Türkiye’de Eğitimde Eşitsizlikleri Azaltmak İçin Uygulanan Politikalar
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 39 Sayı: 2, 294 - 312, 31.12.2020
Mahmut Özer
,
Cem Gençoğlu
,
Eren Suna
Öz
Tüm dünyada eğitimin kitleselleşmesinden sonra öne çıkan en önemli sorun alanını eğitimde eşitsizlikler oluşturmaktadır. Özellikle TIMSS ve PISA gibi uluslararası öğrenci başarı araştırma izleme çalışmalarında bu sorun detaylı olarak ele alınmaktadır. Türkiye’de de bu sorun okullar arası başarı farklarında kendisini göstermektedir. Sorunun farkında olan Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı uzun zamandan beri eğitimde eşitliği artırabilmek için çok sayıda proje geliştirmiş ve hükümetler bu projeleri önemli miktarda bütçe ile desteklemiştir. Bu çalışmada MEB’in eğitimde eşitsizlikleri azaltmak için uyguladığı politikalar bir bütünlük içerisinde ele alınmakta, kapsamı ve hedefi değerlendirilmekte ve son yıllarda her bir projede atılan adımlar ve sağlanan destekler sunulmaktadır. Çalışmada bu projelerin sadece eğitimde öğrencilerin temel beceri eksikliklerini telafi edici eğitim destekleri sağlamadığı, ayrıca sosyal ve ekonomik çok sayıda destekleyici politikaların yıllardan beri başarılı bir şekilde uygulandığı gösterilmektedir. Bu politikalar birlikte değerlendirildiğinde sorunun ortaya çıktığı okullarda telafi edici önlemlerin ötesinde okul dışı sosyoekonomik destek boyutunu da kapsadığına vurguda bulunulmaktadır. Çalışmada, yeni kurulan ulusal izleme ve değerlendirme biriminin söz konusu projelerin verimliliklerini sürekli izlemesi ve iyileştirme için öneri geliştirmesinin önemine değinilmektedir. Ayrıca, eşitsizlikleri azaltmada önemli etkisi görülen ebeveyn eğitim seviyesini artırmak için kapsamlı yeni bir proje geliştirilmesi önerilmektedir.
Kaynakça
- Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı. (2019). 2018 yılı idare faaliyet raporu. Ankara.
- Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı. (2020a). 2020 yılı performans programı. Ankara.
- Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı. (2020b). 2019 yılı idare faaliyet raporu. Ankara.
- Ainscow, M. (2004). Special needs in the classroom: a teacher education guide. Paris: UNESCO.
- Ansari, A. (2018). The persistence of preschool effects from early childhood through adolescence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 110(7), 952–973.
- Arslanargun, E., Bozkurt, S., & Sarıoğlu, S. (2016). Sosyoekonomik değişkenlerin öğrencilerin akademik başarısı üzerine etkileri. Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(3), 214-234.
- Avrupa Komisyonu. (2019). Access to quality education for children with special educational needs. Paris: Avrupa Komisyonu.
Retrieved from https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/b2215e85-1ec6-11e9-8d04-01aa75ed71a1/language-en
- Barnett, W. (1995). Long-term effects of early childhood programs on cognitive and school outcomes. The Future of Children, 5(3), 25-50.
- Bartlett, L. (2015). Access and quality of education for international migrant children. Paris: UNESCO.
- Bass, L. R. (2014). Boarding schools and capital benefits: Implications for urban school reform. The Journal of Educational Research, 107(1), 16-35.
- Batzer, L. A. (1997). The effect of remedial education programs on academic achievement and persistence at the two-year community college. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Western Michigan University, USA.
- Behnke, Y. (2018). Textbook effects and efficacy. In E. Fuchs, A. Bock. (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of textbook studies (pp. 383–392). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Bourdieu, P. (1973). Cultural reproduction and social reproduction. In R. K. Brown (Ed.) Knowledge, educational and cultural change, (pp. 71–112). London: Tavistock.
- Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.). Handbook of theory and research for the sociology education (pp. 258-241). New York: GreenwoodPress.
- Bourdieu, P., & Passeron, J. C. (2000). Reproduction in education, society and culture. London: Sage Publication.
- Bozgeyikli, H. (2019). Mesleki ve teknik eğitimin geleceği. İLKE Geleceğin Türkiye’si Analiz Raporu No.2.
