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Deniz İpek Yolu: Umman’ın Dış Politikası İçin Sonuçları

Yıl 2021, , 465 - 492, 06.05.2022
https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1061525

Öz

Bu çalışma, 2013 yılında Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti Başkanı Xi Jinping tarafından duyurulan Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi’nin deniz ayağı olan Deniz İpek Yolu’na Umman’ın katılımının sonuçlarını analiz etme amacındadır. Sultan Kabus Umman’ı izole ve geri kalmış bir ülkeden aktif bir arabulucu ülkeye dönüştürmüştür. Umman’ın tarafsızlığı ve her politik aktörle olan diplomatik teması Umman’ı diğer Körfez ülkelerinden ayıran özellikleridir. Coğrafi olarak, Umman, Basra Körfezi, Arap Denizi ve Hint Okyanusu’nun kesişim noktasındadır. Tarihsel olarak, Umman, Güney Asya ve Doğu Afrika’nın kıyı kesimini yönetmiş ve etkisini yaymıştır. Coğrafi pozisyon ve tarihsel miras Umman’ı Deniz İpek Yolu’nun anahtar ülkesi yapmıştır. Böylece, Umman’ın Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi’ne katılması Çinli politika yapıcıların gözünde paha biçilmezdir. Umman’ın ekonomisini çeşitlendirmek isteyen Ummanlı politika yapıcıları Çin yatırımını kabul etmişlerdir. Fakat, Çin’in borçları borç alan ülkelerin egemenliği üzerinde baskı aracı olarak kullanma uygulamaları Çin’in Umman’ın ekonomisindeki artan etkisi Umman’ın egemenliğine zarar verebilir. Ayrıca, Hint Okyanusu’ndaki artan ABD-Çin rekabeti Umman’ın tarafsız pozisyonunu tehlikeye düşürebilir. Yine de Sultan Kabus’un mirası Umman’ın politika yapıcıları tarafından takip edilmektedir. Çin’in ekonomik yatırımlarından yararlanırken, Umman, Çin’i dengeleme davranışlarına girişmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, Nafees. "India Should Reconsider Its Decision Not to Participate in the Belt and Road Initiative." LSE. 2017. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2017/06/22/india-should-reconsider-its-decision-not-to-participate-in-the-belt-and-road-initiative/ (accessed 12 January 2022).
  • Al-Fazari, Hamdan, and Jimmy Teng. "Adoption of One Belt and One Road Initiative by Oman: Lessons from the East." J. Global Business Advancement12, no.1 (2019): 145–66.
  • Asian Development Bank. "Meeting Asia’s Infrastructure Needs." 2017. https://www.adb.org/publications/asia-infrastructure-needs (accessed 4 January 2022).
  • Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation. 2017. "Full Text: Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Belt and Road (2)." http://2017.beltandroadforum.org/english/n100/2017/0410/c22-45-2.html (accessed 4 January 2022).
  • Belt and Road Studies Network. "China’s Huawei, Oman Sign Deal to Develop Oman’s ICT Ecosystem." 2020. http://www.brsn.net/NEWS/zhiku_en/detail/20200506/1005000000032801588751775288530080_1.html (accessed 10 January 2022).
  • Bishku, Michael B. "Oman and the Indian Ocean Rim." Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies XXXVII, no. 4 (2014): 46–62. Business Recorder. "FPCCI Chief Explains How Pakistan-Oman Trade Can Be Increased." 2021. https://www.brecorder.com/news/40145584/fpcci-chief-explains-how-pakistan-oman-trade-can-be-increased> [accessed 10 January 2022].
  • Cai, Peter. Understanding China ’s Belt and Road Initiative. Sydney: Lowy Institute, 2017.
  • Chatzky, Andrew, and James McBride. "China’s Massive Belt and Road Initiative." Council on Foreign Relations. 2020. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-massive-belt-and-road-initiative, (accessed 1 June 2021).
  • Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy. "China Widens Presence in Indian Ocean through Massive Inroads in Djibouti." The Economic Times. 01 October 2021. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/china-widens-presence-in-indian-ocean-through-massive-inroads-in-djibouti/articleshow/86676234.cms?from=mdr.
  • ———. "India, Oman Renew Key Defence Pacts as New Delhi Seeks to Play Wider Role in Region. The Economic Times. 24 May 2021. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-oman-renew-key-defence-pacts-as-new-delhi-seeks-to-play-wider-role-in-region/articleshow/82912235.cms?from=mdr.
