Yeni-liberal Kurumsalcılık Çerçevesinde Çin’in Komşuluk Diplomasisi: Hu Jintao ve Xi Jinping Dönemlerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir Bakış

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 19, 2867 - 2892, 30.09.2019

Cemre Pekcan

https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.594562

Öz

Ekonomik anlamda
karşılıklı bağımlılığın artması, devletler arasında işbirliğini gerekli
kılmaktadır. Paylaşılan bu ekonomik çıkarlar da uluslararası kuruluşların
önemini artırmaktadır. Robert Keohane ve Joseph Nye’ın öncülüğünü yaptığı
yeni-liberal kurumsalcılık yaklaşımı temel olarak, devletler arasında barışın
sağlanması ve sürdürülmesi için uluslararası kuruluşların önemine vurgu
yapmaktadır. Günümüzde Çin’in barışçıl bir gelişim mi izleyeceği yoksa
statükoya başkaldıran bir güç mü olacağı ile ilgili tartışmalar devam ederken
Çin, barışçıl gelişimini vurgulamak için, uluslararası kuruluşlara katılımını
artırmakta ve komşularla ilişkilerini ön planda tutarak bu bağlamda çeşitli
projeler geliştirmektedir. 1970’lerin sonlarında başlayan iyi komşuluk
politikası çerçevesinde gerek Hu Jintao’nun ‘barışçıl gelişim’, ‘uyumlu dünya’
gibi politikaları, gerekse Xi Jinping’in Kuşak Yol projesi, atılan önemli
adımlar olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Ancak tabi ki Güney Çin Denizi ve ABD ile
yaşanan ticaret savaşları iyi komşuluk politikasını zora sokan unsurlardır. Bu
bağlamda çalışmada, Çin’de 2003-2013 yılları arasında Devlet Başkanlığı yapan
Hu Jintao ve 2013’te Parti Genel Sekreteri olarak seçilen ve hala görev
yapmakta olan Xi Jinping dönemlerinde Çin’in komşuluk diplomasisi incelenerek,
neoliberal kurumsalcılık çerçevesinde değerlendirmede bulunulacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yeni-liberal kurumsalcılık, komşuluk diplomasisi, karşılıklı bağımlılık, çin, barışçıl gelişim

China’s Neighbourhood Diplomacy in the Framework of Neoliberal Institutionalism: A Comparative Perspective of Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping Periods

Öz

Increasing mutual
economic interdependence necessitates cooperation between states and shared
economic interests increase the importance of international institutions. Neo-liberal
institutionalism -pioneered by Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye- basically
emphasizes the importance of international institutions in order to provide and
maintain peace between states. Today, while the debate on whether China will
follow a peaceful development or become a revisionist power continues, China,
enhances its participation in international organisations to emphasize its
peaceful development and promotes good neighbourhood diplomacy through various
projects. Within the framework of good neighbourhood policy, both Hu Jintao’s
policies such as ‘peaceful development’ and ‘harmonious world’ and Xi Jiping’s
‘Belt and Road’ initiative are considered as important steps. However, problems
such as South China Sea and trade wars with the US create difficulties for
China’s good neighbourhood policy. In this context, this study aims to analyse
China’s neighbourhood diplomacy within the framework of neo-liberal
institutionalism by comparing Hu Jintao (president between 2003-2013) and Xi
Jinping (president since 2013) periods.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Neo-liberal institutionalism, neighbourhood policy, interdependence, China, peaceful development

