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Demokrat Başkanların Kürt Politikaları

Yıl 2021, , 565 - 602, 06.05.2022
https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1026475

Öz

ABD’nin Kürtlere yönelik politikaları farklı dönemlerde çeşitli dinamikler tarafından şekillenmiştir. Yönetimlere göre değişen politikalarda cumhuriyetçiler ve demokratlar arasında da belirli farklılıklar göze çarpmaktadır. Bu çalışmada ABD’nin demokrat başkanlarının Kürtlere yönelik politikalarına odaklanılacaktır. Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından “insan hakları”, “kendi kendini yönetme hakkı” gibi idealist söylemler üzerinden Kürtlere yaklaşan ABD başkanları, özellikle İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından Soğuk Savaş dönemi şartlarına uygun olarak pragmatist politikalara yönelmiştir. Bu bağlamda da genel olarak Soğuk Savaş döneminde Kürtlerin yaşadığı ülkelerin iç işlerine müdahale edilmek istenmemiş, onları destekleyici bir politika izlenmemiştir.

Dönemsel olarak ABD’nin bölgesel politikalarında, İran ve Irak gibi ülkeler ile ilişkilerine bağlı olarak Kürtlere yönelik politikalarda da değişiklikler gerçekleşmiştir. Özellikle Arap Baharı’nın ülkeler üzerinde etkisi ve bölgede terör örgütlerinin ortaya çıkması önemli faktörler olmuştur. Öncelikle Obama ile birlikte ABD’nin Ortadoğu’da askeri varlığını azaltma politikası gündeme gelmiştir. Sonrasında ise terör örgütlerine karşı bölgede ABD güçleri yerine, Kürtler gibi vekil kuvvetlerin kullanılması ön plana çıkmıştır. Son zamanlarda ise ABD’nin Kürtlere yönelik politikasının çeşitli alanlarda geliştiği söylenebilir. ABD, özellikle Suriye’de Kürt grupları vekil güç olarak kullanmaktadır. Maddi, askeri ve eğitim gibi destekler de sağlamaktadır. IKBY ile de iyi ilişkilere sahip olan ABD, insan hakları ve Kürtlerin uğradığı haksızlıklar bağlamında da Kürtleri desteklediğini belirtmektedir. Kürtler, özellikle Biden’ın ABD başkanı seçilmesiyle haklarının artabileceğini, bağımsızlık bağlamında da gelişmeler yaşanabileceğini ummuştur. Bu bağlamda çalışmamızda yukarıda genel ve soyut olarak aktardığımız çerçevede demokrat başkanların Kürt politikaları analiz edilecektir.

Kaynakça

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Yıl 2021, , 565 - 602, 06.05.2022
https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1026475

Öz

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Kaynakça

  • • “ABD’den Suriye’ye ikinci hava üssü”, Anadolu Ajansı, 7 Mart 2016, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/abdden-suriyeye-ikinci-hava-ussu/532919.
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Democratic Presidents' Policies Towards the Kurds

Yıl 2021, , 565 - 602, 06.05.2022
https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1026475

Öz

A variety of dynamics shapes the policies of the USA towards the Kurds in different periods. In the policies that differ from administration to administration, there are some differences between republicans and democrats. The focus point of this study is the policies of democrat presidents in the US towards Kurds. After the First World War, the US presidents shaped their policies towards Kurds regarding human rights, self-determination, etc. Especially after the Second World War, their policies were shaped and changed according to the Cold War environment. In this respect, they made decisions according to certain norms, but sometimes, they took pragmatic decisions. Generally, the US did not want to intervene in the politics of countries with a Kurdish population and did not follow any policy supporting Kurdish groups.

Periodically in the USA’s regional policies, there were some policy changes towards Kurds based on the relationships between Iran and Iraq. Especially the emergence of regional terrorist organizations and the effects of Arab Spring on countries are the crucial aspects. At first, in the Obama period, the US wanted to reduce the presence of military existence of the US in the Middle East. After that, the US wanted to use Proxy forces such as Kurds against the terrorist groups. Recently, the USA’s policies toward Kurds developed in various fields. The US primarily uses the Kurdish group in Syria as Proxy forces. The US administration provides support in the area of financial, military and training, etc. The US has a good relationship with IKRG, and they support Kurds in terms of human rights and the injustice Kurds face. Kurds hoped that their rights could develop, and there could be some developments about the independence, especially after Biden became the president. In this regard, democrat presidents’ Kurdish policy will be examined in terms of the general, and discrete framework explained above in this study.

