THE IMPACT OF THE SYRIAN CRISIS ON THE JORDANIAN FOREIGN POLICY: SYRIAN REFUGEES AND PARTICIPATION IN THE COALITION AGAINST THE ISIS

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 82 - 108, 01.07.2015

Zeynep Şahin Mencütek

Öz

This paper aims to explore the impact of Syrian civil war on the Jordanian foreign policy with a particular emphasis on Jordanian policies addressing Syrian refugees and Jordan’s participation in the coalition against the ISIS Islamic State of Iraq and Syria . The paper argues that, despite Jordan’s initial attempts to remain neutral in the crisis, over time it has succeeded to turn risks and threats into the opportunities for its economy and national security. Jordan’s traditional foreign policy orientation and patterns of foreign policy behaviors enabled it to take strategic steps and relatively benefit from regional crisis. Adopting the discourse in which Jordan is presented as the pivotal state to prevent further destabilization and radicalization in the region, it has been able to enhance its alliances, decrease the level of threats, increase foreign aid/loans, strengthen its army and lastly consolidate the legitimacy of its authoritarian regime

Anahtar Kelimeler

Jordan, foreign policy making, Syrian asylum seekers/refugees, ISIS, foreign aid

SURİYE KRİZİ’NİN ÜRDÜN DIŞ POLİTİKASINA ETKİSİ: SURİYELİ MÜLTECİLER VE IŞİD’E KARŞI KOALİSYONA KATILIM

Öz

Bu çalışmada Suriye iç savaşının Ürdün’ün dış politika yapımı üzerindeki etkileri mercek altına alınarak, özellikle Suriyeli sığınmacılar ve Irak Şam İslam Devleti IŞİD terör örgütüne karşın Ürdün’ün nasıl politikalar geliştirdiği incelenecektir. Bu çalışmanın temel argümanı her ne kadar iç savaş başladığında Ürdün tarafsız kalmaya çalışsa da zaman içerisinde stratejik davranarak risk ve tehditleri hem ekonomi hem de ulusal güvenlik açısından fırsata dönüştürüldüğüdür. Ürdün’ün geleneksel dış politikası ve stratejik adımlar atabilme becerisi olası tehditleri fırsata dönüştürmesinde önemli rol oynamıştır. Ürdün, özellikle istikrarsızlığın yayılmasını durdurmak ve bölgedeki radikalleşmeyi önlemek için kritik önemde olduğu argümanıyla tehditlerin etkisini azaltmış, uluslararası dış yardımların ve borç alımlarının miktarlarını arttırmış ordusunu güçlendirmiş, otoriter rejimin meşruiyetini sağlamlaştırmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ürdün, dış politika yapımı, Suriyeli sığınmacılar/mülteciler, IŞİD, dış yardım

