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Yumuşak Dengeleme Kavramının Sınırlılıkları Üzerine Yeniden Düşünmek: Venezuela Dış Politikası Örneği

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 29, 2230 - 2262, 30.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.786851

Öz

1990’lardan itibaren dış politika analizlerinde sıkça başvurulan yumuşak dengeleme kavramı üzerine tartışmalar, son yıllarda özellikle Çin ve Rusya gibi güçlerin yükselişi ile beraber yeniden alevlenmiştir. Soğuk Savaş’ın sona ermesinin ardından yeni güç merkezlerinin yükselişi, ABD’nin küresel sistemdeki hegemonik üstünlüğü tartışmaya açmış ve yükselen güçlerin ABD’ye yönelik dış politikalarını yumuşak dengeleme kavramı ekseninde tartışan önemli bir literatür oluşmuştur. Bu makalenin amacı, Venezuela ve yumuşak dengeleme üzerine gelişen literatürün eleştirel bir analizini yaparak, yumuşak dengeleme kavramının sınırlılıkları üzerine yeniden düşünülmesini sağlamaktır. Makalede öncelikle Venezuela’da Chávez döneminde Bolivarcı devrim süreciyle ülkenin dış politikasında gerçekleşen radikal değişim, Latin Amerika İçin Bolivarcı İttifak (ALBA) temelinde ele alınmış, ardından bu süreçte Venezuela’nın ABD’ye yönelik dış politikasını yumuşak dengeleme kavramı ekseninde ele alan tartışmalara yer verilmiştir. Makalenin temel argümanı, yumuşak dengeleme kavramının Venezuela’daki toplumsal dönüşüm sürecinin dış politikayı nasıl etkilediğini ve ABD ile ilişkileri nasıl radikal bir biçimde dönüştürdüğünü açıklayamayacağı, Venezuela dış politikasının ancak karşı-hegemonya temelinde anlaşılabileceği yönündedir. Bu doğrultuda, makalede, Maduro döneminde Trump’ın Ulusal Meclis Başkanı Juan Guaidó’yu Venezuela Devlet Başkanı olarak tanımasıyla gelişen güncel siyasi kriz, yumuşak dengeleme kavramının sınırlıklarını yeniden düşünmek açısından önemli bir örnek olarak incelenmiştir

