Bilişsel Davranışçı Yaklaşıma Dayalı Psikoeğitim Programının Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Problemli Cep Telefonu Kullanımına Etkisi
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 43 Sayı: 2, 1159 - 1204, 30.12.2024
Vedat Ceylan
,
Filiz Bilge
Öz
Bu araştırmanın amacı, ortaokul öğrencilerinin problemli cep telefonu kullanımlarının çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi ve bilişsel-davranışçı yaklaşıma dayalı geliştirilen psikoeğitim programının problemli cep telefonu kullanımını azaltmada etkili olup olmadığının ortaya konulmasıdır. Birinci çalışmada ilişkisel tarama modeli, ikinci çalışmada ise öntest-sontest kontrol gruplu yarı deneysel desen kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın ilk çalışma grubu, ortaokulda öğrenim gören toplam 237 öğrenciden oluşmaktadır. İkinci çalışma grubuna 20 (dokuzu deney, 11’i kontrol grubu) yedinci sınıf öğrencisi katılmıştır. Deney grubuna dört oturumdan oluşan Bilişsel-Davranışçı yaklaşıma dayalı psikoeğitim programı uygulanmıştır. Kontrol grubuna herhangi bir işlem yapılmamıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak Problemli Cep Telefonu Kullanım Ölçeği ve Kişisel Bilgi Formu uygulanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda problemli cep telefonu kullanım ölçeği puan ortalamalarında algılanan aile gelir durumuna ve cep telefonunu kullanım süresine göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark saptanmıştır. Cinsiyete göre ise anlamlı fark olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca bilişsel davranışçı yaklaşıma dayalı geliştirilen psikoeğitim programının deney grubunda yer alan katılımcıların problemli cep telefonu kullanımını azaltmada etkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Ancak bu etki gruplar arasında fark yaratacak düzeye ulaşmamıştır.
Kaynakça
- Aktaş, H. & Yılmaz, N. (2017). Üniversite gençlerinin yalnızlık ve utangaçlık unsurları açısından akıllı telefon bağımlılığı. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 3(1), 85-100.
- Alkın, S. (2018). Lise öğrencilerinde sosyal ilişkilerin niteliği ve akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi, Tokat.
- Al-Khlaiwi, T. & Meo, S. A. (2004). Association of mobile phone radiation with fatigue, headache, dizziness,
tension and sleep disturbance in Saudi population. Saudi Medical Journal, 25(6), 732-736.
- Al-Khlaiwi, T. M., Habib, S. S., Meo, S. A., Alqhtani, M. S. & Ogailan, A. A. (2020). The association of smart mobile phone usage with cognitive function impairment in Saudi adult population. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 36(7), 1628-1633. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.7.2826
- Ankara, H. G., Tekin, B. & Öz, E. (2020). Elmayı en çok kim ısırıyor? Akıllı telefon bağımlılığını etkileyen sosyoekonomik faktörlerin tespiti. Bilişim Teknolojileri Dergisi, 13(3), 235-242. https://doi.org/10.17671/gazibtd.690046
- Anshari, M., Alas, Y., Hardaker, G., Jaidin, J. H., Smith, M. & Ahad, A. D. (2016). Smartphone habit and behavior in Brunei: Personalization, gender, and generation gap. Computers in Human Behavior, 64, 719–727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.07.063
- Bayhan, P. & Işıtan, S. (2010). Ergenlik döneminde ilişkiler: Akran ve romantik ilişkilere genel bakış. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 5(20), 33-44.
- Beck, J. (2018). Bilişsel davranışçı terapi: Temelleri ve ötesi (M. Şahin, Çev.). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
- Bian, M. & Leung, L. (2015). Linking loneliness, shyness, smartphone addiction symptoms, and patterns of smartphone use to social capital. Social Science Computer Review, 33(1), 61-79.
