Perspective of Psychological Counselors about School Dropout

Öz

This study was conducted to investigate the opinions of psychological counselors about the problem of school dropout that they encounter in the schools where they work. The study was conducted in phenomenological design, one of the qualitative research designs. The sample of the study consists of 28 psychological counselors, 16 male and 12 female. The analysis was conducted using content analysis methods. As a result of the analysis, themes and codes related to risk factors and protective factors were identified. The risk factors were grouped under four main themes: individual, school-based, family-based, and social. For the protective factors, which represent the other problem situations, two themes were explained as school-based and family-based.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• School dropout
• school counselor
• high school
• risk factors
• protective factors

Psikolojik Danışman Bakış Açısıyla Okul Terki

Öz

Bu araştırma psikolojik danışmanların görev yaptıkları okullarda karşılaştıkları okul terki problemine dönük görüşlerini incelemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma nitel araştırma desenlerinden olgubilim deseninde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın örneklemini 16 erkek 12 kadın olmak üzere 28 psikolojik danışman oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılarak analiz gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda risk faktörleri ve koruyucu faktörler ile ilgili tema ve kodlar belirlenmiştir. Risk faktörlerine ilişkin bireysel, okul kaynaklı, aile kaynaklı ve toplumsal olmak üzere dört ana tema altında toplanmıştır. Diğer problem durumu olan koruyucu faktörler okul kaynaklı ve aile kaynaklı olmak üzere iki tema ile açıklanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• okul terki
• okul psikolojik danışmanı
• ortaöğretim
• risk faktörleri
• koruyucu faktörler

Kaynakça

1. Alexa, S., & Baciu, E.-L. (2021). School dropout and early school leaving in Romania: Tendencies and risk factors. Revista Romaneasca Pentru Educatie Multidimensionala, 13(2), 18–38. https://doi.org/10.18662/rrem/13.2/408
2. Alexander, K. L., Entwisle, D. R., & Horsey, C. S. (1997). From first grade forward: Early foundations of high school dropout. Sociology of Education, 70(2), 87–107. https://doi.org/10.2307/2673158
3. Alivernini, F., & Lucidi, F. (2011). Relationship between social context, self-efficacy, motivation, academic achievement, and intention to drop out of high school: A longitudinal study. The Journal of Educational Research, 104(4), 241–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671003728062
4. Aluede, O., & Ikechukwu, B. (2003). Analysis of the variables that predispose adolescents to dropout of schools. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 25, 181–192. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026284329850
5. Archambault, I., Janosz, M., Morizot, J., & Pagani, L. (2009). Adolescent behavioral, affective, and cognitive engagement in school: Relationship to dropout. Journal of School Health, 79(9), 408–415. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2009.00428.x
6. Arıcıoğlu, A., & Tagay, Ö. (2008). Okullarda ruh sağlığı hizmetleri. Kuramsal Eğitimbilim Dergisi, 1(2), 76–83.
7. Askeland, K. G., Bøe, T., Sivertsen, B., Linton, S. J., Heradstveit, O., Nilsen, S. A., & Hysing, M. (2022). Association of depressive symptoms in late adolescence and school dropout. School Mental Health, 14, 1044–1056. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-022-09522-5
8. Ay, M. F. (2021). İlahiyat fakültelerinde okul terki: İlahiyat fakültesinden kayıt sildirenler üzerine fenomenolojik bir araştırma. Eskiyeni, 43, 269–288. https://doi.org/10.37697/eskiyeni.846289

