Araştırma Makalesi
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Optimism and System Justification Tendency of University Students

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 47, 477 - 489, 31.05.2022
https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1123089

Öz

The purpose of this research is to investigate if the system justification tendency and demographic variables (gender, old, socio-economic level, mother’s and father’s educational level, political view) predict the optimism and demographic variables predict the system justification tendency. The study group consisted of 434 students (282 female, 152 male) attending to different university in Ankara. System Justification Scale, Optimism Scale and the Personal Information Form were used to in the research. This research was questioned which variables predict the optimism and system justification with multiple linear regression analysis (stepwise method). Secondly, Point biserial correlation analysis was used to determine relationship between gender and optimism and Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient to determine the relationship between the other variables. The result of these analysis indicated that political view, gender and system justification predicted the optimism; mother’s educational level and political view predicted system justification. At the same time, it was seen that female were more optimistic than male; political view approached to the right, the level of system justification and optimism increased. It has also been found that as the system justification tendency increased, the score of optimism increased.

Kaynakça

  • Acar, N.V., Yıldırım, İ., & Ergene, T., (1996). Examining the religiosity levels of individuals in terms of some variables. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 12, 45-56.
  • Açıkgöz, S. (2006). The Assessment of relations nutrition habits of students of university with self-efficacy and optimism: Ankara University model. (Master’s thesis). Ankara University.
  • Akoğlu, H. H. (2019). System Justification and Mental Health: The Roles Of Rumination And Distraction. (Masters thesis). Ted University.
  • Anderson, C. J., & Singer, M. M. (2008). The sensitive left and the impervious right: Multilevel models and the politics of inequality, ideology, and legitimacy in Europe. Comparative Political Studies, 41(4–5), 564–599. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0010414007 313113.
  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55. 5.469.
  • Atabey, G. (2017). Analyzing the impact of political efficacy, gender, system justification and religious orientation on political participation. (Master’s thesis). Ankara University.
  • Aydın, G., & Tezer, E. (1991). The relationship of optimism to health complaints and academic performance. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 26 (7), 2-9.
  • Bal, P. N., & Gülcan, A. (2014). Investigating the effect of optimism on happiness and life satisfaction of young adults. Asian Journal of Instruction, 2(1), 41-52.
  • Balcı, S., & Yılmaz, M. (2002). Validity and reliability study of the optimism scale. Ondokuz Mayis University Education of Journal, 14, 54-60.
  • Bates, T. C. (2015). The glass is half full and half empty: A population-representative twin study testing if optimism and pessimism are distinct systems. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(6), 533-542. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1015155.
  • Butz, S., Kieslich, P. J., & Bless, H. (2017). Why are conservatives happier than liberals? Comparing different explanations based on system justification, multiple group membership, and positive adjustment. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(3), 362-372. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp. 2283.
  • Carver, C. S., & Connor-Smith, J. (2010). Personality and coping. Annual Review Of Psychology, 61, 679-704. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev. psych.093008.100352.
  • Carver, C. S., Smith, R. S., Antoni, M. H., Petronis, V. M., Weiss, S., & Derhagopian, R. P. (2005). Optimistic personality and psychosocial well-being among long-term survivors of breast cancer. Health Psychology, 24(5), 508-516. https://doi.org/10.1037/02786133.24.5.508.
  • Cassidy, T. (2000). Social background, achievement motivation, optimism and health: A longitudinal study. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 13(4), 399-412. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/713658501.
  • Chang, E. C. (1996). Cultural differences in optimism, pessimism, and coping: Predictors of subsequent adjustment in Asian and Caucasian American college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43(1), 113-123. https://doi.org/10.1037/ 0022-0167.43.1.113.
  • Chang, L. L., Tsai, Y. C., & Lee, G. Y. (2010). Gender differences in optimism: Evidence from yahoo kimo taiwan's business news poll centre. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 38(1), 61-70. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2010.38. 1.61.
  • Cichocka, A., & Jost, J.T. (2014). Stripped of illusions? Exploring system justification processes in capitalist and post-Communist societies. International Journal of Psychology, 49, 6-29. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12 011.
  • Çalık, E. (2008). Investigation of primary school students’ optimism level and their school perception. (Master’s thesis). Ankara University.
  • Çetinalp Şahin, P. (2014). Analyzing the attitudes of police school students towards just world belief, authoritarianism,system justification, patriotism and human rights (Masters thesis). Ege University.
  • Demir, R., & Murat, M. (2017). Investigating teacher candidates’ happiness, optimism, meaning in life and life satisfaction. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 7(13), 347-378. https://doi.org/ 10.26466/opus. 347656.
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Yıl 2022, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 47, 477 - 489, 31.05.2022
https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1123089