- Bianchi, A. & Phillips, J. G. (2005). Psychological predictors of problem mobile phone use. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 8(1), 39-51. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2005.8.39
- Billieux, J. (2012). Problematic use of the mobile phone: A literature review and a pathways model. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 8(4), 299-307. https://doi.org/10.2174/157340012803520522
- Bong, S. H., Won, G. H. & Choi, T. Y. (2021). Effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy based music therapy in korean adolescents with smartphone and ınternet addiction. Psychiatry Investigation, 18(2), 110-117. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0155
- Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, K. E., Akgün, E. Ö., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2020). Eğitimde bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (28. baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
- Castells, M., Ardevol, M., Qiu, J. & Sey, A. (2004). The mobile communication society: A cross cultural analysis of available evidence on the social use of wireless communication technology. Erişim Tarihi: 04 Nisan 2024, chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.arnic.info/WirelessWorkshop/MCS.pdf
- Chen, B., Liu, F., Ding, S., Ying, X., Wang, L. & Wen, Y. (2017). Gender differences in factors associated with smartphone addiction: A cross-sectional study among medical college students. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 341. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1503-z
- Chen, X., Lin, Y., & Qinxue, L. (2020). Technoference and adolescent smartphone addiction: The effect of core self-evaluations and need satisfaction perceived online. Journal of Psychological Science, 2, 355-362.
- Chiu, S. I. (2014). The relationship between life stress and smartphone addiction on Taiwanese university student: A mediation model of learning self-efficacy and social self-efficacy. Computers in Human Behavior, 34, 49-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.024
- Choi, N. (2015). The effects of a smartphone addiction education program for young adult females. IJUNESST, 8(12), 277-284. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijunesst.2015.8.12.28
- Christner, R. W., Stewart, J. L. & Freeman, A. (Eds.). (2007). Cognitive-behaviour group therapy with children and adolescents. Routledge: Taylor &Francis Group.
- Claesdotter-Knutsson, E., André, F., Fridh, M., Delfin, C., Hakansson, A. & Lindström, M. (2021). Gender-Based differences and associated factors surrounding excessive smartphone use among adolescents: Cross-sectional study. JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting, 4(4), e30889. https://doi.org/10.2196/30889
- Creed, T. A., Reisweber, J. & Beck, A. T. (2014). Okul ortamlarındaki ergenleri için bilişsel terapi. (S. Özgüngör, Çev. Ed.) Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
- Demir, S. & Cenkseven-Önder, F. (2021). Lise öğrencilerinde akıllı telefon bağımlılığı: Duygusal zeka açısından incelenmesi. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 14(76), 585-594.
- Demirci, K., Orhan, H., Demirdas, A., Akpinar, A. & Sert, H. (2014). Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the smartphone addiction scale in a younger population. Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 24(3), 226-234. https://doi.org/10.5455/bcp.20140710040824
- Dugosh, K., Abraham, A., Seymour, B., McLoyd, K., Chalk, M., & Festinger, D. (2016). A systematic review on the use of psychosocial ınterventions in conjunction with medications for the treatment of opioid addiction. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 10(2), 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000193
- Durak, H. & Seferoğlu, S. S. (2017). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin akıllı telefon kullanımları ve bağımlılık düzeyleriyle ilgili bir inceleme. Eğitim Teknolojisi Kuram ve Uygulama, 8(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.17943/etku.288822
- Elhai, J. D., Dvorak, R. D., Levine, J. C. & Hall, B. J. (2017). Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 251–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.030
- Elhai, J. D., Yang, H., & Montag, C. (2019). Cognitive and emotion-related dysfunctional coping processes: Transdiagnostic mechanisms explaining depression and anxiety’s relations with problematic smartphone use. Current Addiction Reports, 6(4), 410–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-019-00260-4
- Extremera, N., Quintana-Orts, C., Sánchez-Álvarez, N., & Rey, L. (2019). The role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies on problematic smartphone use: Comparison between problematic and non-problematic adolescent users. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(17), 3142. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173142
- Gershoff, E. T., Aber, J. L., Raver, C. C., & Lennon, M. C. (2007). Income is not enough: incorporating material hardship into models of income associations with parenting and child development. Child Development, 78(1), 70–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00986.x
- Grant, J. E., Potenza, M. C., Weinstein, A. & Gorelick, D. A. (2010). Introduction to behavioral addictions. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36(5), 233-241.