Kaynakça

• 75th Joint Patrol on Mekong River Completed.( Ekim 26, 2018). Xinhua News, 05.11.2018 tarihinde http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/asiapacific/2018-10/26/c_137560703.htm adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Arı, T. (2006). Uluslararası ilişkiler teorileri: Çatışma, hegemonya, işbirliği, 4. Basım, İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları,
• Bader, J. A. (2016). How Xi Jinping sees the World…and why, Asia Working Group Paper 2: Order from Chaos, Foreign Policy at Brookings.
• Bocutoğlu, E. (2017). Çin’in “bir kuşak-bir yol” projesinin ekonomik ve jeopolitik sonuçları üzerine düşünceler. International Conference on Eurasian Economies, 265-270.
• Cabres, M. D. (2011). China’s peaceful rise and the good neighbor policy. 01.12.2018 tarihinde http://www.eurstrat.eu/chinas-peaceful-rise-and-the-good-neighbor-policy/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Chinese President Xi speaks at Mongolian parliament. (2014). CGTN America, 29.11.2018 tarihinde https://america.cgtn.com/2014/08/22/chinese-president-xi-speaks-at-mongolian-parliament adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Chaisse, J. (2018). China’s belt and road ınitiative: Mapping the World’s normative and strategic ımplictaions. Journal of World Trade, 52(1),163-186.
• Chao, C. ve Chih-Chia H. (2008). “The worldviews of Chinese Leadership and Sino-US Relations, (Ed. Suisheng Zhao.), China and the United States içinde (s.81-105).Palgrave Macmillan:New York.
• China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (2013), Important Speech of Xi Jinping at Peripheral Diplomacy Work Conference, 01.12.2018 tarihinde http://www.cciced.net/cciceden/NEWSCENTER/LatestEnvironmentalandDevelopmentNews/201310/t20131030_82626.html adresinden erişilmiştir.
• China Daily. (2017). Keywords from China's major-country diplomacy: China's neighboring & African policy, 29.11.2018 tarihinde http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2017-09/15/content_32039501.htm adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Dunne, T., Milja, K. ve Steve, S. (2016). Uluslararası ilişkiler teorileri: Disiplin ve çeşitlilik, (Çev. Ö. Keleçi), Sakarya Üniversitesi Kültür Yayınları.
• Durdular, A. (2016). Çin’in kuşak-yol projesi ve Türkiye-Çin ilişkilerine etkisi. Avrasya Etüdleri, 49(1), 77-97.
• Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Commonwealth of Australia (2017), Xi Jinping Delivers Report to CPC Congress, 29.11.2018 tarihinde http://au.china embassy.org/eng/gdtp_ 16/t1502670.htm adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Republic of Indonesia (2015). Joint Statement on strengthening comprehensive strategic partnership between the people's Republic of China and The Republic of Indonesia, 12.12.2018 tarihinde http://id.china-embassy.org/eng/zgyyn/zywx/t1249223.htm adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Geis, J. P. ve Blaine, H. (2009). Harmonious society: Rise of the New China." Strategic Studies Quarterly, 3(4), 75-94.
• Goldstein, Joshua S.; Jon C. P. (2015). Uluslararası İlişkiler, (Çev. Haluk Özdemir), Ankara: BB101 Yayınları.
• Greer, T. (2018). “One Belt, One Road, One Big Mistake”, Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/12/06/bri-china-belt-road-initiative-blunder/ (Erişim: 19.08.2019).
• Guoli, L. (2008). Domestic sources of China’s emerging grand strategy. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 43(5), 543-561.
• Guoli, L. (2003). Leadership transition and Chinese foreign policy. Journal of Chinese Political Science, 8(1&2), 101-117.
• Hasenclever, A.; Peter, M. ve Volker, R. (2000). Integrating Theories of International Regimes. Review of International Studies, 26(1),3-33.
• Jiangtao, S.; Churchill, O. (2018). US competes with China’s ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ with US$113 million Asian investment programme”, South China Morning Post, 31.10.2018 tarihinde https://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/2157381/us-competes-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-new-asian-investment adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Keohane, R. O. (1984). After hegemony: Cooperation and discord in the World Political Economy, Princeton University Press: Princeton, New Jersey.
• Keohane, R. O.; Joseph S. N. (1977). Power and Interdependence, Boston: Little Brown.
• Krasner, S. D. (1983). International regimes. Cornell University Press: USA.
• Lanteigne, M. (2009). Chinese Foreign Policy: An Introduction, Routledge.
• Liang, X. (2018). The Six-Party Talks at a Glance, Arms Control Association, 05.11.2018 tarihinde https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/6partytalks adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Liping, S. (2017). China’a approach to its neighbors in Xi’s New Era, 02.12.2018 tarihinde https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2017/11/23/china-s-approach-to-its-neighbors-in-xi-s-new-era/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Mearsheimer, J. J. (2001). The tragedy of great power politics. New York: Norton.