  • Chaziza, Mordechai. "The Significant Role of Oman in China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative." Contemporary Review of the Middle East 6, no. 1 (2019): 44–57.
  • Chellaney, Brahma. "China’s Debt-Trap Diplomacy." Aspi Strategist. 2017. https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/chinas-debt-trap-diplomacy/ (accessed 4 November 2020).
  • Council on Foreign Relations. "Assessing China’s Digital Silk Road Initiative." 2020. https://www.cfr.org/china-digital-silk-road/ (accessed 29 April 2021). EGov Review. "Saudi Arabia And Oman To Launch Joint Digital Initiatives." 2021. https://www.egovreview.com/article/news/94/saudi-arabia-and-oman-launch-joint-digital-initiatives (accessed 14 January 2022).
  • Ferchen, Matt, and Anarkalee Perera. "Why Unsustainable Chinese Infrastructure Deals Are a Two-Way Street. Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy. 2019 https://carnegieendowment.org/files/7-15-19_Ferchen_Debt_Trap.pdf (accessed 10 January 2022).
  • Fidler, Mailyn. "African Union Bugged by China: Cyber Espionage as Evidence of Strategic Shifts." Council on Foreign Relations. 2018. https://www.cfr.org/blog/african-union-bugged-china-cyber-espionage-evidence-strategic-shifts (accessed 4 May 2021).
  • Foreign Ministry of Oman. "Principles." https://fm.gov.om/policy/principles/ (accessed 12 December 2021).
  • Funch, Linda Pappas. Oman Reborn Balancing Tradition and Modernization. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
  • Gardner, Nikolas. "The Limits of the Sandhurst Connection: The Evolution of Oman’s Foreign and Defense Policy, 1970–1977." Journal of the Middle East and Africa 6 (2015): 45–58.
  • Ghiasy, Richard, Fei Su, and Lora Saalman. The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road Security Implication and Ways Forward for the European Union. SIPRI 2018. Green Belt and Road Initiative Center. "Countries of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)." 2021. https://green-bri.org/countries-of-the-belt-and-road-initiative-bri/ (accessed 1 June 2021).
  • Hakro, Ahmed Nawaz, and Bilal Ahmad Pandow. "Development and Diversification: A Case Study of the Sultanate of Oman." in Oman in the 21st Century: Issues and Challenges, ed. by Ahmed Nawaz Hakro, 3–25. New York: Nova Science Publisher, 2019.
  • Huawei. "Huawei Signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Omani Ministry of Culture, Sports and Youth and Omantel." 2021. https://www.huawei.com/en/news/2021/12/huawei-oman-omantel-mou (accessed 10 January 2022).
  • IOL. "Oman Joins the Belt and Road Initiative." 2019. https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/belt-and-road/watch-oman-joins-the-belt-and-road-initiative-25483275 (accessed 6 January 2022).
  • Jones, Jeremy. "Oman’s Quiet Diplomacy." Norwegian Institute of International Affairs. 2014. https://nupi.brage.unit.no/nupi-xmlui/handle/11250/284734 (accessed 2 January 2022).
  • Jones, Jeremy, and Nicholas Ridout. A History of Modern Oman. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
  • Kannan, Saikiran. "Exclusive: Revival of Hambantota Port in Sri Lanka May Strengthen China’s Position in Indian Ocean." India Today. 19 March 2021. https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/revival-hambantota-port-sri-lanka-strengthen-china-position-indian-ocean-1781171-2021-03-19.
  • Katzman, Kenneth. Oman: Politics, Security, and U.S. Policy. Washington D.C.: Congressional Research Service, 2021.
  • Kitson, Andrew, and Kenny Liew. "China Doubles Down on Its Digital Silk Road’, Reconnecting Asia CSIS." 2019. https://reconnectingasia.csis.org/analysis/entries/china-doubles-down-its-digital-silk-road/ (accessed 20 May 2020).
  • Landen, Robert Gera. Oman Since 1856 Disruptive Modernization in a Traditional Arab Society. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1967.
  • Lefebvre, Jeffrey A. ""Oman’s Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century." Middle East Policy XVII, no. 1 (2010): 99–114.
  • Lindberg, Kari, and Tripti Lahiri. "From Asia to Africa, China’s “Debt-Trap Diplomacy” Was under Siege in 2018." Quartz. 2018. https://qz.com/1497584/how-chinas-debt-trap-diplomacy-came-under-siege-in-2018/ (accessed 10 January 2022).