Kaynakça

  • Akgemci, E. (2011). Chávez döneminde Venezuela'nın ABD'ye yönelik dış politikası. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Akgemci, E. (2019). Venezuela’da Karşı-Hegemonya: Yenilmeye Mahkum bir Mücadele mi?. Birikim, 7 Şubat tarihinde https://www.birikimdergisi.com/guncel/9341/venezuelada-karsi-hegemonya-yenilmeye- mahkum-bir-mucadele-mi adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Allen, S. R. (2007). Soft means and hard ends: Assessing Hugo Chavez's efforts to counter United States' preponderance. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey.
  • Bancerz, M. (2010). Counter-hegemony and ALBA: The answer to the FTAA. York University Baptista Prizewinning Essay. www.yorku.ca/cerlac/Bancerz.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Bieler, A. ve Morton, A. D. (2004). A critical theory route to hegemony, World order and historical change: Neo-Gramscian perspectives ın ınternational relations. Capital & Class, 82, 85-113.
  • Brooks, G. S., ve Wohlforth, W. C. (2005). Hard times for soft balancing. International security, 30(1), 72-108.
  • Burron, N. (2012). Unpacking US democracy promotion in Bolivia: From soft tactics to regime change. Latin American Perspectives. 39(1), 115-132.
  • Corrales, J. (2009). Using social power to balance soft power: Venezuela’s foreign policy. The Washington Quarterly , 32(4), 97-114.
  • Cox, R. (1995). Gramsci, hegemony and ınternational relations: An essay in method. S. Gill (Der.). Gramsci, Historical Materialism and International Relations içinde (s. 49-66). Toronto: Cambridge University Press.
  • Dodson, M. ve Dorraj, M. (2008). Populism and Foreign Policy in Venezuela and Iran. The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, 9(1), 71-87.
  • Ellner, S. (2000). Polarized politics Chávez’s Venezuela. NACLA Report on the Americas, 33(6), 29-42.
  • Ellner, S. ve Salas, M. T. (Der.). (2006). Venezuela: Hugo Chávez and the Decline of an" exceptional Democracy”. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  • Flemes, D. (2009). India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) in the new global order: interests, strategies and values of the emerging coalition. International Studies, 46(4), 401-421.
  • Friedman, M. P. ve Long, T. (2015). Soft balancing in the Americas: Latin American opposition to U.S. intervention, 1898–1936. International Security. 40(1), 120-156.
  • Garmendia, D., Navarro, M., Ducrot, V. E., Elíades, A., Alfonso, A., ve Barreiros, R. (2009). Comunicación y contra-hegemonía. El caso TeleSUR. Director, 11, 11.
  • Gill, S. (2008). Power and Resistance in the New World Order. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Golinger, E. (2006). The Chavez code: Cracking US Intervention in Venezuela. Northampton: Olive Branch Press.
  • Hart-Landsberg, M. (2009). Learning from ALBA and the Bank of the South: Challenges and Possibilities. Monthly Review, 61(4), 1-19.
  • He, K. (2008). Institutional balancing and international relations theory: Economic interdependence and balance of power strategies in Southeast Asia. European Journal of International Relations, 14(3), 489-518.
  • He, K., ve Feng, H. (2008). If not soft balancing, then what? Reconsidering soft balancing and US policy toward China. Security Studies, 17(2), 363-395.
  • Keefer, M. (2005). Hugo Chávez Frias and the sense of history. http://venezuelanalysis.com/ analysis/1103? quicktabs_2=0
  • Kirk, J. M. (2011). Cuban medical cooperation within ALBA: The case of Venezuela. International Journal of Cuban Studies, 221-234.
  • Laclau, E. (2006). La deriva populista y la centroizquierda latinoamericana. Nueva Sociedad, 89, 56-61.
  • Lanteigne, M. (2012). Water dragon? China, power shifts and soft balancing in the South Pacific. Political Science, 64(1), 21-38.
  • Legler, T. (2011). De la afirmación de la autonomía a la gobernanza autónoma: el reto de América Latina y el Caribe. Rojas Aravena, F. (Der.). América Latina y el Caribe: multilateralismo vs. soberanía. La construcción de la comunidad de Estados Latinoamericanos y Caribeños içinde (s.23-47), Buenos Aires: Teseo-FLACSO,
  • Lieber, K. A., ve Alexander, G. (2005). Waiting for balancing: Why the world is not pushing back. International Security, 30(1), 109-139.
  • Macdonald, L. ve Ruckert, A. (2009). Post-neoliberalism in the Americas: An introduction. Macdonald, L. ve Ruckert, A. (Der.), Post-neoliberalism in the Americas içinde (s. 1-18). Londra: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Manwaring, M. G. (2005). Venezuela’s Hugo Chávez, Bolivarian socialism, and asymmetric warfare. http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB628.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Manwaring, M. G. (2007). Latin America’s new security reality: Irregular asymmetric conflict and Hugo Chávez. http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub808.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • McCarthy-Jones, A., ve Turner, M. (2011). Explaining radical policy change: the case of Venezuelan foreign policy. Policy Studies, 32(5), 549-567.
  • Metz, S. ve Douglas J. (2001). Asymmetry and U.S. Military Strategy: Definition, background, and strategic concepts, Carlisle Barracks. PA:Strategic Studies Institute.
  • Mijares, V. M. (2017). Soft balancing the titans: Venezuelan foreign‐policy strategy toward the United States, China, and Russia. Latin American Policy, 8(2), 201-231.
  • Muntaner, C., Salazar, R. M. G., Benach, J., ve Armada, F. (2006). Venezuela's Barrio Adentro: an alternative to neoliberalism in health care. International Journal of Health Services, 36(4), 803-811.
  • Nye, J. S. (1990) Soft Power. Foreign policy, 80, 153-171.
  • Oswald, F. (2006). Soft balancing between friends: transforming transatlantic relations. Debatte: journal of contemporary central and Eastern Europe, 14(2), 145-160.
  • Pape, R. A. (2005). Soft balancing against the United States. International Security, 30(1), 7-45.
  • Paul, T. V. (2005). Soft balancing in the age of US primacy. International security, 30(1), 46-71.
  • Paul, T. V. (2018). Restraining great powers: Soft balancing from empires to the global era. Yale University Press.
  • Romero, C. A., ve Mijares, V. M. (2016). From Chávez to Maduro: Continuity and change in Venezuelan foreign policy. Contexto internacional, 38(1), 165-201.
  • Russell, R., ve Tokatlian, J. G. (2013). América Latina y su gran estrategia: entre la aquiescencia y la autonomía. Revista Cidob d'afers internacionals, 157-180.
  • Salas, M. T. (2009). The Enduring Legacy: Oil, Culture, and Society in Venezuela. Duke University Press.
  • Sanahuja, J. A. (2009). Del “regionalismo abierto” al “regionalismo post-liberal”. Crisis y cambio en la integración regional en América Latina”, Anuario de la Integración Regional de América Latina y el Gran Caribe, 12-54.
  • Schoen, D. E. ve Michael R. (2009). Hugo Chávez and the War Against the America: The Threat Closer to Home, New York: Free Press.
  • Serbin, A., ve Serbin Pont, A. (2014). Quince años de política exterior Boliviana: ¿ entre el softbalancing y la militarización?. Pensamiento Propio, 19, 287–326.
  • Strønen, I. Å. (2015). Servants of the nation, defenders of la patria: The Bolivarian Militia in Venezuela. CMI Working Paper.
  • Toro, A. (2011). El ALBA como instrumento de ‘soft balancing’. Pensamiento propio, 33, 159-183.
  • Ünaldılar Kocamaz, S. (2019). The Rise of New Powers in World Politics: Russia, China and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. International Relations/Uluslararasi Iliskiler, 16(61), 127-141.
  • Wiarda, H. (1995). After Miami: The Summit, the Peso Crisis, and the Future of US-Latin American relations. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, 37(1), 43-68.
  • Williams, M. E. (2011). The new balancing act: International relations theory and Venezuela’s ‘soft balancing’ foreign policy. Eastwood, J. ve Ponniah, T. (Der.), The Revolution in Venezuela: Social and Political Change Under Chávez içinde (s. 259-280). Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • Wilpert, G. (2006). Venezuela and Guatemala compromise on UN Security Council Seat. NY Latino Journal, http://nylatinojournal.com/home/eagles_in_fall,_lions_in_spring/news/venezuela_and_guatemala_com promise_on_un_security_council_seat adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Wilpert, G. (2007). Changing Venezuela by taking power: The history and policies of the Chávez government. Verso Books.
  • Wilpert, G. (2012). An electoral road to twenty-first-century socialism?. Webber, J. R. ve Carr, B. (Der.), The New Latin American Left: Cracks in the Empire içinde (s. 191-212.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  • Yapıcı, U. (2015). Yumuşak güç ölçülebilir mi?. Uluslararası İlişkiler/International Relations, 12(47), 5-25.