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Acar, N.V., Yıldırım, İ., & Ergene, T., (1996). Examining the religiosity levels of individuals in terms of some variables. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 12, 45-56.
  • Açıkgöz, S. (2006). The Assessment of relations nutrition habits of students of university with self-efficacy and optimism: Ankara University model. (Master’s thesis). Ankara University.
  • Akoğlu, H. H. (2019). System Justification and Mental Health: The Roles Of Rumination And Distraction. (Masters thesis). Ted University.
  • Anderson, C. J., & Singer, M. M. (2008). The sensitive left and the impervious right: Multilevel models and the politics of inequality, ideology, and legitimacy in Europe. Comparative Political Studies, 41(4–5), 564–599. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0010414007 313113.
  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55. 5.469.
  • Atabey, G. (2017). Analyzing the impact of political efficacy, gender, system justification and religious orientation on political participation. (Master’s thesis). Ankara University.
  • Aydın, G., & Tezer, E. (1991). The relationship of optimism to health complaints and academic performance. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 26 (7), 2-9.
  • Bal, P. N., & Gülcan, A. (2014). Investigating the effect of optimism on happiness and life satisfaction of young adults. Asian Journal of Instruction, 2(1), 41-52.
  • Balcı, S., & Yılmaz, M. (2002). Validity and reliability study of the optimism scale. Ondokuz Mayis University Education of Journal, 14, 54-60.
  • Bates, T. C. (2015). The glass is half full and half empty: A population-representative twin study testing if optimism and pessimism are distinct systems. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(6), 533-542. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1015155.
  • Butz, S., Kieslich, P. J., & Bless, H. (2017). Why are conservatives happier than liberals? Comparing different explanations based on system justification, multiple group membership, and positive adjustment. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(3), 362-372. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp. 2283.
  • Carver, C. S., & Connor-Smith, J. (2010). Personality and coping. Annual Review Of Psychology, 61, 679-704. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev. psych.093008.100352.
  • Carver, C. S., Smith, R. S., Antoni, M. H., Petronis, V. M., Weiss, S., & Derhagopian, R. P. (2005). Optimistic personality and psychosocial well-being among long-term survivors of breast cancer. Health Psychology, 24(5), 508-516. https://doi.org/10.1037/02786133.24.5.508.
  • Cassidy, T. (2000). Social background, achievement motivation, optimism and health: A longitudinal study. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 13(4), 399-412. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/713658501.
  • Chang, E. C. (1996). Cultural differences in optimism, pessimism, and coping: Predictors of subsequent adjustment in Asian and Caucasian American college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43(1), 113-123. https://doi.org/10.1037/ 0022-0167.43.1.113.
  • Chang, L. L., Tsai, Y. C., & Lee, G. Y. (2010). Gender differences in optimism: Evidence from yahoo kimo taiwan's business news poll centre. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 38(1), 61-70. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2010.38. 1.61.
  • Cichocka, A., & Jost, J.T. (2014). Stripped of illusions? Exploring system justification processes in capitalist and post-Communist societies. International Journal of Psychology, 49, 6-29. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12 011.
  • Çalık, E. (2008). Investigation of primary school students’ optimism level and their school perception. (Master’s thesis). Ankara University.
  • Çetinalp Şahin, P. (2014). Analyzing the attitudes of police school students towards just world belief, authoritarianism,system justification, patriotism and human rights (Masters thesis). Ege University.
  • Demir, R., & Murat, M. (2017). Investigating teacher candidates’ happiness, optimism, meaning in life and life satisfaction. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 7(13), 347-378. https://doi.org/ 10.26466/opus. 347656.
  • Dursun, P. (2012). The role of meaning in life, optimism, hope, and coping styles in subjective well-being. (Masters thesis). Middle East Technical University.
  • Eagleton, T. (2015). Hope without optimism. Yale University Press.
  • El-Anzi, F. O. (2005). Academic achievement and its relationship with anxiety, self-esteem, optimism, and pessimism in Kuwaiti students. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 33(1), 95-104. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2005. 33.1.95.
  • Geçtan, E. (2002). İnsan olmak, (26th edition). Metis.
  • Gençoğlu, C., & Kalkan, M. (2015). Psychological Birth Order and Optimism in High School. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 7(3), 215-228. http://doi.org/10.15345/ iojes.2015.03.006.