  • Lokhande, Sumedh Anil. "China’s One Belt One Road Initiative and the Gulf Pearl Chain." China Daily. 6 May 2017. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2017beltandroad/2017-06/05/content_29618549.htm.
  • Lons, Camille. "Onshore Balancing: The Threat to Oman’s Neutrality." European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR). 2019. https://ecfr.eu/article/commentary_onshore_balancing_the_threat_to_omans_neutrality/ (accessed 10 January 2022).
  • ‘Manufacturing for Wellbeing’: The Sultanate of Oman’s Manufacturing Strategy 2040. Muscat: Ministry of Commerce and Industry of the Sultanate of Oman and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, 2019.
  • Maranto, Lauren. "Who Benefits from China’s Cybersecurity Laws?" CSIS. 2020. https://www.csis.org/blogs/new-perspectives-asia/who-benefits-chinas-cybersecurity-laws (accessed 14 January 2022).
  • McGregor, Grady. "The Remote Omani Fishing Village of Duqm Is “Rising From the Desert” as China Strategically Invests." Albawaba. 2018.https://www.albawaba.com/news/remote-omani-fishing-village-du qm-rising-desert-china-strategically-invests-1203064 (accessed 8 January 2022).
  • Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2021. Washington D.C.: Office of the Secretary of Defense, 2021.
  • Ministry of External Affairs Government of India. "Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IORARC)." 2013. https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/IORARC.pdf (accessed 5 January 2022).
  • National Day of Oman. "Preliminary Vision Document." 2020. https://www.national-day-of-oman.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/OmanVision2040-Preliminary-Vision-Document.pdf (accessed 6 January 2022).
  • Nikkei Asia. "China’s Silk Road Initiative Makes Prey of Oman, Maldives." 2018. https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Belt-and-Road/China-s-Silk-Road-initiative-makes-prey-of-Oman-Maldives (accessed 8 January 2022).
  • Perlez, Jane, and Yufan Huang. "Behind China’s $1 Trillion Plan to Shake Up the Economic Order." The New York Times. 13 May 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/13/business/china-railway-one-belt-one-road-1-trillion-plan.html.
  • Peterson, J. E. Oman in the Twentieth Century Political Foundations of an Emerging State. New York: Routledge, 2016.
  • Printsmith, Callum. "China-Oman Cooperation in the Age of the Belt and Road Initiative: Opportunities for the Sultanate". Manara Magazine. 2019. https://manaramagazine.org/2019/05/12/china-oman-cooperation-in-the-age-of-the-belt-and-road-initiative-opportunities-for-the-sultanate/ (accessed 8 January 2022).
  • Rabi, Uzi. "Oman and the Arab–Israeli Conflict: The Reflection of a Pragmatic Foreign Policy." Israel Affairs 11, no.3 (2005): 535–51.
  • Sherwood, Leah. "Understanding Oman’s Foreign Policy." Oxford Gulf & Arabian Peninsula Studies Forum. 2017. https://www.oxgaps.org/files/analysis_-_sherwood.pdf (accessed 1 January 2022).
  • The State Council The People’s Republic of China. "‘Full Text of the Vision for Maritime Cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative." http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/publications/2017/06/20/content_281475691873460.htm (accessed 4 January 2022).
  • The World Bank. "GDP (Current US$) - Oman." 2021. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2020&locations=OM&start=2010 (accessed 6 January 2022).
  • Tillman, Henry, Yang Jian, and Ye Qing. BRI in Oman as an Example : The Synergy of Infrastructure, Digitisation and SEZs. Shanghai: The Shanghai Institutes for International Studies and China Investment Research, 2019).
  • Valiathan, Vishakh Krishnan. "Oman’s Strategic Duqm Port and India’s Opportunities." CLAWS Center for Land Warfare Studies. 2020. https://www.claws.in/omans-strategic-duqm-port-and-indias-opportunities/ (accessed 11 January 2022).
  • Worrall, James. "“Switzerland of Arabia”: Omani Foreign Policy and Mediation Efforts in the Middle East." The International Spectator 56, no. 4 (2021): 134–50.
  • Zhang, Tingting. "Introduction." in China-Gulf Oil Cooperation Under the Belt and Road Initiative, ed. by Tingting Zhang and Dehua Wang, 1-7. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press, 2021.