Kaynakça

• Abuqudairi, Areej, “Jordan Brotherhood arrest sparks questions,” 24 Kasım 2014, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/11/jordan-bro- therhood-arrest-sparks-questions-20141123135412923885.html (Erişim tarihi: 13.04.2015)
• “Analysis of Host Community-Refugee Tensions in Mafraq, Jordan,” Ekim 2012, Mercy Corps, https://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/download. php?id=2958. (Erişim tarihi: 14.04.2015).
• Arkin, William M., “Keeping Secrets in Jordan”, Washington Post, 16 Kasım 2005.
• “Bahrain sends Jordan warplanes to fight Daesh,” 16 Şubat 2015, http://www.albawaba.com/news/bahrain-sends-jordan-warplanes-fight daesh-657474, (Erişim tarihi: 23.03. 2015).
• Barari Hassan A. ve Christina A. Satkowski, “The Arab Spring: The Case of Jordan,” Ortadoğu Etütleri, 3, No. 2 (2012), 41-57.
• Brand, Laurie, Jordan’s Inter-Arab Relations: The Political Economy of Alliance Making, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994).
• Brown, Ryan, Andrew; Louay Constant; Peter Glick ve Audra K. Grant, “Youth in Jordan: Transitions from Education to Employment,” 2014, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_re- ports/RR500/RR556/R.... (Erişim tarihi: 13.04.2015)
• Choucair, Julia, “Illusive Reform: Jordan’s Stubborn Stability,” Carnegie Pa- per, 76, Democracy and Rule of Law Project, 2006.
• Congressional Budget Justification Foreign Assıitance Summary Tables Fiscal Year 2014, http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/208292. pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 23.03. 2015).
• Dessouki, Ali E. Hillal ve Karen Abul Kheir, “Foreign Policy as a Strategic Asset: The Case of Jordan” in The Foreign Policies of Arab States: Chal- lenges of Globalization, ed. Bahgat Korany and Ali E. Hillal Dessouki (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2008), 253-283.
• Efegil, Ertan, “Mısır’ın ve Ürdün’ün Dış Politikası,” Ortadoğu Analiz, 5, No. 51 (2013), 19-28.
• “Emerging Jordan 2006”, Annual Business Economic and Political Review, Ox- ford Business Group, Cilt. 3.
• “Germany to provide 193m euros in development aid to Jordan,” 25 Şubat 2015, http://jordantimes.com/germany-to-provide-193m-euros-in- development-aid-to-jordan, (Erişim tarihi: 14.03.2015).
• Ghneimat, Jumana, interview with His Majesty King Abdullah II for Al Ghad, 10 Agustos 2014, http://kingabdullah.jo/index.php/en_ US/interviews/view/id/514/videoDisplay/0.html. (Erişim tarihi: 13.04.2015).
• “How Humanitarian Funds For The Syrıa Crisis Were Spent,” Covering Jan- uary to December 2013 Syria Humanitarian Assistance Response Plan/Regional Response Plan. http://www.unesco.org/science/syr- ia/SyriacrisisachievementsreportforKuwaitConference2.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 10.04.2015).
• Hussein, Ahmed, “Jordan confirms killing 7000 ISIL terrorists,” 8 Şubat 2015, firms-killing-000-isil-terrorists/, (Erişim tarihi. 23.03.2015).
• “Jordan Response Plan for the Syrian Crisis, Executive Summary,” 2015 http://static1.squarespace.com/static/522c2552e4b0d3c- 39ccd1e00/t/54acc46be4b0f42962ffd5a2/142060861.9313/JRP_ Executive+Summary_WEB.pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 14.04.2015).
• “Jordan executes ISIS jihadists: Female suicide bomber among two put to death in dawn hangings in retaliation for terrorists releasing video of pilot being torched to death in cage,” http://www.dailymail.co.uk/ news/article-2938199/Burned-alive-cage-ISIS-release-video-claim- ing-horrifying-murder-captured-Jordanian-pilot.html#ixzz3VIm- jhNfA i (Erişim tarihi. 23.03.2015).
• “Jordan to arm Sunni tribes in Iraq, Syria,” 5 Ocak 2015, http://www.al-mon- itor.com/pulse/originals/2015/01/jordan-arming-sunni-trives-iraq- syria.html##ixzz3XH0pUy9E. (Erişim tarihi: 13.04.2015)
• Ianchovichina, Elena ve Maros Ivanic, “Economic Effects of the Syrian War and the Spread of the Islamic State on the Levant,” Policy Research Working Paper 7135, Aralık 2014, http://www-wds.worldbank.org/ external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2014/12/08/00015 8349_20141208155229/Rendered/PDF/WPS7135.pdf.
• “Is Jihad Coming to Jordan?” You tube video, https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=25dwG-wTtIE.