- Güler, B. D., Yılmazel, G. & Altay, B. (2023). Smartphone addiction and psychosocial factors among rural adolescents. Sağlık ve Toplum, 33(2) 171-182.
- Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J. J., Sawyer, A. T. & Fang, (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cogn Ther Res 36, 427–440 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-012-9476-1
- Kalen, S. (2018). Ergenlerde akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ile algılanan anne baba tutumları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir.
- Karaaslan, G. A. & Budak, L. (2012). Üniversite öğrencilerinin cep telefonu özelliklerini kullanımlarının ve gündelik iletişimlerine etkisinin araştırılması. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 7(26), 4548-4571. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyu.48010
- Karasar, N. (2013). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
- Khalily, M. T., Loona, M. I., Bhatti, M. M., Ahmad, I. & Saleem, T. (2020). Smartphone addiction and its associated factors among students in twin cities of Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc, 70(8), 1357-1362. https://doi.org/10.5455/JPMA.23054
- Khalily, M. T., Bhatti, M. M., Ahmad, I., Saleem, T., Hallahan, B., Ali, S. A., Khan, A. A. & Hussain, B. (2021). Indigenously adapted cognitive-behavioral therapy for excessive smartphone use (IACBT-ESU): A randomized controlled trial. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors: Journal of the Society of Psychologists in
Addictive Behaviors, 35(1), 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000677
- Kim, M. S., Choi, E. M., Bae, J. H. & Lee, S. H. (2013). Development and preliminary outcome study of smartphone overuse prevention education program for adolescents of middle school. Journal of Information Technology Services, 12(4), 307-318. https://doi.org/10.9716/KITS.2013.12.4.307
- Kim, S. G., Park, J., Kim, H. T., Pan, Z., Lee, Y. & McIntyre, R. S. (2019). The relationship between smartphone addiction and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity in South Korean adolescents. Annals of General Psychiatry, 18, 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-019-0224-8
- Kim, D. (2021). Cognitive behavioral therapy for college students with smartphone addiction. IJACT, 9(4). 29-39.
- Kwon, M., Kim, D. J., Cho, H. & Yang, S. (2013). The smartphone addiction scale: Development and validation of
a short version for adolescents. PloS one, 8(12), e83558. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083558
- Lan, Y., Dıng, J., Li, W., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, M. & Fu, H. (2018). A pilot study of a group mindfulness-based cognitive-behavioral intervention for smartphone addiction among university students. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(4), 1171—1176. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.103
- Lee, S. J. (2013). Parental restrictive mediation of children’s internet use: Effective for what and for whom? New Media & Society, 15(4), 466-481. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812452412
- Lee, H., Seo, M. J. & Choi, T. Y. (2016). The Effect of home-based daily journal writing in Korean adolescents with smartphone addiction. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 31(5), 764-769. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2016.31.5.764
- Li, J., Lepp, A. & Barkley, J. E. (2015). Locus of control and cell phone use: Implications for sleep quality, academic performance, and subjective well-being. Computers in Human Behavior, 52, 450-457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.021
- Liu, J., Nie, J., & Wang, Y. (2017). Effects of group counseling programs, cognitive behavioral therapy, and sports ıntervention on ınternet addiction in East Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(12), 1470. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121470
- Lian, L. & You, X. (2017). Specific virtues as predictors of smartphone addiction among Chinese undergraduates. Current Psychology, 36, 376–384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9612-x
- Livingstone, S., & Helsper, E. J. (2008). Parental Mediation of Children’s Internet Use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 52(4), 581–599. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838150802437396
- Lopez-Fernandez, O., Romo, L., Kern, L., Rousseau, A., Graziani, P., Rochat, L., Achab, S., Zullino, D., Landrø, N. I., Zacarés, J. J., Serra, E., Chóliz, M., Pontes, H. M., Griffiths, M. D., & Kuss, D. J. (2022). Perceptions underlying addictive technology use patterns: Insights for cognitive-behavioural therapy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(1), 544. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010544
- Melwater & We Are Social (2024). Digital 2024: Global overview report. Erişim Tarihi: 18 Eylül 2024, https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2024-global-overview-report
- Meral, D. (2017). Ortaöğretim öğrencilerinde akıllı telefon bağımlılığının yalnızlık, yaşam doyumu ve bazı kişisel özellikler bakımından incelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Erzincan Üniversitesi, Erzincan.
