FUTBOLDA 4V4 DAR ALAN OYUNLARINA VERİLEN PSİKOLOJİK VE BİLİŞSEL CEVAPLAR

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, farklı formatlarda oynatılan 4v4 dar alan oyunlarına verilen ruh hali, algılanan zihinsel yük ve zihinsel çaba cevaplarının incelenmesidir. Araştırmaya 24 amatör futbolcu (yaş: 17,8 ± 5,1) katılmıştır. Araştırmada, kalecili, küçük kaleli ve topa sahip olma oyunlarını içeren 3 farklı formatta 4v4 dar alan oyunu oynatılmıştır. Oyuncular Yo-Yo Aralıklı Toparlanma Testi Seviye 1 skorlarına göre takımlara ayrılarak, 4 set, 4 dakika ve setler arası 2 dakika dinlenme olacak şekilde oyunlara katılmışlardır. Brunel Ruh Hali cevapları bütün oyunlar öncesinde ve sonrasında, NASA-TLX ve Zihinsel Çaba skorları da oyunlar sırasında ve sonrasında toplanmıştır. Araştırmanın bulgularına göre, kalecili oyunda bitkinlik ve dinçlik ruh hallerinde, küçük kaleli oyunda bitkinlik, depresiflik ve dinçlik ve topa sahip olma oyunda ise bitkinlik, kızgınlık ve dinçlik ruh hali cevaplarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılıklar görülmüştür (p<0,05). Algılanan zihinsel yük (NASA-TLX) ve zihinsel çaba cevapları incelendiğinde topa sahip olma oyununda diğer oyunlara göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Zihinsel Yük ve zihinsel çaba arasındaki ilişki incelendiğinde, küçük kaleli oyun ile zihinsel talep arasında (r=,455; p<0,05), topa sahip olma oyun ile fiziksel talep (r=,582; p<0,01) ve efor (r=,552; p<0,01) arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişki olduğu görülmüştür. Topa sahip olma oyunu diğer oyunlara göre oyuncular için daha fazla zihinsel yük ve zihinsel çaba gerektiren bir bilişsel performans ihtiyacı ortaya çıkarmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçları, dar alan oyunlarının ruh hallerini etkilediğini ve bilişsel süreçlerdeki talepleri artırdığını göstermiştir. Antrenörlerin, oyun performansındaki artışı sağlamak için yalnızca fiziksel etkenleri değil, aynı zamanda psikolojik ve bilişsel faktörleri de göz önünde bulundurarak oyun formatlarını dizayn ettiğinde sporcular için çok yönlü bir gelişim sağlayabilecekleri söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Futbol
• Dar Alan Oyunları
• Ruh Hali
• Zihinsel Yük
• Zihinsel Çaba

COMPARISON OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE RESPONSES TO VARIOUS 4V4 SMALL-SIDED SOCCER GAMES

Öz

The purpose of this study was to compare the mood state, mental workload and mental effort responses among the various small-sided soccer games (SSGs) in amateur players. Twenty-four male amateur soccer players (average age 17.8±5.1 years) participated in this study voluntarily to perform the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 and were assigned to teams according to their test scores. Following this, players performed a total of 16 minutes of various 4vs4 small-sided soccer games with 4 bouts and 2-minute passive rest periods in terms of possession, mini goals and with goalkeeper. NASA-TLX and Rating of Mental Effort Scale (RSME) were monitored during and at the end of each SSGs. Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) was also determined at the beginning and end of each SSGs. Our results revealed that the mood states, mental workload and mental effort affected significantly in various 4vs4 SSGs (p<0.05). The NASA-TLX and RSME showed meaningfully higher in possession games compared to the other SSGs (p<0.05). Our results also showed significantly different correlations between mini goals and RSME (r=.455; p<0.05), possession and physical demands (r=.582; p<0.01) and effort (r=.552; p<0.01). We also found higher mental workload and mental effort in possession games compared to the other SSGs. According to our results, SSGs affect mood states and increasing cognitive demands in soccer. Coaches should take into consideration not only physical parameters, but also psychological and cognitive skills to increase game performance and multi-directional development in soccer players.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Soccer
• Small-Sided Games
• Mood States
• Mental Workload
• Mental Effort