9. Baltaci, A. (2019). Yüksek din öğretiminde okul terki. Marife Dini Araştırmalar Dergisi, 19(2), 593–616. https://doi.org/10.33420/marife.625466
10. Battin-Pearson, S., Newcomb, M. D., Abbott, R. D., Hill, K. G., Catalano, R. F., & Hawkins, J. D. (2000). Predictors of early high school dropout: A test of five theories. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92(3), 568–582. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.92.3.568
11. Blondal, K. S., & Adalbjarnardottir, S. (2014). Parenting in relation to school dropout through student engagement: A longitudinal study. Journal of Marriage and Family, 76(4), 778–795. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12125
12. Blondal, K., & Adalbjarnardottir, S. (2009). Parenting practices and school dropout: A longitudinal study. Family Therapy, 36(3), 125–145. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/parenting-practices-school-dropout-longitudinal/docview/213148748/se-2
13. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012, Mayıs). Örnekleme yöntemleri. http://w3.balikesir.edu.tr/~msackes/wp/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/BAY-Final-Konulari.pdf adresinden erişildi.
14. Chavez, E., Edwards, R., & Oetting, E. (1989). Mexican American and White American school dropouts’ drug use, health status, and involvement in violence. Public Health Reports, 104, 594–604.
15. Contreras, D., González, L., Láscar, S., & López, V. (2022). Negative teacher–student and student–student relationships are associated with school dropout: Evidence from a large-scale longitudinal study in Chile. International Journal of Educational Development, 91, 102576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2022.102576
16. Creswell, J. (2013). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches. SAGE Publications.
17. Dahir, C., & Cinotti, D. (2018). Dropping out is not an option. Journal of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies, 2(1).
18. Davis, K. S., & Dupper, D. R. (2004). Student-teacher relationships. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 9(1–2), 179–193. https://doi.org/10.1300/J137v09n01_12
19. De Witte, K., Cabus, S., Thyssen, G., Groot, W., & Van den Brink, H. M. (2013). A critical review of the literature on school dropout. Educational Research Review, 10, 13–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2013.05.002
20. Dekkers, H., & Claassen, A. (2001). Dropouts-disadvantaged by definition? A study of the perspective of very early school leavers. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 27(4), 341–354. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-491X(01)00034-7
21. Dirik, H. (2020). Ortaöğretim kurumlarında okul terkinin incelenmesi (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Çanakkale 18 Mart Üniversitesi.
22. Duckenfeld, M., & Reynolds, B. (2013). School climate and dropout prevention. In Dary, T. & Pickeral, T. (Eds.), School climate practices for implementation and sustainability. A School Climate Practice Brief, Number 1, New York, NY: National School Climate Center.
23. Dupéré, V., Dion, E., Nault-Brière, F., Archambault, I., Leventhal, T., & Lesage, A. (2018). Revisiting the link between depression symptoms and high school dropout: Timing of exposure matters. Journal of Adolescent Health, 62(2), 205–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.09.024
24. Egyed, C. J., McIntosh, D. E., & Bull, K. S. (1998). School psychologists’ perceptions of priorities for dealing with the dropout problem. Psychology in the Schools, 35(2), 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6807(199804)35:2<153:AID-PITS7>3.0.CO;2-Q
25. Entwisle, D. R., Alexander, K. L., & Olson, L. S. (2004). Temporary as compared to permanent high school dropout. Social Forces, 82(3), 1181–1205. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2004.0036
26. Evans, W. N., Oates, W. E., & Schwab, R. M. (1992). Measuring Peer Group Effects: A Study of Teenage Behavior. Journal of Political Economy, 100(5), 966–991. https://doi.org/10.1086/261848
27. Fan, W., & Wolters, C. (2014). School motivation and high school dropout: The mediating role of educational expectation. The British Journal Of Educational Psychology, 84, 22–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12002
28. Feric, I., Milas, G., & Rihtar, S. (2010). Reasons and determinants of early school dropout. Drustvena Istrazivanja, 19, 621–642.
29. Fetler, M. (1989). School dropout rates, academic performance, size, and poverty: Correlates of educational reform. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 11(2), 109–116. https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737011002109