  • Gençoğlu, C, Alkan, E , Koçyiğit, M. (2014). Optimism as a myth; are boys or girls more optimistic? Electronic Journal of Social Sciences 13 (50), 129-138. https://doi.org/ 10.17755/ esosder.91216.
  • Goleman, D. (2000). Emotional intelligence. Why it can matter more than IQ. Varlık. (Original work published 1996).
  • Göksu, V. (2013). In the context of political identities and central-periphery dichotomy, center right and center left in turkey. Journal of Academic Inquiries, 8(2), 69-93.
  • Güler, B. K., & Emec, H. (2006). The effect of optimism on life satisfaction and academic achievement. Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Journal. 21(2), 129-149.
  • Güleri, M. (1998). Future Expectations of University Students and Youngworkers and Their Levels of Optimism and Pessimism. Kriz, 6(1), 0-0.
  • Gündoğdu, M., Korkmaz, S, Karakuş, K. (2013). Life orientation of university students. Journal of Educational Sciences, 22(22), 151-160.
  • Fischer, R., & Chalmers, A. (2008). Is optimism universal? A meta-analytical investigation of optimism levels across 22 nations. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(5), 378-382. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.paid.2008.05.008.
  • Hammond, M. D., & Sibley, C. G. (2011). Why are benevolent sexists happier? Sex Roles, 65(5), 332-343. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/ s11199-011-0017-2.
  • Harari, Y. N. (2014). Sapiens: A brief history of humankind. Kolektif. (Original work published 2012).
  • Harding, J. F., & Sibley, C. G. (2012). The palliative function of system justification: Concurrent benefits versus longer-term costs to wellbeing. Social Indicators Research, 113(1), 401-418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0101-1.
  • Henderson, D. A., & Denison, D. R. (1989). Stepwise regression in social and psychological research. Psychological Reports, 64(1), 251-257.
  • Hırlak, B., Taşlıyan, M., & Sezer, B. (2017). The relationship between optimism and life satisfaction, perception differences in the context of demographic characteristics: an empirical study. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Faculty Of Economics And Administrative Sciences Journal, 7(1), 95-116.
  • Ho, M. Y., Cheung, F. M., & Cheung, S. F. (2010). The role of meaning in life and optimism in promoting well-being. Personality and individual differences, 48(5), 658-663. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.paid.2010.01.008.
  • Jefferson, A., Bortolotti, L., & Kuzmanovic, B. (2017). What is unrealistic optimism?. Consciousness and Cognition, 50, 3-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2016.10.005.
  • Jost, J. T. (1995). Negative illusions: Conceptual clarification and psychological evidence concerning false consciousness. Political Psychology, 16, 397-424. https://doi.org/ 10.2307/3791837.
  • Jost, J. T., & Banaji, M. R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system‐justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal Of Social Psychology, 33(1), 1-27.
  • Jost, J. T., Banaji, M. R., & Nosek, B. A. (2004). A decade of system justification theory: Accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering of the status quo. Political Psychology, 25, 881-919.
  • Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W., & Sulloway, F. J. (2003). Exceptions that prove the rule-Using a theory of motivated social cognition to account for ideological incongruities and political anomalies: Reply to Greenberg and Jonas. Psychological Bulletin, 129(3), 383-393.
  • Jost, J. T., Hawkins, C. B., Nosek, B. A., Hennes, E. P., Stern, C., Gosling, S. D., & Graham, J. (2014). Belief in a just God (and a just society): A system justification perspective on religious ideology. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 34(1), 56–81. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033220.
  • Jost, J., & Hunyady, O. (2003). The psychology of system justification and the palliative function of ideology. European Review Of Social Psychology, 13(1), 111-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 10463280240000046.
  • Jost, J. T., & Hunyady, O. (2005). Antecedents and consequences of system-justifying ideologies. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(5), 260-265. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00377.x.
  • Jost, J. T., Ledgerwood, A., & Hardin, C. D. (2008). Shared reality, system justification, and the relational basis of ideological beliefs. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(1), 171-186.
  • Jost, J. T., Napier, J. L., Thorisdottir, H., Gosling, S. D., Palfai, T. P., & Ostafin, B. (2007). Are needs to manage uncertainty and threat associated with political conservatism or ideological extremity? Personality And Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(7), 989-1007. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207301028.
  • Jost, J. T., Pelham, B. W., Sheldon, O., & Ni Sullivan, B. (2003). Social inequality and the reduction of ideological dissonance on behalf of the system: Evidence of enhanced system justification among the disadvantaged. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33(1), 13-36. https://doi.org/10.1002/ ejsp.127.