Kaynakça

1. Arslan, E., Alemdaroglu, U., Koklu, Y., Hazir, T., Muniroglu, S., & Karakoc, B. (2017). Effects of passive and active rest on physiological responses and time motion characteristics in different small sided soccer games. Journal of Human Kinetics, 60(1), 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0095
2. Arslan, E., Orer, G. E., & Clemente, F. M. (2020). Running-based high-intensity interval training vs. small-sided game training programs: Effects on the physical performance, psychophysiological responses and technical skills in young soccer players. Biology of Sport, 37(2), 165–173. https://doi.org/10.5114/BIOLSPORT.2020.94237
3. Arslan, E., Soylu, Y., Clemente, F. M., Hazir, T., Kin-Isler, A., & Kilit, B. (2021). Short-term effects of on-field combined core strength and small-sided games training on physical performance in young soccer players. Biology of Sport, 38(4), 609–616. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2021.102865
4. Beedie, C. J., Terry, P. C., & Lane, A. M. (2000). The profile of mood states and athletic performance: Two meta-analyses. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 12(1), 49–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200008404213
5. Çakıroğlu, A. A. (2016). Brunel ruh hali ölçeği’nin yetişkin sporcularda geçerlik - güvenirlik çalışması (Türkçe uyarlaması). Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi.
6. Casamichana, D., Castellano, J., González-Morán, A., García-Cueto, H., & García-López, J. (2011). Physiological demand in small-sided games on soccer with different orientation of space. RICYDE. Revista Internacional de Ciencias Del Deporte, 7(23), 141–154. https://doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2011.02306
7. Chaudhuri, A., & Behan, P. O. (2000). Fatigue and basal ganglia. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 179(S 1-2), 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-510x(00)00411-1
8. Clemente, F., Couceiro, M. S., Martins, F. M. L., & Mendes, R. (2012). The usefulness of small-sided games on soccer training. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 12(1), 93–102. https://doi.org/1006394