- Mert, A. & Özdemir, G. (2018). Yalnızlık duygusunun akıllı telefon bağımlılığına etkisi. OPUS, 8(8), 89-107.
- Martinotti, G., Villella, C., Di Thiene, D., Di Nicola, M., Bria, P., Conte, G., Cassano, M., Petruccelli, F., Corvasce, N., Janiri, L. & La Torre, G. (2011). Problematic mobile phone use in adolescence: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Public Health, 19(6), 545-551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-011-0422-6
- Nazlı, S. (2023). Kapsamlı gelişimsel rehberlik programı (8. Baskı). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
- Noyan, C. O., Enez Darçın, A., Nurmedov, S., Yılmaz, O. & Dilbaz, N. (2015). Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Ölçeğinin Kısa Formunun üniversite öğrencilerinde Türkçe geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16(1), 73-81.
- Pamuk, M. (2017). Ergenlerde akıllı cep telefonunun problemli kullanımını azaltmaya yönelik bir psikoeğitim programının etkililiğinin incelenmesi. Doktora Tezi, İnönü Üniversitesi, Malatya.
- Phillips, J. G., Ogeil, R. P. & Blaszczynski, A. (2011). Electronic interests and behaviors associated with gambling problems. Int J Ment Health Addiction, 1(2), 33-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11469-011-9356-z
- Pituch, K. A. & Stevens, J. P. (2016). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences: Analysis with SAS and IBM’s SPSS (Sixth Edition). Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group.
- Radziwon, C. D., & Lackner, J. M. (2017). Cognitive behavioral therapy for IBS: How useful, how often, and how does ıt work? Current Gastroenterology Reports, 19(10), 49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-017-0590-9
- Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2002). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
- Stallard, P. (2005). İyi düşün iyi hisset. (C. Gökçen & E. Külahçıoğlu, Çev. Ed.). İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
- Sülün, A., Günay, U., Sarman, A. & Dertli, S. (2020). Akıllı telefon kullanan adölesanlarda gündüz uykululuğu. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 21(2), 129-136.
- Tanşu, A. (2022). Akıllı telefon bağımlılığı olan üniversite öğrencilerinde bilişsel davranışçı temelli psikoeğitimin etkinliği. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
- Tao, S., Wu, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, S., Tong, S. & Tao, F. (2017). Effects of sleep quality on the association between problematic mobile phone use and mental health symptoms in Chinese college students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(2), 185, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14020185
- Türkçapar, M. H. (2007). Bilişsel terapi temel ilkeler ve uygulama. Ankara: HYB Basım yayıncılık.
- Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2021). İstatistiklerle aile, Sayı: 45632. Erişim Tarihi: 17 Eylül 2024, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Ista-tistiklerle-Aile-2021-45632
- Voltan Acar, N. (2004). Grupla psikolojik danışma alıştırmalar-deneyler. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
- Yang, Y. S., Yen, J. Y., Ko, C. H., Cheng, C. P. & Yen, C. F. (2010). The association between problematic cellular phone use and risky behaviors and low selfesteem among Taiwanese adolescents. BMC Public Health. 10, 217. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-217
- Yang, Z., Asbury, K. & Griffiths, M. D. (2019). An exploration of problematic smartphone use among chinese university students: Associations with academic anxiety, academic procrastination, self-regulation and subjective wellbeing. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 17(3), 596-614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9961-1
- Yılmaz, B. (2017). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin problemli cep telefonu kullanımlarının farklı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
- Young K. S. (2007). Cognitive behavior therapy with ınternet addicts: Treatment outcomes and implications. Cyberpsychol Behav. 10(5), 671–679. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.9971
- Yu, H. G. & Son, C. (2016). Effects of ACT on smartphone addiction level, self-control, and anxiety of college students with smartphone addiction. Journal of Digital Convergence, 14(2), 415-426.
- Zulkefly, S. N. & Baharudin, R. (2009) Mobile phone use amongst students in a university in Malaysia: Its correlates and relationship to psychological health. European Journal of Scientific Research, 27, 206-218.