30. Fortin, L., Marcotte, D., Diallo, T., Potvin, P., & Royer, É. (2013). A multidimensional model of school dropout from an 8-year longitudinal study in a general high school population. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 28(2), 563–583. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-012-0129-2
31. Gençtanırım Kurt, D. (2022). Çocuklarda ve ergenlerde okul terkini anlamak ve önlemek. İçinde S. Aslan (Ed.), Önleyici rehberlik (1. Basım). Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
32. Giano, Z., Williams, A. L., & Becnel, J. N. (2021). Grade retention and school dropout: Comparing specific grade levels across childhood and early adolescence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 42(1), 33–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/02724316211010332
33. Işık, Ş. (Ed.). (2020). Okullarda psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik (1. Baskı). Pegem Akademi.
34. Karapür, Ş., & Gökgöz, B. (2017). Erken okul terkinin azaltılmasına yönelik AB ülkeleri ile Türkiye’deki politikalar ve önlemlerin karşılaştırılması ve okul eğitimi projelerinin bu kapsamdaki rolü (Yayımlanmamış uzmanlık tezi). Avrupa Birliği Eğitim ve Gençlik Programları Merkezi Başkanlığı.
35. Knesting, K. (2008). Students at risk for school dropout: Supporting their persistence. Preventing School Failure, 52, 3–10. https://doi.org/10.3200/PSFL.52.4.3-10
36. Koc, M., Zorbaz, O., & Demirtas-Zorbaz, S. (2020). Has the ship sailed? The causes and consequences of school dropout from an ecological viewpoint. Social Psychology of Education, 23(5), 1149–1171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-020-09568-w
37. Kwon, T. (2020). Social stigma, ego-resilience, and depressive symptoms in adolescent school dropouts. Journal of Adolescence, 85, 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.11.005
38. Lessard, A., Poirier, M., & Fortin, L. (2010). Student-teacher relationship: A protective factor against school dropout? Innovation and Creativity in Education, 2(2), 1636–1643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.250
39. Lester, S. (1999). An introduction to phenomenological research. Stan Lester Developments, Taunton. http://www.sld.demon.co.uk/resmethy.pdf
40. Lune, H., & Berg, B. L. (2017). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences (9th Ed.). Pearson.
41. Mahoney, J. L. (2018). School dropout. In M. H. Bornstein (General Ed.) and M. E. Arterberry, K. L. Fingerman, and J. E. Landsford (Eds.), The SAGE encyclopedia of lifespan human development (pp. 1889–1891). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
42. McCaul, E. J., Donaldson, G. A., Coladarci, T., & Davis, W. E. (1992). Consequences of dropping out of school: Findings from high school and beyond. The Journal of Educational Research, 85(4), 198–207. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27540476
43. McWhirter, J. J., McWhirter, B. T., McWhirter, A. M., & McWhirter, E. H. (2004). At-risk youth: A comprehensive response. (Ss. Xxii, 353). Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.
44. Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis (2nd edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
45. Nattinger, M. C. (2011). Book Review: Belfield, C., & Levin, H. M. (Eds.). (2007). The price we pay: Economic and social consequences of inadequate education. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. Education and Urban Society, 43(5), 642–645. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124510380722
46. Oakland, T. (1992). School dropouts: Characteristics and prevention. Applied & Preventive Psychology, 1(4), 201–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0962-1849(05)80126-X
47. Öğülmüş, S., Aypay, A., Taşpınar, M., Çabuk Kaya, N., Varçın, R., Pişkin, M., Çınkır, Ş., Sever, M., Önen, E., Ekşisu, M., & Çam, Z. (2013). Ortaöğretimde sınıf tekrarı, okul terk sebepleri ve örgün eğitim dışında kalan çocuklar politika öneri raporu. Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı ve UNICEF.
48. Özer, A., Gençtanirim, D., & Ergene, T. (2011). Türk lise öğrencilerinde okul terkinin yordanması: Aracı ve etkileşim değişkenleri ile bir model testi. Education in Science: The Bulletin of the Association for Science Education, 36(161), 302–317.
49. Parviainen, M., Aunola, K., Torppa, M., Poikkeus, A.-M., & Vasalampi, K. (2020). Symptoms of psychological ill-being and school dropout intentions among upper secondary education students: A person-centered approach. Learning and Individual Differences, 80, 101853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2020.101853
50. Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (4th Ed.). Sage Publications.