9. Clemente, F. M., Afonso, J., Castillo, D., Arcos, A. L., Silva, A. F., & Sarmento, H. (2020). The effects of small-sided soccer games on tactical behavior and collective dynamics: A systematic review. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 134, 109710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2020.109710
10. Clemente, F., & Sarmento, H. (2020). The effects of small-sided soccer games on technical actions and skills: A systematic review. Human Movement, 21(3), 100–119. https://doi.org/10.5114/hm.2020.93014
11. Coutts, A. J. (2016). Fatigue in football: it’s not a brainless task! Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(14), 1296–1296. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1170475
12. Davids, K., Araújo, D., Correia, V., & Vilar, L. (2013a). How small-sided and conditioned games enhance acquisition of movement and decision-making skills. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 41(3), 154–161. https://doi.org/10.1097/JES.0b013e318292f3ec
13. Davids, K., Araújo, D., Correia, V., & Vilar, L. (2013b). How small-sided and conditioned games enhance acquisition of movement and decision-making skills. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 41(3), 154–161. https://doi.org/10.1097/JES.0b013e318292f3ec
14. Davis, J. S., Roeske, S. M., McClelland, W. C., & Kay, S. M. (2000). Mafic and ultramafic crustal fragments of the southwestern Precordillera terrane and their bearing on tectonic models of the early Paleozoic in western Argentina. Geology, 28(2), 171. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<171:MAUCFO>2.0.CO;2
15. DiDomenico, A., & Nussbaum, M. A. (2011). Effects of different physical workload parameters on mental workload and performance. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 41(3), 255–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2011.01.008
16. Fink, A., Bay, J. U., Koschutnig, K., Prettenthaler, K., Rominger, C., Benedek, M., … & Memmert, D. (2019). Brain and soccer: Functional patterns of brain activity during the generation of creative moves in real soccer decision‐making situations. Human Brain Mapping, 40(3), 755–764. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24408
17. Frazão, D. T., de Farias Junior, L. F., Dantas, T. C. B., Krinski, K., Elsangedy, H. M., Prestes, J., … & Costa, E. C. (2016). Feeling of pleasure to high-ıntensity interval exercise is dependent of the number of work bouts and physical activity status. PLOS ONE, 11(3), e0152752. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152752
18. Halouani, J., Chtourou, H., Gabbett, T., Chaouachi, A., & Chamari, K. (2014). Small-Sided games in team sports training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28(12), 3594–3618. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000564
19. Hart, S. G., & Staveland, L. E. (1988). Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of empirical and theoretical research. Advances in Psychology, 139–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4115(08)62386-9
20. Hopkins, W. G., Marshall, S. W., Batterham, A. M., & Hanin, J. (2009). Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(1), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818cb278
21. Kenttä, G., Hassmén, P., & Raglin, J. S. (2006). Mood state monitoring of training and recovery in elite kayakers. European Journal of Sport Science, 6(4), 245–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390601012652
22. Köklü, Y., Alemdaroğlu, U., Cihan, H., & Wong, D. P. (2017). Effects of bout duration on players’ internal and external loads during small-sided games in young soccer players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(10), 1370–1377. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0584
23. Lane, A. M., Thelwell, R. C., Lowther, J., & Devonport, T. J. (2009). Emotional intelligence and psychological skills use among athletes. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 37(2), 195–201. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2009.37.2.195
24. Lochbaum, M., Zanatta, T., Kirschling, D., & May, E. (2021). The profile of moods states and athletic performance: A meta-analysis of published studies. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 11(1), 50–70. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11010005
25. Los Arcos, A., Vázquez, J. S., Martín, J., Lerga, J., Sánchez, F., Villagra, F., & Zulueta, J. J. (2015). Effects of small-sided games vs. ınterval training in aerobic fitness and physical enjoyment in young elite soccer players. PLOS ONE, 10(9), e0137224. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137224
26. Mehta, R. K., & Agnew, M. J. (2012). Influence of mental workload on muscle endurance, fatigue, and recovery during intermittent static work. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 112(8), 2891–2902. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-2264-x
27. Morgan, W. P., Brown, D. R., Raglin, J. S., O’Connor, P. J., & Ellickson, K. A. (1987). Psychological monitoring of overtraining and staleness. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 21(3), 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.21.3.107
28. Nédélec, M., McCall, A., Carling, C., Legall, F., Berthoin, S., & Dupont, G. (2012). Recovery in soccer: part I - post-match fatigue and time course of recovery. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 42(12), 997–1015. https://doi.org/10.2165/11635270-000000000-00000
29. Olthof, S. B. H., Frencken, W. G. P., & Lemmink, K. A. P. M. (2015). The older, the wider: On-field tactical behavior of elite-standard youth soccer players in small-sided games. Human Movement Science, 41, 92–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2015.02.004
30. Pageaux, B., & Lepers, R. (2016). Fatigue induced by physical and mental exertion ıncreases perception of effort and impairs subsequent endurance performance. Frontiers in Physiology, 7(NOV). https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00587
31. Reilly, T. (2005). An ergonomics model of the soccer training process. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(6), 561–572. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410400021245
32. Rozand, V., Pageaux, B., Marcora, S. M., Papaxanthis, C., & Lepers, R. (2014). Does mental exertion alter maximal muscle activation? Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00755
33. Sanchez-Sanchez, J., Hernández, D., Casamichana, D., Martínez-Salazar, C., Ramirez-Campillo, R., & Sampaio, J. (2017). Heart rate, technical performance, and session-rpe in elite youth soccer small-sided games played with wildcard players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(10), 2678–2685. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001736
34. Schiphof-Godart, L., Roelands, B., & Hettinga, F. J. (2018). Drive in sports: How mental fatigue affects endurance performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(AUG), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01383
35. Selmi, O., & Bouassida, A. (2017). Effect of verbal coach encouragement on rating perceived exertion and mood state during small sided games in professional soccer players. MOJ Sports Medicine, 1(4), 94–98. https://doi.org/10.15406/mojsm.2017.01.00022
36. Selmi, O., Haddad, M., Majed, L., Ben Khalifa, W., Hamza, M., & Chamari, K. (2018). Soccer training: high-intensity interval training is mood disturbing while small sided games ensure mood balance. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 58(7–8), 1163–1170. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.17.07292-9
37. Silva-Júnior, F. L. e, Emanuel, P., Sousa, J., Silva, M., Teixeira, S., Oliveira Pires, F., … & Arias-Carrion, O. (2016). Prior acute mental exertion in exercise and sport. Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health, 12(1), 94–107. https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017901612010094
38. Silva, P., Esteves, P., Correia, V., Davids, K., Araújo, D., & Garganta, J. (2015). Effects of manipulations of player numbers vs. Field dimensions on inter-individual coordination during small-sided games in youth football. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 15(2), 641–659. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868821
39. Smit, A. S., Eling, P. A. T. M., Hopman, M. T., & Coenen, A. M. L. (2005). Mental and physical effort affect vigilance differently. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 57(3), 211–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.02.001
40. Smith, M. R., Thompson, C., Marcora, S. M., Skorski, S., Meyer, T., & Coutts, A. J. (2018). Mental fatigue and soccer: current knowledge and future directions. Sports Medicine, 48(7), 1525–1532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0908-2
41. Soylu, Y. (2021a). Farklı formatlarda oynatılan futbola özgü oyunların ruh hali ve zihinsel yük cevapları. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(1), 167–179. https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid909867
42. Soylu, Y. (2021b). Comparison of emotional intelligence levels of soccer players according to age and playing position. Acta Gymnica, 51. https://doi.org/10.5507/ag.2021.008
43. Sparkes, W., Turner, A., Weston, M., Russell, M., Johnston, M., & Kilduff, L. (2018). Neuromuscular, biochemical, endocrine, and mood responses to small-sided games’ training in professional soccer. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 32(9), 2569–2576. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002424.
44. Terry, P. C., Lane, A. M., & Fogarty, G. J. (2003). Construct validity of the profile of mood states - adolescents for use with adults. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4(2), 125–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(01)00035-8
45. Terry, Peter C., Lane, A. M., Lane, H. J., & Keohane, L. (1999). Development and validation of a mood measure for adolescents. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17(11), 861–872. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404199365425
46. Tessitore, A., Meeusen, R., Piacentini, M. F., Demarie, S., & Capranica, L. (2006). Physiological and technical aspects of “6-a-side” soccer drills. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 46(1), 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-014-0173-7.2
47. Tomporowski, P. D., & Ganio, M. S. (2006). Short‐term effects of aerobic exercise on executive processing, memory, and emotional reactivity. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4(1), 57–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2006.9671784
48. Yoon, T., Keller, M. L., De-Lap, B. S., Harkins, A., Lepers, R., & Hunter, S. K. (2009). Sex differences in response to cognitive stress during a fatiguing contraction. Journal of Applied Physiology, 107(5), 1486–1496. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00238.2009
49. Zijlstra, F. R. (1993). Efficiency in work behaviour: A design approach for modern tools. Delft University Press. https://doi.org/90-6275-918-1