- We Are Social (2015). Digital 2015: Global digital statshot august 2015. Erişim Tarihi: 18 Eylül 2024, https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2015-global-digital-statshot-august-2015
THE EFFECT OF PSYCHOEDUCATION PROGRAM BASED ON COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL APPROACH ON PROBLEMATIC MOBILE PHONE USAGE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 43 Sayı: 2, 1159 - 1204, 30.12.2024
Vedat Ceylan
,
Filiz Bilge
Öz
The aim of this study is to examine the problematic mobile phone useage of secondary school students in terms of various variables and to determine whether the psychoeducation program developed based on the cognitive-behavioral approach is effective in reducing problematic mobile phone useage. Relational survey model was used in the first study and a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group was used in the second study. The first study group of the research consists of a total of 237 secondary school students. The second study group consisted of 20 seventh grade students (nine in the experimental group and 11 in the control group). A psychoeducation program based on the Cognitive-Behavioral approach consisting of four sessions was applied to the experimental group. No intervention was applied to the control group. Problematic Mobile Phone Useage Questionnaire and Personal Information Form were used as data collection tools. As a result of the research, a statistically significant difference was found in the the problematic mobile phone useage questionnaire score averages according to perceived family income status and duration of mobile phone use. It was determined that there was no significant difference according to gender. In addition, after the psychoeducation program developed based on the cognitive behavioral approach, a statistically significant difference was found between the pretest and posttest mean scores of the experimental group, There was no statistically significant difference between the posttest mean scores of the experimental and control groups.
Kaynakça
- Aktaş, H. & Yılmaz, N. (2017). Üniversite gençlerinin yalnızlık ve utangaçlık unsurları açısından akıllı telefon bağımlılığı. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 3(1), 85-100.
- Alkın, S. (2018). Lise öğrencilerinde sosyal ilişkilerin niteliği ve akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi, Tokat.
- Al-Khlaiwi, T. & Meo, S. A. (2004). Association of mobile phone radiation with fatigue, headache, dizziness,
tension and sleep disturbance in Saudi population. Saudi Medical Journal, 25(6), 732-736.
- Al-Khlaiwi, T. M., Habib, S. S., Meo, S. A., Alqhtani, M. S. & Ogailan, A. A. (2020). The association of smart mobile phone usage with cognitive function impairment in Saudi adult population. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 36(7), 1628-1633. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.7.2826
- Ankara, H. G., Tekin, B. & Öz, E. (2020). Elmayı en çok kim ısırıyor? Akıllı telefon bağımlılığını etkileyen sosyoekonomik faktörlerin tespiti. Bilişim Teknolojileri Dergisi, 13(3), 235-242. https://doi.org/10.17671/gazibtd.690046
- Anshari, M., Alas, Y., Hardaker, G., Jaidin, J. H., Smith, M. & Ahad, A. D. (2016). Smartphone habit and behavior in Brunei: Personalization, gender, and generation gap. Computers in Human Behavior, 64, 719–727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.07.063
- Bayhan, P. & Işıtan, S. (2010). Ergenlik döneminde ilişkiler: Akran ve romantik ilişkilere genel bakış. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 5(20), 33-44.
- Beck, J. (2018). Bilişsel davranışçı terapi: Temelleri ve ötesi (M. Şahin, Çev.). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
- Bian, M. & Leung, L. (2015). Linking loneliness, shyness, smartphone addiction symptoms, and patterns of smartphone use to social capital. Social Science Computer Review, 33(1), 61-79.