- Bölükbaşı, S., & Gür, B. S. (2020). Tracking and inequality: The results from Turkey. International Journal of Educational Development, 78, 102262.
- Brunello, G. (2004). Stratified or comprehensive? Some economic considerations on the design of secondary education. CESifo DICE Rep 4, 7–10.
- Calcagno, J. C., & Long, B. T. (2008). The impact of postsecondary remediation using a regression discontinuity approach: Addressing endogenous sorting and noncompliance. NCPR Working Paper. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED501553.pdf
- Canbal, M. S., Kerkez, B., Suna, H. E., Numanoğlu, K. V., & Özer, M. (2020). Mesleki ve teknik ortaöğretimde paradigma değişimi için yeni bir adım: Eğitim Programlarının Güncellenmesi. Eğitim ve İnsan Bilimleri: Teori ve Uygulama. 11(21), 1-25.
- Carter, P. L. (2018). The multidimensional problems of educational inequality require multidimensional solutions. Educational Studies, 54(1), 1-16.
- Center on Education Policy (CEP) (2007). Answering the question that matters most: Has student achievement increased since no child left behind. Washington, DC: CEP.
- Cingöz, Z. K., & Gür, B. S. (2020). Ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel statünün akademik başarıya etkisi: PISA 2015 ve TEOG 2017 sonuçlarının karşılaştırılması. İnsan ve Toplum, doi:10.12658/M0563.
- Coleman, J. S., Campbell, E. Q., Hobson, C. J., McPartland, J., Mood, A. M., Weinfeld, F. D., & York, R. L. (1966). Equality of educational opportunity. US Office of Education. Retrieved from http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED012275.
- Cortazar, A. (2015). Long-term effects of public early childhood education on academic achievement in Chile. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 32, 13-22.
- Coşkun, M. K., & Ünal, B. (2006). Kültürel sermaye, eğitim ve eşitsizliğin yeniden üretimi. Sosyoloji Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(1), 24-44.
- Dama, N., & Toklucu Sundaram, D. (2018). Yoksulluk döngüsünden çıkış: şartlı eğitim yardımı. Ankara: SETA Yayınları.
- De Paola, M., & Brunello, G. (2016). Education as a tool for the economic integration of migrants. IZA DP No. 9836. Retrieved from http://ftp.iza.org/dp9836.pdf
- Dinçer, M. A., & Uysal-Kolaşin, G. (2009). Türkiye’de öğrenci başarısında eşitsizliğin belirleyicileri: Türkiye’de eğitimde eşitliğin geliştirilebilmesi için veriye dayalı savunu projesi araştırma raporu. İstanbul: Sabancı Üniversitesi, Eğitim Reformu Girişimi.
- Dunn, C., Kenney, E., Fleischhacker, S. E., & Bleich, S. N. (2020, 30 April). Feeding low-income children during the Covid-19 pandemic. N Engl J Med, 382:e40, doi:/10.1056/NEJMp2005638
- Esenyel, C. (2009). Türkiye’de ve dünyada şartlı nakit transfer uygulamaları. Yayımlanmamış uzmanlık tezi, Sosyal Yardımlaşma ve Dayanışma Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
- Gençoğlu, C. (2019). Milli bir destekleme ve yetiştirme sistemi modeli: İlkokullarda Yetiştirme Programı (İYEP). Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 48(1), 853-881.
- Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü (2019). Göç istatistikleri. Retrieved from https://www.goc.gov.tr/gecici-koruma5638
- Güllüpınar, F., & İnce, C. (2014). Şanlıurfa’da eğitimsel eşitsizliklerin yeniden üretimi: Kültürel yapı, sosyal sermaye ve yapısal faktörlerin sosyolojik analizi. Eğitim Bilim ve Toplum Dergisi, 12(46), 84-121.
- Hanushek, E. A., & Woessmann, L. (2006). Does educational tracking affect performance and inequality? Differences-in-differences evidence across countries. Economic J, 116, 63–76.
- Janta, B., & Harte, E. (2016). Education of migrant children Education policy responses for the inclusion of migrant children in Europe. European Commission.
- Kavale, K. A., & Mostert, M. P. (2004). Social skills interventıons for individuals with learning disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 27, 31-43.
