help”, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 138–143.
  • KÖKER Süreyya (1991). Normal ve Sorunlu Ergenlerin Yaşam Doyumu Düzeyinin Karşılaştırılması. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • LINK Bruce G. vd. (1997). “On Stigma and Its Consequences: Evidence from A Longitudinal Study of Men with Dual Diagnoses of Mental Illness And Substance Abuse”, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 38, 177–190.
  • MAJOR Brenda ve O’BRIEN Laurie T. (2005). “The Social Psychology of Stigma,” Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 393–421.
  • MARCUSSEN Kristen, RITTER Christian ve MUNETZ Mark R. (2010). “The Effect of Services and Stigma on Quality Of Life For Persons With Serious Mental Illnesses”, Psychiatric Services, 61, 5, 489-494.
  • MARKOWITZ Fred E. (1998). “The Effects of Stigma on the Psychological Well-Being and Life Satisfaction of Persons with Mental Illness”, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 39, 335-347.
  • MASHIACH-EIZENBERG Michal vd. (2013). “Internalized Stigma and Quality of Life among Persons with Severe Mental Illness: The Mediating Roles of Self-Esteem and Hope,” Psychiatry Research, 208, 1, 15–20.
  • MITTAL Dinesh vd. (2013). “Stigma Associated With PTSD: Perceptions of Treatment Seeking Combat Veterans, “Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 36, 2, 86-92.
  • MOSES Tally (2009). “Stigma and Self-Concept among Adolescents Receiving Mental Health Treatment,” American Journal of Orthopschiatry, 79, 2, 261-274.
  • OLUYINKA Ojedokun (2011). “Psychological Predictors of Attitude towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help in a Nigerian University Student Population”, South African Journal of Psychology, 41, 3, 310-327.
  • ROTTER Julian B. (1966). “Generalized Expectancies for Internal Versus External Control of Reinforcement”, Psychological Monographs, 80, 1. (whole no. 609).
  • TOPKAYA Nursel (2011a). Psikolojik Yardım Alma Niyetinin Sosyal Damgalanma, Tedavi Korkusu, Beklenen Yarar, Beklenen Risk ve Tutum Faktörleriyle Modellenmesi, Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, İzmir, Türkiye.
  • TOPKAYA Nursel (2011b). Psikolojik Yardım Alma Nedeniyle Kendini Damgalama Ölçeğinin Geçerlik Ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. XI. Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi, 3-5 Ekim 2011, İzmir.
  • VOGEL David L. vd. (2013). “Cross-cultural Validity of the Self-Stigma of Seeking Help (SSOSH) scale: Examination across Six Countries,” Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60, 303-310.
  • VOGEL David L., WADE Nathaniel G. ve HAAKE Shawn (2006). “Measuring the Self-Stigma associated with Seeking Psychological Help,” Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 2, 301-308.
  • VOGEL David L., WADE Nathaniel G. ve HACKLER Ashley H. (2007). “Perceived Public Stigma and the Willingness to Seek Counseling: The Mediating Roles of Self-Stigma and Attitudes towards Counseling,” Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 40-50.
  • YETİM Ünsal (1993). “Life Satisfaction: A Study Based on The Organization of Personal Projects”, Social Indicators Research, 29, 3, 277-289.
  • ZAWAVI Jehad Alaedein ve HAMAIDEH Shaher H. (2009). “Depressive Symptoms and Their Correlates with Locus of Control and Satisfaction with Life among Jordanian College Students,” Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 4, 71-103.
  • ZHI-HONG Hao (2010). Predictors of College Students’ Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help. 4. International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE), 18-20 Haziran 2010, Chengdu, Çin.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Eğitim Üzerine Çalışmalar
Bölüm İçindekiler
Yazarlar

Ayşenur Büyükgöze Kavas Bu kişi benim

Nursel Topkaya

Cem Gençoğlu Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 10 Mart 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 33 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Büyükgöze Kavas, A., Topkaya, N., & Gençoğlu, C. (2015). Psikolojik Yardım Alma Nedeniyle Sosyal Damgalanma, Denetim Odağı, Kendini Damgalama ve Yaşam Doyumu Arasındaki İlişkiler. Ondokuz Mayis University Journal of Education Faculty, 33(2), 367-377.