- Bianchi, A. & Phillips, J. G. (2005). Psychological predictors of problem mobile phone use. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 8(1), 39-51. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2005.8.39
- Billieux, J. (2012). Problematic use of the mobile phone: A literature review and a pathways model. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 8(4), 299-307. https://doi.org/10.2174/157340012803520522
- Bong, S. H., Won, G. H. & Choi, T. Y. (2021). Effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy based music therapy in korean adolescents with smartphone and ınternet addiction. Psychiatry Investigation, 18(2), 110-117. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0155
- Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, K. E., Akgün, E. Ö., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2020). Eğitimde bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (28. baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
- Castells, M., Ardevol, M., Qiu, J. & Sey, A. (2004). The mobile communication society: A cross cultural analysis of available evidence on the social use of wireless communication technology. Erişim Tarihi: 04 Nisan 2024, chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.arnic.info/WirelessWorkshop/MCS.pdf
- Chen, B., Liu, F., Ding, S., Ying, X., Wang, L. & Wen, Y. (2017). Gender differences in factors associated with smartphone addiction: A cross-sectional study among medical college students. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 341. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1503-z
- Chen, X., Lin, Y., & Qinxue, L. (2020). Technoference and adolescent smartphone addiction: The effect of core self-evaluations and need satisfaction perceived online. Journal of Psychological Science, 2, 355-362.
- Chiu, S. I. (2014). The relationship between life stress and smartphone addiction on Taiwanese university student: A mediation model of learning self-efficacy and social self-efficacy. Computers in Human Behavior, 34, 49-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.024
- Choi, N. (2015). The effects of a smartphone addiction education program for young adult females. IJUNESST, 8(12), 277-284. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijunesst.2015.8.12.28
- Christner, R. W., Stewart, J. L. & Freeman, A. (Eds.). (2007). Cognitive-behaviour group therapy with children and adolescents. Routledge: Taylor &Francis Group.
- Claesdotter-Knutsson, E., André, F., Fridh, M., Delfin, C., Hakansson, A. & Lindström, M. (2021). Gender-Based differences and associated factors surrounding excessive smartphone use among adolescents: Cross-sectional study. JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting, 4(4), e30889. https://doi.org/10.2196/30889
- Creed, T. A., Reisweber, J. & Beck, A. T. (2014). Okul ortamlarındaki ergenleri için bilişsel terapi. (S. Özgüngör, Çev. Ed.) Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
- Demir, S. & Cenkseven-Önder, F. (2021). Lise öğrencilerinde akıllı telefon bağımlılığı: Duygusal zeka açısından incelenmesi. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 14(76), 585-594.
- Demirci, K., Orhan, H., Demirdas, A., Akpinar, A. & Sert, H. (2014). Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the smartphone addiction scale in a younger population. Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 24(3), 226-234. https://doi.org/10.5455/bcp.20140710040824
- Dugosh, K., Abraham, A., Seymour, B., McLoyd, K., Chalk, M., & Festinger, D. (2016). A systematic review on the use of psychosocial ınterventions in conjunction with medications for the treatment of opioid addiction. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 10(2), 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000193
- Durak, H. & Seferoğlu, S. S. (2017). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin akıllı telefon kullanımları ve bağımlılık düzeyleriyle ilgili bir inceleme. Eğitim Teknolojisi Kuram ve Uygulama, 8(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.17943/etku.288822
- Elhai, J. D., Dvorak, R. D., Levine, J. C. & Hall, B. J. (2017). Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 251–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.030
- Elhai, J. D., Yang, H., & Montag, C. (2019). Cognitive and emotion-related dysfunctional coping processes: Transdiagnostic mechanisms explaining depression and anxiety’s relations with problematic smartphone use. Current Addiction Reports, 6(4), 410–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-019-00260-4
- Extremera, N., Quintana-Orts, C., Sánchez-Álvarez, N., & Rey, L. (2019). The role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies on problematic smartphone use: Comparison between problematic and non-problematic adolescent users. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(17), 3142. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173142
- Gershoff, E. T., Aber, J. L., Raver, C. C., & Lennon, M. C. (2007). Income is not enough: incorporating material hardship into models of income associations with parenting and child development. Child Development, 78(1), 70–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00986.x
- Grant, J. E., Potenza, M. C., Weinstein, A. & Gorelick, D. A. (2010). Introduction to behavioral addictions. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36(5), 233-241.
- Güler, B. D., Yılmazel, G. & Altay, B. (2023). Smartphone addiction and psychosocial factors among rural adolescents. Sağlık ve Toplum, 33(2) 171-182.
- Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J. J., Sawyer, A. T. & Fang, (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cogn Ther Res 36, 427–440 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-012-9476-1
- Kalen, S. (2018). Ergenlerde akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ile algılanan anne baba tutumları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir.