- Koretz, D. (2005). Alignment, high stakes, and the inflation of test scores. Los Angeles: National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing.
- Kotoula, K., Botzoris, G., Morfoulaki, M., & Aifandopoulou, G. (2017). The existing school transportation framework in Greece – Barriers and problems comparing to other European countries. Transportation Research Procedia, 24, 385–392.
- Magnuson, K. A., Meyers, M. K., Ruhm, C. J., & Waldfogel, J. (2004). Inequality in preschool education and school readiness. American Educational Research Journal, 41(1), 115–157.
- Marks, G. N. (2006). Are between-and within-school differences in student performance largely due to socioeconomic background? Evidence from 30 countries. Educ Res, 48(1), 21–40.
- MEB. (2018). 2023 eğitim vizyonu. Ankara: MEB.
- MEB. (2019a). Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı 2019-2023 stratejik planı. Ankara: MEB.
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Policies for Alleviating Educational Inequalities in Turkey
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 39 Sayı: 2, 294 - 312, 31.12.2020
Mahmut Özer
,
Cem Gençoğlu
,
Eren Suna
Kaynakça
- Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı. (2019). 2018 yılı idare faaliyet raporu. Ankara.
- Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı. (2020a). 2020 yılı performans programı. Ankara.
- Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı. (2020b). 2019 yılı idare faaliyet raporu. Ankara.
- Ainscow, M. (2004). Special needs in the classroom: a teacher education guide. Paris: UNESCO.
- Ansari, A. (2018). The persistence of preschool effects from early childhood through adolescence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 110(7), 952–973.
- Arslanargun, E., Bozkurt, S., & Sarıoğlu, S. (2016). Sosyoekonomik değişkenlerin öğrencilerin akademik başarısı üzerine etkileri. Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(3), 214-234.
- Avrupa Komisyonu. (2019). Access to quality education for children with special educational needs. Paris: Avrupa Komisyonu.
Retrieved from https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/b2215e85-1ec6-11e9-8d04-01aa75ed71a1/language-en
- Barnett, W. (1995). Long-term effects of early childhood programs on cognitive and school outcomes. The Future of Children, 5(3), 25-50.
- Bartlett, L. (2015). Access and quality of education for international migrant children. Paris: UNESCO.
- Bass, L. R. (2014). Boarding schools and capital benefits: Implications for urban school reform. The Journal of Educational Research, 107(1), 16-35.
- Batzer, L. A. (1997). The effect of remedial education programs on academic achievement and persistence at the two-year community college. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Western Michigan University, USA.
- Behnke, Y. (2018). Textbook effects and efficacy. In E. Fuchs, A. Bock. (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of textbook studies (pp. 383–392). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Bourdieu, P. (1973). Cultural reproduction and social reproduction. In R. K. Brown (Ed.) Knowledge, educational and cultural change, (pp. 71–112). London: Tavistock.
- Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.). Handbook of theory and research for the sociology education (pp. 258-241). New York: GreenwoodPress.
- Bourdieu, P., & Passeron, J. C. (2000). Reproduction in education, society and culture. London: Sage Publication.
- Bozgeyikli, H. (2019). Mesleki ve teknik eğitimin geleceği. İLKE Geleceğin Türkiye’si Analiz Raporu No.2.
- Bölükbaşı, S., & Gür, B. S. (2020). Tracking and inequality: The results from Turkey. International Journal of Educational Development, 78, 102262.
- Brunello, G. (2004). Stratified or comprehensive? Some economic considerations on the design of secondary education. CESifo DICE Rep 4, 7–10.
- Calcagno, J. C., & Long, B. T. (2008). The impact of postsecondary remediation using a regression discontinuity approach: Addressing endogenous sorting and noncompliance. NCPR Working Paper. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED501553.pdf
- Canbal, M. S., Kerkez, B., Suna, H. E., Numanoğlu, K. V., & Özer, M. (2020). Mesleki ve teknik ortaöğretimde paradigma değişimi için yeni bir adım: Eğitim Programlarının Güncellenmesi. Eğitim ve İnsan Bilimleri: Teori ve Uygulama. 11(21), 1-25.
- Carter, P. L. (2018). The multidimensional problems of educational inequality require multidimensional solutions. Educational Studies, 54(1), 1-16.