Rethinking on the Limitations of Soft Balancing Concept: The Case of Venezuelan Foreign Policy

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 29, 2230 - 2262, 30.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.786851

Öz

Since the 1990s, discussions on the concept of soft balancing, which has frequently been referenced in foreign policy analysis, have flared again in recent years, especially with the rise of powers such as China and Russia. In the post-Cold War era, the rise of new power centres brought into question of the hegemonic superiority of the U.S. in the global system, and an important literature has emerged that discusses the external policies of rising powers towards the U.S. on the axis of soft balancing. The purpose of this article is to provide rethinking of the limitations of soft balancing concept by carrying out a critical analysis on the literature on Venezuela and soft balancing. The article has focused primarily on the radical change in Venezuelan foreign policy through the Bolivarian revolution process during the Chávez era by addressing the role of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA). And then the article has examined the discussions that focus on the concept of soft balancing of Venezuela's foreign policy towards the U.S. The main argument of the article is that the concept of soft balancing cannot explain how the social transformation process in Venezuela affects foreign policy and radically transforms relations with the U.S., and that foreign policy of Venezuela can only be understood on the basis of counter-hegemony. Accordingly, the political crisis that developed after Trump’s recognition of Juan Guaidó as the legitimate president of Venezuela, has been examined in the article as an important example of rethinking the limitations of the concept of soft balancing.