- Karaaslan, G. A. & Budak, L. (2012). Üniversite öğrencilerinin cep telefonu özelliklerini kullanımlarının ve gündelik iletişimlerine etkisinin araştırılması. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 7(26), 4548-4571. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyu.48010
- Karasar, N. (2013). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
- Khalily, M. T., Loona, M. I., Bhatti, M. M., Ahmad, I. & Saleem, T. (2020). Smartphone addiction and its associated factors among students in twin cities of Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc, 70(8), 1357-1362. https://doi.org/10.5455/JPMA.23054
- Khalily, M. T., Bhatti, M. M., Ahmad, I., Saleem, T., Hallahan, B., Ali, S. A., Khan, A. A. & Hussain, B. (2021). Indigenously adapted cognitive-behavioral therapy for excessive smartphone use (IACBT-ESU): A randomized controlled trial. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors: Journal of the Society of Psychologists in
Addictive Behaviors, 35(1), 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000677
- Kim, M. S., Choi, E. M., Bae, J. H. & Lee, S. H. (2013). Development and preliminary outcome study of smartphone overuse prevention education program for adolescents of middle school. Journal of Information Technology Services, 12(4), 307-318. https://doi.org/10.9716/KITS.2013.12.4.307
- Kim, S. G., Park, J., Kim, H. T., Pan, Z., Lee, Y. & McIntyre, R. S. (2019). The relationship between smartphone addiction and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity in South Korean adolescents. Annals of General Psychiatry, 18, 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-019-0224-8
- Kim, D. (2021). Cognitive behavioral therapy for college students with smartphone addiction. IJACT, 9(4). 29-39.
- Kwon, M., Kim, D. J., Cho, H. & Yang, S. (2013). The smartphone addiction scale: Development and validation of
a short version for adolescents. PloS one, 8(12), e83558. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083558
- Lan, Y., Dıng, J., Li, W., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, M. & Fu, H. (2018). A pilot study of a group mindfulness-based cognitive-behavioral intervention for smartphone addiction among university students. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(4), 1171—1176. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.103
- Lee, S. J. (2013). Parental restrictive mediation of children’s internet use: Effective for what and for whom? New Media & Society, 15(4), 466-481. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812452412
- Lee, H., Seo, M. J. & Choi, T. Y. (2016). The Effect of home-based daily journal writing in Korean adolescents with smartphone addiction. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 31(5), 764-769. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2016.31.5.764
- Li, J., Lepp, A. & Barkley, J. E. (2015). Locus of control and cell phone use: Implications for sleep quality, academic performance, and subjective well-being. Computers in Human Behavior, 52, 450-457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.021
- Liu, J., Nie, J., & Wang, Y. (2017). Effects of group counseling programs, cognitive behavioral therapy, and sports ıntervention on ınternet addiction in East Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(12), 1470. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121470
- Lian, L. & You, X. (2017). Specific virtues as predictors of smartphone addiction among Chinese undergraduates. Current Psychology, 36, 376–384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9612-x
- Livingstone, S., & Helsper, E. J. (2008). Parental Mediation of Children’s Internet Use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 52(4), 581–599. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838150802437396
- Lopez-Fernandez, O., Romo, L., Kern, L., Rousseau, A., Graziani, P., Rochat, L., Achab, S., Zullino, D., Landrø, N. I., Zacarés, J. J., Serra, E., Chóliz, M., Pontes, H. M., Griffiths, M. D., & Kuss, D. J. (2022). Perceptions underlying addictive technology use patterns: Insights for cognitive-behavioural therapy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(1), 544. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010544
- Melwater & We Are Social (2024). Digital 2024: Global overview report. Erişim Tarihi: 18 Eylül 2024, https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2024-global-overview-report
- Meral, D. (2017). Ortaöğretim öğrencilerinde akıllı telefon bağımlılığının yalnızlık, yaşam doyumu ve bazı kişisel özellikler bakımından incelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Erzincan Üniversitesi, Erzincan.