The Maritime Silk Road: Implications for Oman’s Foreign Policy

Yıl 2021, , 465 - 492, 06.05.2022
https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1061525

Öz

This study seeks to analyze the implications of Oman’s participation in the Maritime Silk Road, which is the maritime component of the Belt and Road Initiative, announced in 2013 by the President of the People’s Republic of China, Xi Jinping. Sultan Qaboos has transformed Oman from an isolated and backward country to an active political mediator in the region. Oman’s neutral stance and diplomatic connections with every political actor in the region differentiate Oman from the rest of the Gulf countries. Geographically, Oman is situated in the intersection of the Persian Gulf, the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean. Historically, Oman ruled South Asian and East African coasts, extending its influence. The geographical position and historical legacy make Oman as a key country for the Maritime Silk Road. Thus, participation of Oman in the Belt and Road Initiative is invaluable in the eyes of the Chinese policymakers. Omani policymakers, who want to diversify Oman’s economy, welcome Chinese investments. However, increasing Chinese involvement in Oman’s economy might harm Oman’s sovereignty because of Chinese practice of using debts as exerting pressure on the lending states’ sovereignty. Moreover, the intensified competition between the USA and China in the Indian Ocean could compromise Oman’s neutral stance. Yet, Sultan Qaboos’ legacy is followed by Omani policymakers. While benefiting Chinese economic investments, Oman performs balancing acts against China.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, Nafees. "India Should Reconsider Its Decision Not to Participate in the Belt and Road Initiative." LSE. 2017. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2017/06/22/india-should-reconsider-its-decision-not-to-participate-in-the-belt-and-road-initiative/ (accessed 12 January 2022).
  • Al-Fazari, Hamdan, and Jimmy Teng. "Adoption of One Belt and One Road Initiative by Oman: Lessons from the East." J. Global Business Advancement12, no.1 (2019): 145–66.
  • Asian Development Bank. "Meeting Asia’s Infrastructure Needs." 2017. https://www.adb.org/publications/asia-infrastructure-needs (accessed 4 January 2022).
  • Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation. 2017. "Full Text: Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Belt and Road (2)." http://2017.beltandroadforum.org/english/n100/2017/0410/c22-45-2.html (accessed 4 January 2022).
  • Belt and Road Studies Network. "China’s Huawei, Oman Sign Deal to Develop Oman’s ICT Ecosystem." 2020. http://www.brsn.net/NEWS/zhiku_en/detail/20200506/1005000000032801588751775288530080_1.html (accessed 10 January 2022).
  • Bishku, Michael B. "Oman and the Indian Ocean Rim." Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies XXXVII, no. 4 (2014): 46–62. Business Recorder. "FPCCI Chief Explains How Pakistan-Oman Trade Can Be Increased." 2021. https://www.brecorder.com/news/40145584/fpcci-chief-explains-how-pakistan-oman-trade-can-be-increased> [accessed 10 January 2022].
  • Cai, Peter. Understanding China ’s Belt and Road Initiative. Sydney: Lowy Institute, 2017.
  • Chatzky, Andrew, and James McBride. "China’s Massive Belt and Road Initiative." Council on Foreign Relations. 2020. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-massive-belt-and-road-initiative, (accessed 1 June 2021).
  • Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy. "China Widens Presence in Indian Ocean through Massive Inroads in Djibouti." The Economic Times. 01 October 2021. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/china-widens-presence-in-indian-ocean-through-massive-inroads-in-djibouti/articleshow/86676234.cms?from=mdr.
  • ———. "India, Oman Renew Key Defence Pacts as New Delhi Seeks to Play Wider Role in Region. The Economic Times. 24 May 2021. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-oman-renew-key-defence-pacts-as-new-delhi-seeks-to-play-wider-role-in-region/articleshow/82912235.cms?from=mdr.