  • Jost, J. T., Wakslak, C. J., & Tyler, T. R. (2008). System justification theory and the alleviation of emotional distress: Palliative effects of ideology in an arbitrary social hierarchy and in society. Advanced in Group Process, 25, 181-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0882-6145(08)25012-5.
  • Kalafatoğlu, M. R. (2017). The influence of parental attitudes perceived with some family variables on the levels of optimism of the 8th grade students. (Master’s thesis). Ondokuz Mayıs University.
  • Kay, A. C., & Jost, J. T. (2003). Complementary justice: effects of" poor but happy" and" poor but honest" stereotype exemplars on system justification and implicit activation of the justice motive. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(5), 823-837. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.823.
  • Kaya, M., & Göktolga, Z. G. (2014). The Future of University Students Expectancy Determination of Structural Equation Modeling and Chaid Analysis: An Application of The Republic of University Students Economics and Administrative Sciences. The Journal Of Social Sciences Research, I, 127-139.
  • Khallad, Y. (2013). Dispositional optimism and physical wellbeing: The relevance of culture, gender, and socioeconomic status. International journal of Psychology, 48(5), 978-985. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/00207594.2012.695795.
  • Kluegel, J. R., & Smith, E. R. (1986). Beliefs about inequality: Americans’ view of what is and what ought to be. Hawthorne, NJ: Aldine de Gruyter.
  • Kurtz‐Nelson, E., & McIntyre, L. L. (2017). Optimism and positive and negative feelings in parents of young children with developmental delay. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 61(7), 719-725. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12378.
  • Langer, M., Vasilopoulos, P., McAvay, H., & Jost, J. T. (2020). System justification in France: liberté, égalité, fraternité. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 34, 185-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.04.004.
  • Liviatan, I., & Jost, J.T. (2011). System justification theory: Motivated social cognition in the service of the status quo. Social Cognition, 29, 231-237. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2011. 29.3.231.
  • Liviatan, I., & Jost, J.T. (2014). A social-cognitive analysis of system justification goal striving. Social Cognition, 32, 95-129. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2014.32.2.95.
  • Major, B., & O'Brien, L. T. (2005). The social psychology of stigma. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 393-421. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070137.
  • Mamırova, C., & Yılmaz, H. (2019). Are the obedient happier? Submissiveness in terms of positive psychology. MANAS Journal of Social Studies, 8(1), 1153-1169. https:// dergipark.org.tr/mjss/article/486638.
  • Moscato, G., Caricati, L., & Bonetti, C. (2021). Political orientation and system justification: The moderating role of national identity in a Spanish sample (Orientación política y justificación del sistema: El rol moderador de la identidad nacional en una muestra española). International Journal of Social Psychology, 36(1), 98-121.
  • Napier, J.L., & Jost, J.T. (2008). Why are conservatives happier than liberals? Psychological Science, 19, 565-572.
  • Napier, J. L., Thorisdottir, H., & Jost, J. T. (2010). The joy of sexism? A multinational investigation of hostile and benevolent justifications for gender inequality and their relations to subjective well-being. Sex Roles, 62(7-8), 405-419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9712-7.
  • Nicholls, A. R., Polman, R. C., Levy, A. R., & Backhouse, S. H. (2008). Mental toughness, optimism, pessimism, and coping among athletes. Personality and İndividual Differences, 44(5), 1182-1192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.11.011.
  • Osborne, D., & Sibley, C. G. (2013). Through rose-colored glasses: System-justifying beliefs dampen the effects of relative deprivation on well-being and political mobilization. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(8), 991-1004. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0146167213487997.
  • Öztürk, E. E. (2017). The relationship between optimism, religiosity and religious orientation: an empirical research on university students. The journal Of İslamic Sciences, 12(3), 165-190.
  • Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (1984). Causal explanations as a risk factor for depression: Theory and evidence. Psychological Review, 91(3), 347. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X. 91.3.347.
  • Plomin, R., Scheier, M. F., Bergeman, C. S., Pedersen, N. L., Nesselroade, J. R., & McClearn, G. E. (1992). Optimism, pessimism and mental health: A twin/adoption analysis. Personality and İndividual Differences, 13(8), 921-930. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(92)90009-E.