- Mert, A. & Özdemir, G. (2018). Yalnızlık duygusunun akıllı telefon bağımlılığına etkisi. OPUS, 8(8), 89-107.
- Martinotti, G., Villella, C., Di Thiene, D., Di Nicola, M., Bria, P., Conte, G., Cassano, M., Petruccelli, F., Corvasce, N., Janiri, L. & La Torre, G. (2011). Problematic mobile phone use in adolescence: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Public Health, 19(6), 545-551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-011-0422-6
- Nazlı, S. (2023). Kapsamlı gelişimsel rehberlik programı (8. Baskı). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
- Noyan, C. O., Enez Darçın, A., Nurmedov, S., Yılmaz, O. & Dilbaz, N. (2015). Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Ölçeğinin Kısa Formunun üniversite öğrencilerinde Türkçe geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16(1), 73-81.
- Pamuk, M. (2017). Ergenlerde akıllı cep telefonunun problemli kullanımını azaltmaya yönelik bir psikoeğitim programının etkililiğinin incelenmesi. Doktora Tezi, İnönü Üniversitesi, Malatya.
- Phillips, J. G., Ogeil, R. P. & Blaszczynski, A. (2011). Electronic interests and behaviors associated with gambling problems. Int J Ment Health Addiction, 1(2), 33-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11469-011-9356-z
- Pituch, K. A. & Stevens, J. P. (2016). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences: Analysis with SAS and IBM’s SPSS (Sixth Edition). Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group.
- Radziwon, C. D., & Lackner, J. M. (2017). Cognitive behavioral therapy for IBS: How useful, how often, and how does ıt work? Current Gastroenterology Reports, 19(10), 49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-017-0590-9
- Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2002). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
- Stallard, P. (2005). İyi düşün iyi hisset. (C. Gökçen & E. Külahçıoğlu, Çev. Ed.). İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
- Sülün, A., Günay, U., Sarman, A. & Dertli, S. (2020). Akıllı telefon kullanan adölesanlarda gündüz uykululuğu. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 21(2), 129-136.
- Tanşu, A. (2022). Akıllı telefon bağımlılığı olan üniversite öğrencilerinde bilişsel davranışçı temelli psikoeğitimin etkinliği. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
- Tao, S., Wu, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, S., Tong, S. & Tao, F. (2017). Effects of sleep quality on the association between problematic mobile phone use and mental health symptoms in Chinese college students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(2), 185, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14020185
- Türkçapar, M. H. (2007). Bilişsel terapi temel ilkeler ve uygulama. Ankara: HYB Basım yayıncılık.
- Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2021). İstatistiklerle aile, Sayı: 45632. Erişim Tarihi: 17 Eylül 2024, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Ista-tistiklerle-Aile-2021-45632
- Voltan Acar, N. (2004). Grupla psikolojik danışma alıştırmalar-deneyler. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
- Yang, Y. S., Yen, J. Y., Ko, C. H., Cheng, C. P. & Yen, C. F. (2010). The association between problematic cellular phone use and risky behaviors and low selfesteem among Taiwanese adolescents. BMC Public Health. 10, 217. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-217
- Yang, Z., Asbury, K. & Griffiths, M. D. (2019). An exploration of problematic smartphone use among chinese university students: Associations with academic anxiety, academic procrastination, self-regulation and subjective wellbeing. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 17(3), 596-614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9961-1
- Yılmaz, B. (2017). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin problemli cep telefonu kullanımlarının farklı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
- Young K. S. (2007). Cognitive behavior therapy with ınternet addicts: Treatment outcomes and implications. Cyberpsychol Behav. 10(5), 671–679. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.9971
- Yu, H. G. & Son, C. (2016). Effects of ACT on smartphone addiction level, self-control, and anxiety of college students with smartphone addiction. Journal of Digital Convergence, 14(2), 415-426.
- Zulkefly, S. N. & Baharudin, R. (2009) Mobile phone use amongst students in a university in Malaysia: Its correlates and relationship to psychological health. European Journal of Scientific Research, 27, 206-218.
- We Are Social (2015). Digital 2015: Global digital statshot august 2015. Erişim Tarihi: 18 Eylül 2024, https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2015-global-digital-statshot-august-2015