The Research of Justice in Representation for Democratic Political Culture

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 17, 560 - 595, 31.03.2019

Uğur Ünal

https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.484698

Öz

It is indisputable
that democratic development is parallel to the emergence and development of
parliaments. These processes brought about the development of the election
institution. Together with the aristocracy, the bourgeoisie's struggle against
monarchism increased the importance of the parliaments and brought the norms
related to election to the forefront. In fact, the issue of who should have the
right to vote, has created the most basic discussion problem for quite a long
time. While the right to vote was granted to a limited number of people in
pre-practices, as a result of historical progress, in principle, the
recognition of this right was reached for every citizen. Therefore, the regimes
that do not accept the principle of general vote in the elections as a result
of the development from the limited vote to the general vote, are not
considered democratic. Even this right is guaranteed by the Universal
Convention on Human Rights in terms of international law.There has also been a
long period of disagreement at the point of voting procedures (methods) in
terms of the development of the electoral system. Elections should be
single-stage or two-stage; there have been a lot of debates on whether the
plurality system or the proportional representation system should be applied.
These different methods have been tried separately and it has been seen that the
development in democracies is mostly in the direction of single-stage and
proportional representation electoral system. However, to date, it is not
possible to say that the political culture has evolved into a fully democratic
phase in order to provide justice despite the technological developments in the
electoral system.  According to the
annual reports of The World Constitution and Parliament Association, there is
no fair distribution of parliaments in the representation of women and men. The
aim of this study is to analyze the electoral systems in Turkey and obtain
empirical data.  In this regard, the
General Parliamentary Elections held throughout Turkey on 24 June 2018 were
subjected to descriptive statistical analysis. 
In conclusion, development stages of the Turkish political culture have
been questioned through the data obtained.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Democratic Political Culture, Election Systems, Political Stability, Justice in Representation, Turkish Political Culture

Demokratik Siyasal Kültür İçin Temsilde Adalet Araştırması

Öz

Demokratik gelişmenin
parlamentoların doğuşu ve gelişimiyle paralellik gösterdiği tartışılmazdır. Söz
konusu süreçler seçim kurumunun gelişimini de beraberinde getirmiştir.
Aristokrasi ile birlikte burjuvazinin monarşizme karşı mücadelesi
parlamentorların önemini artırmış, bu durum beraberinde seçimle ilgili normları
da ön plana taşımıştır. Hatta, ‘Oy Hakkı’na kimlerin sahip olması gerektiği
konusu, oldukça uzun bir süre en temel tartışma sorununu oluşturmuştur. Önsel
uygulamalarda oy hakkı sınırlı bir kesime tanınmışken, tarihsel ilerlemede ilke
olarak her yurttaşa tanınması kabulüne ulaşılmıştır. Dolayısıyla, ‘Sınırlı  Oy’dan ‘Genel Oy’a yönelik gelişme sonucunda,
günümüzde seçimlerde genel oy ilkesini kabul etmeyen rejimler demokratik
sayılmazlar. Hatta bu hak, ‘İnsan Hakları Evrensel Sözleşmesi’ ile de
uluslararası hukuk açısından güvence altına alınmıştır. Seçim kurumunun
gelişimi açısından oy verme usulleri (yöntemleri) noktasında da uzunca süre
anlaşmazlıklar yaşanmıştır. Seçimler tek dereceli mi, yoksa iki dereceli mi
yapılmalı; çoğunluk mu yoksa nispi yöntem mi uygulanmalı tartışmaları çok fazla
yaşanmıştır. Bu farklı usuller ayrı ayrı denenmiş ve demokrasilerde gelişmenin
daha çok tek dereceli ve nispi seçim usulünün yönünde olduğu görülmüştür.
Ancak, bugüne kadar seçim sistemlerinin teknik olarak gelişimine karşın siyasal
kültürün temsilde adaleti sağlama yönünde tam demokratik bir aşamaya
evrildiğini belirtmek çok mümkün değildir. Dünya Parlamentolar Birliği’nin
yıllık raporlarına göre, parlamentolarda kadın ve erkek vekil temsiliyetinde
adil bir dağılıma ulaşılamadığı görülmektedir. Türkiye’de de durumun nasıl
geliştiğine yönelik emprik veriler elde etmek amacıyla, 24 Haziran 2018 Genel
Milletvekili Seçimleri istatistiki betimsel incelemeye tabi tutulmuş, Türk
siyasal kültürünün gelişim aşamaları elde edilen veriler aracılığıyla
sorgulanmıştır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Demokratik Siyasal Kültür, Seçim Sistemleri, Siyasal İstikrar, Temsilde Adalet, Türk Siyasal Kültürü

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