  • Puskar, K. R., Marie Bernardo, L., Ren, D., Haley, T. M., Hetager Tark, K., Switala, J., & Siemon, L. (2010). Self-esteem and optimism in rural youth: Gender differences. Contemporary Nurse, 34(2), 190-198. https://doi.org/10.5172/ conu.2010.34.2.190.
  • Rankin, L. E., Jost, J. T., & Wakslak, C. J. (2009). System justification and the meaning of life: Are the existential benefits of ideology distributed unequally across racial groups? Social Justice Research, 22(2-3), 312-333. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11211-009-0100-9.
  • Sapmaz, F., & Doğan, T. (2012). Optimism as a predictor of happiness and life satisfaction Mersin University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 8(3), 63-69. http://www. academia.edu/download/32431139/D4.
  • Sarıbay, S. A., Okten, I. O., & Yılmaz, O. (2017). The relationship between inequality and resistance to change at personal and social levels and conservatism. Turkish Psychology Articles, 20, 24-41. http://openaccess. dogus.edu.tr/handle/11376/ 3001.
  • Sarı Cenk, D. (2008). The relationship between parenting style, gender and academic achievement with optimism among adolescents (Master’s thesis). Middle East Technical University.
  • Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1992). Effect of optimism on psychological and phycical well- being: Theorical over-view and empiral update.Cognitive Theraphy and Research, 16(2), 201-228. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/BF01173489.
  • Segerstrom, S. C. (2007). Optimism and resources: Effects on each other and on health over 10 years. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(4), 772-786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp. 2006. 09.004.
  • Seligman, M. E. (2000). Optimism, pessimism, and mortality. In Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 75(2), 133-134. https://doi.org/ 10.4065/ 75.2.133.
  • Seligman, M. E. (2009). Learned optimism: How to Change Your Mind and Your Life. H.Y.B. (Original work published 2006).
  • Seligman, M. E., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55. 1.5.
  • Sethi, S., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1993). Optimism and Fundamentalism. Psychological Science, 4(4), 256–259. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280. 1993.tb00271.x.
  • Sharot, T. (2011). The optimism bias. Current Biology, 21(23), R941-R945. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.cub.2011.10.030.
  • Shearman, E., Czech, D. R., Burdette, T., McDaniel, T., Joyner, B., & Zwald, D. (2011). A comparison of optimism levels and life stress levels among NCAA division i athletes and non athletes. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 4, 190-206.
  • Solak, N. (2008). Yoksulluğa ve yoksullara ilişkin değerlendirmelerin sistemin meşrulaştırılması kuramından hareketle incelenmesi. (Masters thesis). Ege University.
  • Suppes, A., Napier, J. L., & van der Toorn, J. (2019). The palliative effects of system justification on the health and happiness of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45(3), 372-388. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0146167218785156.
  • Sümer, N. (2018). Sistemi meşrulaştırma kuramı. Gazete 2023. http://www.gazete2023.com/ dusunce-analiz/sistemi-mesrulastirma kurami-h78422. 13.03.2018 tarinde erişilmiştir.
  • Uğurlu, O. (2011). Optimism and pessimism as predictors of general and mental health. Cankaya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 8(1), 81–90.
  • van der Toorn, J., Berkics, M., & Jost, J. T. (2010). System justification, satisfaction, and perceptions of fairness and typicality at work: A cross-system comparison involving the US and Hungary. Social Justice Research, 23(2), 189-210. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11211-010-0116-1.
  • Wakslak, C. J., Jost, J. T., & Bauer, P. (2011). Spreading rationalization: Increased support for large-scale and small-scale social systems following system threat. Social Cognition, 29(3), 288-302. https://doi.org/ 10.1521/soco.2011.29.3.288.
  • Yalçın, İ. (2011). Social support and optimism as predictors of life satisfaction of college students. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 33(2), 79-87. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10447-011-9113-9.
  • Yıldırım, N, Akgün, S . (2013). Perceived legitimacy of the social system, belief in a just world and social dominance orientation of volunteers in non-governmental organizations. Journal of Society & Social Work, 24(1), 115-128.
Toplam 90 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Gülşah Maraş Taşkın Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-5667-4387

Hatice Şıngır Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-1316-5977

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mayıs 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 47

Kaynak Göster

APA Maraş Taşkın, G., & Şıngır, H. (2022). Optimism and System Justification Tendency of University Students. OPUS Journal of Society Research, 19(47), 477-489. https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1123089