• NDTV (2017). Pakistan will be our 'priority' ın neighbourhood diplomacy: China, 12.12.2018 tarihinde https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pakistan-will-be-our-priority-in-neighbourhood-diplomacy-china-1778202 adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Nien-chung, C. L. (2016). China’s new foreign policy under Xi Jinping, Asian Security, 12(2), 82-91.
• Olsen, K. (2019). “China’s defense spending is growing more slowly. But that doesn’t mean military tensions are easing”, CNBC, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/05/china-defense-budget-slowing-growth-in-2019-military-spending-.html (Erişim: 19.08.2019).
• Organski, A.F.K. (1958). World politics. New York Knopf.
• Qi, H. (2015). China debates the new type of great power relations. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 8(4), 349-370.
• Pekcan, C. (2017). “Konfüçyüs Felsefesinin Dış Politikaya Etkisi Bağlamında 2003-2013 Yılları Arasında Çin-ABD İlişkileri”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 72(4), 1127-1155.
• Rühlig, T. (2018). A ‘New’ Chinese foreign policy under Xi Jinping”, Institute for Security&Development Policy, 18.08.2019 tarihinde http://isdp.eu/publication /new-chinese-foreign-policy-xi-jinping-implications-european-policy-making/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Stein, A. A. (2008). Neoliberal Institutionalism. Eds. Christian Reus-Smit and Duncan Snidal) The Oxford Handbook on ınternational relations içinde (s. 201-221.), New York: Oxford University Press.
• Su, H. (2009). Harmonious world: The conceived ınternational order in framework of China’s foreign affairs. (Ed. Masafumi Iida), China’s Shift: Global Strategy of the Rising Power, içinde (s. 29-55.), NIDS Joint Research Series, No.3.
• Suisheng, Z. (2012). Hu Jintao’s foreign policy legacy. E-International Relations, 14.11.2018 tarihinde https://www.e-ir.info/2012/12/08/hu-jintaos-foreign-policy-legacy/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Swaine, M. D. (2014). Chinese Views and Commentary on Periphery Diplomacy. China Leadershp Monitor, No.44.
• Szczudlik-Tatar, J. (2015). Dual-track neighbourhood policy: Solidifying China’s leadership in Asia, The Polish Institute of International Affairs, 758(26), xxx-xxx.
• What is China’s Belt and Road Initiative (2018). The Guardian. 29.11.2018 tarihinde https://www.theguardian.com/cities/ng-interactive/2018/jul/30/what-china-belt-road-initiative-silk-road-explainer adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Putin and Hu Resolve Border Disputes. (2004). The New York Times. 14.11.2018 tarihinde https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/15/world/asia/putin-and-hu-resolve-border-disputes.html adresinden erişilmiştir.
• The World Bank. (2019). The World Bank in China, 18.09.2019 tarihinde https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/china/overview adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Tonesson, S. (2012). China’s boomerang Diplomacy, 10.12.2018 tarihinde https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/chinas-boomerang-diplomacy adresinden erişilmiştir.
• United Nations Summit. (2005). Statement by H.E. Hu Jintao President of the People's Republic of China At the United Nations summit New York, 07.11.2018 tarihinde http://www.un.org/webcast/summit2005/statements15/china050915eng.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Wiltse, E. Ç. (2014). Liberalizm, İşbirliği, kolektif güvenlik ve neoliberal kurumsalcılık. (Ed. Evren Balta), Küresel Siyasete Giriş: Uluslararası İlişkilerde Kavramlar, Teoriler, Süreçler içinde (s. 137-141.) İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
• Xiaobo, H. (2018). China’s relations with its neighbours, Encylopedia Britannica, 14.11.2018 tarihinde https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chinas-Relations-with-Its-Neighbors-1106231 adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Xue, L. ve Zheng, Y. (2016). A blueprint for China’s neighbourhood diplomacy. The Diplomat, 12.12.2018 tarihinde https://thediplomat.com/2016/03/a-blueprint-for-chinas-neighborhood-diplomacy/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Xulong, C. (2013). Xi Jinping opens a new era of China’s periphery diplomacy. US-China Focus, 10.12.2018 tarihinde http://www.chinausfocus.com/foreign-policy/xin-jinping-opens-a-new-era-of-chinas-periphery-diplomacy/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Young, O. R. (1989). International cooperation: Building regimes for natural resources and the environment. Cornell University Press: New York.
• Zhang, C. (2013). Historical changes in relations between China and its neigboring countries (1949-2012), Asia Paper, Institute for Security and Development Policy.
• Zhang, J. (2015). China's new foreign policy under Xi Jinping: Towards peaceful Rise 2.0’?, Global Change, Peace & Security, 27(1), 5-19.