  • Chaziza, Mordechai. "The Significant Role of Oman in China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative." Contemporary Review of the Middle East 6, no. 1 (2019): 44–57.
  • Chellaney, Brahma. "China’s Debt-Trap Diplomacy." Aspi Strategist. 2017. https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/chinas-debt-trap-diplomacy/ (accessed 4 November 2020).
  • Council on Foreign Relations. "Assessing China’s Digital Silk Road Initiative." 2020. https://www.cfr.org/china-digital-silk-road/ (accessed 29 April 2021). EGov Review. "Saudi Arabia And Oman To Launch Joint Digital Initiatives." 2021. https://www.egovreview.com/article/news/94/saudi-arabia-and-oman-launch-joint-digital-initiatives (accessed 14 January 2022).
  • Ferchen, Matt, and Anarkalee Perera. "Why Unsustainable Chinese Infrastructure Deals Are a Two-Way Street. Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy. 2019 https://carnegieendowment.org/files/7-15-19_Ferchen_Debt_Trap.pdf (accessed 10 January 2022).
  • Fidler, Mailyn. "African Union Bugged by China: Cyber Espionage as Evidence of Strategic Shifts." Council on Foreign Relations. 2018. https://www.cfr.org/blog/african-union-bugged-china-cyber-espionage-evidence-strategic-shifts (accessed 4 May 2021).
  • Foreign Ministry of Oman. "Principles." https://fm.gov.om/policy/principles/ (accessed 12 December 2021).
  • Funch, Linda Pappas. Oman Reborn Balancing Tradition and Modernization. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
  • Gardner, Nikolas. "The Limits of the Sandhurst Connection: The Evolution of Oman’s Foreign and Defense Policy, 1970–1977." Journal of the Middle East and Africa 6 (2015): 45–58.
  • Ghiasy, Richard, Fei Su, and Lora Saalman. The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road Security Implication and Ways Forward for the European Union. SIPRI 2018. Green Belt and Road Initiative Center. "Countries of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)." 2021. https://green-bri.org/countries-of-the-belt-and-road-initiative-bri/ (accessed 1 June 2021).
  • Hakro, Ahmed Nawaz, and Bilal Ahmad Pandow. "Development and Diversification: A Case Study of the Sultanate of Oman." in Oman in the 21st Century: Issues and Challenges, ed. by Ahmed Nawaz Hakro, 3–25. New York: Nova Science Publisher, 2019.
  • Huawei. "Huawei Signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Omani Ministry of Culture, Sports and Youth and Omantel." 2021. https://www.huawei.com/en/news/2021/12/huawei-oman-omantel-mou (accessed 10 January 2022).
  • IOL. "Oman Joins the Belt and Road Initiative." 2019. https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/belt-and-road/watch-oman-joins-the-belt-and-road-initiative-25483275 (accessed 6 January 2022).
  • Jones, Jeremy. "Oman’s Quiet Diplomacy." Norwegian Institute of International Affairs. 2014. https://nupi.brage.unit.no/nupi-xmlui/handle/11250/284734 (accessed 2 January 2022).
  • Jones, Jeremy, and Nicholas Ridout. A History of Modern Oman. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
  • Kannan, Saikiran. "Exclusive: Revival of Hambantota Port in Sri Lanka May Strengthen China’s Position in Indian Ocean." India Today. 19 March 2021. https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/revival-hambantota-port-sri-lanka-strengthen-china-position-indian-ocean-1781171-2021-03-19.
  • Katzman, Kenneth. Oman: Politics, Security, and U.S. Policy. Washington D.C.: Congressional Research Service, 2021.
  • Kitson, Andrew, and Kenny Liew. "China Doubles Down on Its Digital Silk Road’, Reconnecting Asia CSIS." 2019. https://reconnectingasia.csis.org/analysis/entries/china-doubles-down-its-digital-silk-road/ (accessed 20 May 2020).
  • Landen, Robert Gera. Oman Since 1856 Disruptive Modernization in a Traditional Arab Society. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1967.
  • Lefebvre, Jeffrey A. ""Oman’s Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century." Middle East Policy XVII, no. 1 (2010): 99–114.
  • Lindberg, Kari, and Tripti Lahiri. "From Asia to Africa, China’s “Debt-Trap Diplomacy” Was under Siege in 2018." Quartz. 2018. https://qz.com/1497584/how-chinas-debt-trap-diplomacy-came-under-siege-in-2018/ (accessed 10 January 2022).