Kaynakça

  • Akgemci, E. (2011). Chávez döneminde Venezuela'nın ABD'ye yönelik dış politikası. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Akgemci, E. (2019). Venezuela’da Karşı-Hegemonya: Yenilmeye Mahkum bir Mücadele mi?. Birikim, 7 Şubat tarihinde https://www.birikimdergisi.com/guncel/9341/venezuelada-karsi-hegemonya-yenilmeye- mahkum-bir-mucadele-mi adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Allen, S. R. (2007). Soft means and hard ends: Assessing Hugo Chavez's efforts to counter United States' preponderance. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey.
  • Bancerz, M. (2010). Counter-hegemony and ALBA: The answer to the FTAA. York University Baptista Prizewinning Essay. www.yorku.ca/cerlac/Bancerz.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Bieler, A. ve Morton, A. D. (2004). A critical theory route to hegemony, World order and historical change: Neo-Gramscian perspectives ın ınternational relations. Capital & Class, 82, 85-113.
  • Brooks, G. S., ve Wohlforth, W. C. (2005). Hard times for soft balancing. International security, 30(1), 72-108.
  • Burron, N. (2012). Unpacking US democracy promotion in Bolivia: From soft tactics to regime change. Latin American Perspectives. 39(1), 115-132.
  • Corrales, J. (2009). Using social power to balance soft power: Venezuela’s foreign policy. The Washington Quarterly , 32(4), 97-114.
  • Cox, R. (1995). Gramsci, hegemony and ınternational relations: An essay in method. S. Gill (Der.). Gramsci, Historical Materialism and International Relations içinde (s. 49-66). Toronto: Cambridge University Press.
  • Dodson, M. ve Dorraj, M. (2008). Populism and Foreign Policy in Venezuela and Iran. The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, 9(1), 71-87.
  • Ellner, S. (2000). Polarized politics Chávez’s Venezuela. NACLA Report on the Americas, 33(6), 29-42.
  • Ellner, S. ve Salas, M. T. (Der.). (2006). Venezuela: Hugo Chávez and the Decline of an" exceptional Democracy”. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  • Flemes, D. (2009). India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) in the new global order: interests, strategies and values of the emerging coalition. International Studies, 46(4), 401-421.
  • Friedman, M. P. ve Long, T. (2015). Soft balancing in the Americas: Latin American opposition to U.S. intervention, 1898–1936. International Security. 40(1), 120-156.
  • Garmendia, D., Navarro, M., Ducrot, V. E., Elíades, A., Alfonso, A., ve Barreiros, R. (2009). Comunicación y contra-hegemonía. El caso TeleSUR. Director, 11, 11.
  • Gill, S. (2008). Power and Resistance in the New World Order. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Golinger, E. (2006). The Chavez code: Cracking US Intervention in Venezuela. Northampton: Olive Branch Press.
  • Hart-Landsberg, M. (2009). Learning from ALBA and the Bank of the South: Challenges and Possibilities. Monthly Review, 61(4), 1-19.
  • He, K. (2008). Institutional balancing and international relations theory: Economic interdependence and balance of power strategies in Southeast Asia. European Journal of International Relations, 14(3), 489-518.
  • He, K., ve Feng, H. (2008). If not soft balancing, then what? Reconsidering soft balancing and US policy toward China. Security Studies, 17(2), 363-395.
  • Keefer, M. (2005). Hugo Chávez Frias and the sense of history. http://venezuelanalysis.com/ analysis/1103? quicktabs_2=0
  • Kirk, J. M. (2011). Cuban medical cooperation within ALBA: The case of Venezuela. International Journal of Cuban Studies, 221-234.
  • Laclau, E. (2006). La deriva populista y la centroizquierda latinoamericana. Nueva Sociedad, 89, 56-61.
  • Lanteigne, M. (2012). Water dragon? China, power shifts and soft balancing in the South Pacific. Political Science, 64(1), 21-38.
  • Legler, T. (2011). De la afirmación de la autonomía a la gobernanza autónoma: el reto de América Latina y el Caribe. Rojas Aravena, F. (Der.). América Latina y el Caribe: multilateralismo vs. soberanía. La construcción de la comunidad de Estados Latinoamericanos y Caribeños içinde (s.23-47), Buenos Aires: Teseo-FLACSO,
  • Lieber, K. A., ve Alexander, G. (2005). Waiting for balancing: Why the world is not pushing back. International Security, 30(1), 109-139.
  • Macdonald, L. ve Ruckert, A. (2009). Post-neoliberalism in the Americas: An introduction. Macdonald, L. ve Ruckert, A. (Der.), Post-neoliberalism in the Americas içinde (s. 1-18). Londra: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Manwaring, M. G. (2005). Venezuela’s Hugo Chávez, Bolivarian socialism, and asymmetric warfare. http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB628.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Manwaring, M. G. (2007). Latin America’s new security reality: Irregular asymmetric conflict and Hugo Chávez. http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub808.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • McCarthy-Jones, A., ve Turner, M. (2011). Explaining radical policy change: the case of Venezuelan foreign policy. Policy Studies, 32(5), 549-567.