- Center on Education Policy (CEP) (2007). Answering the question that matters most: Has student achievement increased since no child left behind. Washington, DC: CEP.
- Cingöz, Z. K., & Gür, B. S. (2020). Ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel statünün akademik başarıya etkisi: PISA 2015 ve TEOG 2017 sonuçlarının karşılaştırılması. İnsan ve Toplum, doi:10.12658/M0563.
- Coleman, J. S., Campbell, E. Q., Hobson, C. J., McPartland, J., Mood, A. M., Weinfeld, F. D., & York, R. L. (1966). Equality of educational opportunity. US Office of Education. Retrieved from http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED012275.
- Cortazar, A. (2015). Long-term effects of public early childhood education on academic achievement in Chile. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 32, 13-22.
- Coşkun, M. K., & Ünal, B. (2006). Kültürel sermaye, eğitim ve eşitsizliğin yeniden üretimi. Sosyoloji Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(1), 24-44.
- Dama, N., & Toklucu Sundaram, D. (2018). Yoksulluk döngüsünden çıkış: şartlı eğitim yardımı. Ankara: SETA Yayınları.
- De Paola, M., & Brunello, G. (2016). Education as a tool for the economic integration of migrants. IZA DP No. 9836. Retrieved from http://ftp.iza.org/dp9836.pdf
- Dinçer, M. A., & Uysal-Kolaşin, G. (2009). Türkiye’de öğrenci başarısında eşitsizliğin belirleyicileri: Türkiye’de eğitimde eşitliğin geliştirilebilmesi için veriye dayalı savunu projesi araştırma raporu. İstanbul: Sabancı Üniversitesi, Eğitim Reformu Girişimi.
- Dunn, C., Kenney, E., Fleischhacker, S. E., & Bleich, S. N. (2020, 30 April). Feeding low-income children during the Covid-19 pandemic. N Engl J Med, 382:e40, doi:/10.1056/NEJMp2005638
- Esenyel, C. (2009). Türkiye’de ve dünyada şartlı nakit transfer uygulamaları. Yayımlanmamış uzmanlık tezi, Sosyal Yardımlaşma ve Dayanışma Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
- Gençoğlu, C. (2019). Milli bir destekleme ve yetiştirme sistemi modeli: İlkokullarda Yetiştirme Programı (İYEP). Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 48(1), 853-881.
- Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü (2019). Göç istatistikleri. Retrieved from https://www.goc.gov.tr/gecici-koruma5638
- Güllüpınar, F., & İnce, C. (2014). Şanlıurfa’da eğitimsel eşitsizliklerin yeniden üretimi: Kültürel yapı, sosyal sermaye ve yapısal faktörlerin sosyolojik analizi. Eğitim Bilim ve Toplum Dergisi, 12(46), 84-121.
- Hanushek, E. A., & Woessmann, L. (2006). Does educational tracking affect performance and inequality? Differences-in-differences evidence across countries. Economic J, 116, 63–76.
- Janta, B., & Harte, E. (2016). Education of migrant children Education policy responses for the inclusion of migrant children in Europe. European Commission.
- Kavale, K. A., & Mostert, M. P. (2004). Social skills interventıons for individuals with learning disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 27, 31-43.
- Koretz, D. (2005). Alignment, high stakes, and the inflation of test scores. Los Angeles: National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing.
- Kotoula, K., Botzoris, G., Morfoulaki, M., & Aifandopoulou, G. (2017). The existing school transportation framework in Greece – Barriers and problems comparing to other European countries. Transportation Research Procedia, 24, 385–392.
- Magnuson, K. A., Meyers, M. K., Ruhm, C. J., & Waldfogel, J. (2004). Inequality in preschool education and school readiness. American Educational Research Journal, 41(1), 115–157.
- Marks, G. N. (2006). Are between-and within-school differences in student performance largely due to socioeconomic background? Evidence from 30 countries. Educ Res, 48(1), 21–40.
- MEB. (2018). 2023 eğitim vizyonu. Ankara: MEB.
- MEB. (2019a). Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı 2019-2023 stratejik planı. Ankara: MEB.
- MEB. (2019b). 2020 yılı bütçe sunuşu. Retrieved from (http://sgb.meb.gov.tr/meb_iys_dosyalar/2019_12/18094404_2020_BUTCE_SUNUYU_17.12.2019.pdf.
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