  • Lokhande, Sumedh Anil. "China’s One Belt One Road Initiative and the Gulf Pearl Chain." China Daily. 6 May 2017. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2017beltandroad/2017-06/05/content_29618549.htm.
  • Lons, Camille. "Onshore Balancing: The Threat to Oman’s Neutrality." European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR). 2019. https://ecfr.eu/article/commentary_onshore_balancing_the_threat_to_omans_neutrality/ (accessed 10 January 2022).
  • ‘Manufacturing for Wellbeing’: The Sultanate of Oman’s Manufacturing Strategy 2040. Muscat: Ministry of Commerce and Industry of the Sultanate of Oman and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, 2019.
  • Maranto, Lauren. "Who Benefits from China’s Cybersecurity Laws?" CSIS. 2020. https://www.csis.org/blogs/new-perspectives-asia/who-benefits-chinas-cybersecurity-laws (accessed 14 January 2022).
  • McGregor, Grady. "The Remote Omani Fishing Village of Duqm Is “Rising From the Desert” as China Strategically Invests." Albawaba. 2018.https://www.albawaba.com/news/remote-omani-fishing-village-du qm-rising-desert-china-strategically-invests-1203064 (accessed 8 January 2022).
  • Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2021. Washington D.C.: Office of the Secretary of Defense, 2021.
  • Ministry of External Affairs Government of India. "Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IORARC)." 2013. https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/IORARC.pdf (accessed 5 January 2022).
  • National Day of Oman. "Preliminary Vision Document." 2020. https://www.national-day-of-oman.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/OmanVision2040-Preliminary-Vision-Document.pdf (accessed 6 January 2022).
  • Nikkei Asia. "China’s Silk Road Initiative Makes Prey of Oman, Maldives." 2018. https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Belt-and-Road/China-s-Silk-Road-initiative-makes-prey-of-Oman-Maldives (accessed 8 January 2022).
  • Perlez, Jane, and Yufan Huang. "Behind China’s $1 Trillion Plan to Shake Up the Economic Order." The New York Times. 13 May 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/13/business/china-railway-one-belt-one-road-1-trillion-plan.html.
  • Peterson, J. E. Oman in the Twentieth Century Political Foundations of an Emerging State. New York: Routledge, 2016.
  • Printsmith, Callum. "China-Oman Cooperation in the Age of the Belt and Road Initiative: Opportunities for the Sultanate". Manara Magazine. 2019. https://manaramagazine.org/2019/05/12/china-oman-cooperation-in-the-age-of-the-belt-and-road-initiative-opportunities-for-the-sultanate/ (accessed 8 January 2022).
  • Rabi, Uzi. "Oman and the Arab–Israeli Conflict: The Reflection of a Pragmatic Foreign Policy." Israel Affairs 11, no.3 (2005): 535–51.
  • Sherwood, Leah. "Understanding Oman’s Foreign Policy." Oxford Gulf & Arabian Peninsula Studies Forum. 2017. https://www.oxgaps.org/files/analysis_-_sherwood.pdf (accessed 1 January 2022).
  • The State Council The People’s Republic of China. "‘Full Text of the Vision for Maritime Cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative." http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/publications/2017/06/20/content_281475691873460.htm (accessed 4 January 2022).
  • The World Bank. "GDP (Current US$) - Oman." 2021. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2020&locations=OM&start=2010 (accessed 6 January 2022).
  • Tillman, Henry, Yang Jian, and Ye Qing. BRI in Oman as an Example : The Synergy of Infrastructure, Digitisation and SEZs. Shanghai: The Shanghai Institutes for International Studies and China Investment Research, 2019).
  • Valiathan, Vishakh Krishnan. "Oman’s Strategic Duqm Port and India’s Opportunities." CLAWS Center for Land Warfare Studies. 2020. https://www.claws.in/omans-strategic-duqm-port-and-indias-opportunities/ (accessed 11 January 2022).
  • Worrall, James. "“Switzerland of Arabia”: Omani Foreign Policy and Mediation Efforts in the Middle East." The International Spectator 56, no. 4 (2021): 134–50.
  • Zhang, Tingting. "Introduction." in China-Gulf Oil Cooperation Under the Belt and Road Initiative, ed. by Tingting Zhang and Dehua Wang, 1-7. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press, 2021.