Kaynakça

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  • • Phillips, David L. The Kurdish Spring: A New Map of the Middle East. Routledge, 2017
  • • Power, Samantha. A Problem From Hell: America and the Age of Genocide. Harper Collins Publication, 2003
  • • Prados, Alfred B. “The Kurds in Iraq: Status, Protection, and Prospects.” CRS Reports for Congress, (12 May 1994).
  • • Romano, David. “Iraqi Kurdistan: challenges of autonomy in the wake of US withdrawal.” International Affairs 86, no. 6 (November 2010): 1345- 1359.
  • • Romano, David ve Gürses, Mehmet. Conflict, Democratization, and the Kurds in he Middle East. Springer, 2014
  • • Romano, David. “Iraqi Kurdistan and Turkey: Temporary Marriage?” Middle East Policy 22, no. 1 (2015): 89-101.
  • • Romano, David. “Iraqi Kurdistan: challanges of autonomy in the wake of US withdrawal.”, International Affairs 86, no. 6 (2010): 1345-1359.
  • • Romano, David. “The Future of Kirkuk.” Ethnopolitics 6, no. 2 (2007): 265-283.
  • • Romano, David. The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Oppurtunity, Mobilization and Identity, Cambridge, 2006
  • • Romano, David; Hussein, Rikar ve Rowe, Stephen. The United States and Kurds of Iraq: Strange Allies. Springer, 2017
  • • Saeed, Seevan. Kurdish Politics in Turkey: From the PKK to the KCK. Routledge, 2016
  • • Saeed, Yerevan. “What Biden can and cannot do for the Kurds.” Al Jazeera, 3 December 2020.
  • • Sarı, İsmail. “The Syria Safe Zone and the US Policy towards the Syrian Kurds.” İRAM Center, 11 March 2019, https://iramcenter.org/en/the-syria-safe-zone-and-the-us-policy-towards-the-syrian-kurds/.
  • • Sarı, İsmail. “The United States Foreign Policy Towards Kurds.” Ortadoğu Etütleri, (2019).
  • • Shareef, Mohammed. The United States, Iraq and the Kurds, Shock, Awe and Aftermath. Routledge, 2014
  • • Shenon, Philip. "Two Kurd groups unite against Baghdad in pact brokered by U.S." The New York Times, September 18, 1998, https://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/18/world/two-kurd-groups-unite-against-baghdad-in-pact-brokered-by-us.html.
  • • Teicher, Howard ve Teicher, Gayle Radley. Twin Pillars to Desert Storm: America’s Flawed Vision in the Middle East from Nixon to Bush. William Morrow and Company, 1993
  • • Vali, Abbas. “Kurdish Nationalism in Iran.” Journal of Kurdish Studies, (1996-1997).
  • • Vali, Abbas. “The Making of Kurdish Identity in Iran.” Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies 4, no. 7 (1995).
  • • Van Bruinessen, Martin. Agha, Shaikh, and State: The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan. Zed Books, 1992
  • • Wroughton, Lesley. “Kerry in Kurdistan to urge leaders to be part of national government”, Reuters, 24 June 2014, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-usa-kurdistan/kerry-in-kurdistan-to-urge-leaders-to-be-part-of-national-government-idUSKBN0EZ0G020140624.
  • • Wroughton, Lesley. “U.S. holds direct talks with embattled Syrian Kurds”, Reuters, 16 October 2014, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-usa-kurds-idUSKCN0I52F520141016.
  • • Yıldız, Kerim. The Kurds in Iran: The Past, Present and Future. Pluto Press, 2011
  • • Yıldız, Kerim. The Kurds in Iraq: Tha Past, Present and Future. Pluto Press, 2004
  • • Yıldız, Kerim. The Kurds in Syria: The Forgotten People. Pluto Press, 2006
Toplam 103 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

İsmail Sarı 0000-0003-2623-2494

Tuğba Altun 0000-0002-9432-9610

Yayımlanma Tarihi 6 Mayıs 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Sarı, İsmail, ve Tuğba Altun. “Demokrat Başkanların Kürt Politikaları”. Ortadoğu Etütleri 13, sy. 4 (Mayıs 2022): 565-602. https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1026475.

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