• Kaya, Mustafa, “Ürdünıde Toplumsal Muhalefet: Tunus Etkisi ve Değişen Retorik,” 23 Ocak 2011. http://www.orsam.org.tr/tr/yazigoster. aspx?ID=1410 (Erişim tarihi: 23 Mart 2015).
• “Kingdom needs more int’l aid to sustain services to refugees,” 28 Ocak 2015, http://jordantimes.com/kingdom-needs-more-intl-aid-to-sustain-services-to- refugees----king, (Erişim tarihi: 14.03.2015).
• Köprülü, Nur, “Ürdün Haşimi Krallığı Ve Siyasal Liberalleşme Süreçleri: 2010 Parlamento Seçimlerinin İçsel V Bölgesel Dinamikler Açısından Bir Değerlendirmesi,” Akademik Ortadoğu, 5, No. 2 (2011), 43-60.
• Köprülü, Nur, “Monarchial Pluralism or De-democratization: Actors and Choices in Jordan”, Insight Turkey, 14, No. 1 (2012), 71-92.
• Lalor, Paul, “Jordan, Israel and Palestine: looking beyond the peace process,” Disarmament Forum, No. 1 (2001), 34-39.
• Malkawi, Khetam, “Jordan, UNHCR need over $3b to cover Syrian refu- gee needs in 2015,” 14 Ocak 2015, http://jordantimes.com/jor- dan-unhcr-need-over-3b-to-cover-syrian-refugee-needs-in-2015 (Erişim tarihi: 14.04.2015).
• Moore, Peter, “The Newest Jordan: Free Trade, Peace and an Ace in the Hole”, 26 Haziran 2003, http://www.merip.org/mero/mero062603 (Erişim tarihi: 10.04.2015).
• Remarks by His Majesty King Abdullah II At the Plenary Session of the 69th United Nations General Assembly New York, US, 24 Eylül 2014, http://kingabdullah.jo/index.php/en_US/speeches/view/id/546/ videoDisplay/0.html. (Erişim tarihi: 13.04.2015)
• “Remarks by President Obama and His Majesty King Abdullah of Jordan after Bilateral Meeting”, 5 Aralık 2014; https://www.whitehouse.gov/the- press-office/2014/12/05/remarks-president-obama-and-his-majes- ty-king-abdullah-jordan-after-bilat. (Erişim tarihi: 14.04.2015)
• Rose, Charlie, Interview with King Abdullah II on Syrian Refugees, CBS TV Station, 5 Aralık 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3jN- fK4Wg00.
• Obeidat, Omar, “$18 million Kuwaiti grant to support health, municipal sec- tors in northern governorates,” 23 Kasım 2014, http://jordantimes. com/18-million-kuwaiti-grant-to-support-health-municipal-sec- tors-in-northern-governorates (Erişim tarihi: 14.04.2015).
• Omari, Raed, “Iraq seeks Jordan’s help to fight terrorism,” 23 Kasım 2014, http://jordantimes.com/iraq-seeks-jordans-help-to-fight-terrorism, (Erişim tarihi: 23.03. 2015).
• Orsam Raporu, “Suriye’ye Komşu Ülkelerde Suriyeli Mültecilerin Durumu: Bulgular, Sonuçlar Ve Öneriler,” Rapor No. 189 (2014).
• Öztürkler, Harun, “Ürdün Ekonomisinin Genel Özellikleri,” Ortadoğu Ana- liz, 4, No. 46 (2012), 73-79.
• Salloukh, Bassel, “State Strength, Permeability and Foreign Policy Behavior: Jordan in Theoretical Perspective,” Arab Studies Quarterly, 18, No. 2 (1996), 39-65.
• Sasley, Brent E., “Changes and Contunities in Jordanian Foreign Policy,” Middle East Review of International Affairs, 6, No. 1 (2002), 1-12.
• Schenker, David, “Jordan’s King Abdullah Comes to Washington,” Poli- cywatch 2342, http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/ view/jordans-king-abdullah-comes-to-washington1. (Erişim tarihi: 13.04.2015).
• Sharp, Jeremy M.,“Jordan: Background and U.S. Relations,” Congressional Research Service 7-5700, 2 Aralık 2014.
• Shryock, Andrew,“Dynastic Modernism and its Contradictions: Testing the Limists of Pluralism, Tribalism, and King Hussein’s Example in Has- hemite Jordan,” Arab Studies Quarterly, 22, No. 3 (2000), 57-79.
• Simon, Steven, “How Vulnerable is Jordan?,” Middle East Institute, 5 Ağus- tos 2014, http://www.mei.edu/content/at/how-vulnerable-jordan. (Erişim tarihi: 13.04.2015)
• SNAP Report, “Syria Needs Analysis Project Report,” Q3 2014, 13 Kasım 2014.
• Speech of His Majesty King Abdullah II At the 26th Arab Summit Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt 28 Mart 2015. http://kingabdullah.jo/index.php/ en_US/speeches/view/id/555/videoDisplay/0.html .(Erişim tarihi: 13.04.2015)
• “The Syria crisis is keeping Jordan’s King Abdullah on his toes,” 17 Eylül 2013, http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/.premium-1.547296 (Erişim tarihi: 13.04.2015).
• “UPDATE 3-Pentagon nominee vows to resolve Jordan arms sales de- lays”, 5 Şubat 2015, http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/mid- dle-east/2015/02/05/Pentagon-nominee-vows-to-resolveJor- dan-arms-sales-delays.html, (Erişim tarihi: 23.02.2015).