The Maritime Silk Road: Implications for Oman’s Foreign Policy

Yıl 2021, , 465 - 492, 06.05.2022
https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1061525

Öz

This study seeks to analyze the implications of Oman’s participation in the Maritime Silk Road, which is the maritime component of the Belt and Road Initiative, announced in 2013 by the President of the People’s Republic of China, Xi Jinping. Sultan Qaboos has transformed Oman from an isolated and backward country to an active political mediator in the region. Oman’s neutral stance and diplomatic connections with every political actor in the region differentiate Oman from the rest of the Gulf countries. Geographically, Oman is situated in the intersection of the Persian Gulf, the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean. Historically, Oman ruled South Asian and East African coasts, extending its influence. The geographical position and historical legacy make Oman as a key country for the Maritime Silk Road. Thus, participation of Oman in the Belt and Road Initiative is invaluable in the eyes of the Chinese policymakers. Omani policymakers, who want to diversify Oman’s economy, welcome Chinese investments. However, increasing Chinese involvement in Oman’s economy might harm Oman’s sovereignty because of Chinese practice of using debts as exerting pressure on the lending states’ sovereignty. Moreover, the intensified competition between the USA and China in the Indian Ocean could compromise Oman’s neutral stance. Yet, Sultan Qaboos’ legacy is followed by Omani policymakers. While benefiting Chinese economic investments, Oman performs balancing acts against China.

Kaynakça

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Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Gökhan Tekir 0000-0003-3985-7442

Yayımlanma Tarihi 6 Mayıs 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Tekir, Gökhan. “The Maritime Silk Road: Implications for Oman’s Foreign Policy”. Ortadoğu Etütleri 13, sy. 4 (Mayıs 2022): 465-92. https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1061525.

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