  • Metz, S. ve Douglas J. (2001). Asymmetry and U.S. Military Strategy: Definition, background, and strategic concepts, Carlisle Barracks. PA:Strategic Studies Institute.
  • Mijares, V. M. (2017). Soft balancing the titans: Venezuelan foreign‐policy strategy toward the United States, China, and Russia. Latin American Policy, 8(2), 201-231.
  • Muntaner, C., Salazar, R. M. G., Benach, J., ve Armada, F. (2006). Venezuela's Barrio Adentro: an alternative to neoliberalism in health care. International Journal of Health Services, 36(4), 803-811.
  • Nye, J. S. (1990) Soft Power. Foreign policy, 80, 153-171.
  • Oswald, F. (2006). Soft balancing between friends: transforming transatlantic relations. Debatte: journal of contemporary central and Eastern Europe, 14(2), 145-160.
  • Pape, R. A. (2005). Soft balancing against the United States. International Security, 30(1), 7-45.
  • Paul, T. V. (2005). Soft balancing in the age of US primacy. International security, 30(1), 46-71.
  • Paul, T. V. (2018). Restraining great powers: Soft balancing from empires to the global era. Yale University Press.
  • Romero, C. A., ve Mijares, V. M. (2016). From Chávez to Maduro: Continuity and change in Venezuelan foreign policy. Contexto internacional, 38(1), 165-201.
  • Russell, R., ve Tokatlian, J. G. (2013). América Latina y su gran estrategia: entre la aquiescencia y la autonomía. Revista Cidob d'afers internacionals, 157-180.
  • Salas, M. T. (2009). The Enduring Legacy: Oil, Culture, and Society in Venezuela. Duke University Press.
  • Sanahuja, J. A. (2009). Del “regionalismo abierto” al “regionalismo post-liberal”. Crisis y cambio en la integración regional en América Latina”, Anuario de la Integración Regional de América Latina y el Gran Caribe, 12-54.
  • Schoen, D. E. ve Michael R. (2009). Hugo Chávez and the War Against the America: The Threat Closer to Home, New York: Free Press.
  • Serbin, A., ve Serbin Pont, A. (2014). Quince años de política exterior Boliviana: ¿ entre el softbalancing y la militarización?. Pensamiento Propio, 19, 287–326.
  • Strønen, I. Å. (2015). Servants of the nation, defenders of la patria: The Bolivarian Militia in Venezuela. CMI Working Paper.
  • Toro, A. (2011). El ALBA como instrumento de ‘soft balancing’. Pensamiento propio, 33, 159-183.
  • Ünaldılar Kocamaz, S. (2019). The Rise of New Powers in World Politics: Russia, China and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. International Relations/Uluslararasi Iliskiler, 16(61), 127-141.
  • Wiarda, H. (1995). After Miami: The Summit, the Peso Crisis, and the Future of US-Latin American relations. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, 37(1), 43-68.
  • Williams, M. E. (2011). The new balancing act: International relations theory and Venezuela’s ‘soft balancing’ foreign policy. Eastwood, J. ve Ponniah, T. (Der.), The Revolution in Venezuela: Social and Political Change Under Chávez içinde (s. 259-280). Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • Wilpert, G. (2006). Venezuela and Guatemala compromise on UN Security Council Seat. NY Latino Journal, http://nylatinojournal.com/home/eagles_in_fall,_lions_in_spring/news/venezuela_and_guatemala_com promise_on_un_security_council_seat adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Wilpert, G. (2007). Changing Venezuela by taking power: The history and policies of the Chávez government. Verso Books.
  • Wilpert, G. (2012). An electoral road to twenty-first-century socialism?. Webber, J. R. ve Carr, B. (Der.), The New Latin American Left: Cracks in the Empire içinde (s. 191-212.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  • Yapıcı, U. (2015). Yumuşak güç ölçülebilir mi?. Uluslararası İlişkiler/International Relations, 12(47), 5-25.
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sosyoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Esra Akgemci 0000-0003-4119-2443

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2020
Kabul Tarihi 17 Eylül 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 29

Kaynak Göster

APA Akgemci, E. (2020). Yumuşak Dengeleme Kavramının Sınırlılıkları Üzerine Yeniden Düşünmek: Venezuela Dış Politikası Örneği. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 16(29), 2230-2262. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.786851