51. Quiroga, C. V., Janosz, M., Bisset, S., & Morin, A. J. S. (2013). Early adolescent depression symptoms and school dropout: Mediating processes involving self-reported academic competence and achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(2), 552–560. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031524
52. Ramsdal, G. H., & Wynn, R. (2022). Theoretical basis for a group intervention aimed at preventing high school dropout: The case of ‘guttas campus’. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(24), 17025. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192417025
53. Ramsdal, G. H., Bergvik, S., & Wynn, R. (2018). Long-term dropout from school and work and mental health in young adults in Norway: A qualitative interview-based study. Cogent Psychology, 5(1), 1455365. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2018.1455365
54. Ream, R. K., & Rumberger, R. W. (2008). Student engagement, peer social capital, and school dropout among Mexican American and non-Latino White students. Sociology of Education, 81(2), 109–139. https://doi.org/10.1177/003804070808100201
55. Reyhner, J. (1992). Plans for dropout prevention and special school support services for American Indian and Alaska Native students. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education’s Indian Nations At-Risk Task Force. Retrieved from http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/INAR.html
56. Ricard, N. C., & Pelletier, L. G. (2016). Dropping out of high school: The role of parent and teacher self-determination support, reciprocal friendships and academic motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 44–45, 32–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2015.12.003
57. Rosenthal, B. S. (1998). Non-school correlates of dropout: An integrative review of the literature. Children and Youth Services Review, 20(5), 413–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-7409(98)00015-2
58. Rumberger, R. W., & Lim, S. A. (2008). Why students drop out of school: A review of 25 years of research. Santa Barbara, CA: California Dropout Research Project.
59. Rumberger, R. W. (1987). High school dropouts: A review of issues and evidence. Review of Educational Research, 57(2), 101–121. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543057002101
60. Speer, J. D. (2016). Wages, hours, and the school to work transition: The consequences of leaving school in a recession for less educated men. The B. E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 16(1), 97–124. https://doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2015-0054
61. Sunar, S. (2021). Eğitim değerlendirme raporu. Türk Eğitim Derneği (TED): Ankara.
62. Syvertsen, M., Vasantharajan, S., Moth, T., Enger, U., & Koht, J. (2020). Predictors of high school dropout, anxiety, and depression in genetic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsia Open, 5(4), 611–615. https://doi.org/10.1002/epi4.12434
63. Şahin, Ş., Arseven, Z., & Kılıç, A. (2016). Causes of student absenteeism and school dropouts. International Journal of Instruction, 9, 195-210. https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2016.9115a
64. Şimşek, H. (2011). Lise öğrencilerinde okulu bırakma eğilimi ve nedenleri. Eğitim Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(2), 27–47.
65. Tas, A. I., Selvitopu, A., Bora, V., & Demirkaya, Y. (2013). Reasons for dropout for vocational high school students. Kuram ve Uygulamada Egitim Bilimleri, 13, 1561–1565.
66. Tutar, H., & Erdem, A. (2020). Örnekleriyle bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri ve SPSS uygulamaları (2. Baskı). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
67. Warren, J. R., & Lee, J. C. (2003). The impact of adolescent employment on high school dropout: Differences by individual and labor-market characteristics. Social Science Research, 32(1), 98–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0049-089X(02)00021-2
68. White, S. W., & Kelly, F. D. (2010). The School Counselor’s Role in School Dropout Prevention. Journal of Counseling & Development, 88(2), 227–235. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2010.tb00014.x
69. Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2021). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştirma yöntemleri (12. Baskı). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
70. Yorğun, A. (2014). Lise öğrencilerinde okul terki riskinin incelenmesi (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
71. Zorbaz, O., & Özer, A. (2020). Okul terk riskini etkileyen öğrenci özellikleri, bir okuldan diğerine farklı mıdır? Eğitim ve Bilim, 45(202), 191–210. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15390/EB.2020.8266