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An organophosphate insecticide: Chlorpyrifos

Yıl 2022, , 139 - 147, 14.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.946456

Öz

Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide, increases production and productivity in agricultural areas, it is a broad spectrum insecticide most preferred in the control of pests and pathogens in homes and various indoor areas. Chlorpyrifos which can be used uncontrollably and frequently due to its ease of obtainment and cheapness, enters the body through exposure ways such as soil, air, food and water, and rapidly disperses and accumulates in various tissues and organs, especially in adipose tissue. Chlorpyrifos is a cause of toxicity in many non-target organisms, including humans. The rate and effectiveness of symptoms in toxicity caused by organophosphates depend on how long and in which way the organophosphate is exposed, the chemical structure of the organophosphate, as well as the rate of destruction and metabolic activation. The mechanism of action of chlorpyrifos, which includes neurotoxicity due to irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) at cholinergic synapses, causes undesirable effects on the nervous system. The longer half-lives compared to chlorpyrifos cause serious health complications as it prolongs the excretion process from the body. Although chlorpyrifos toxicity is associated with neurological dysfunctions, endocrine system diseases and cardiovascular diseases. It can also induce hematological malignancies, genotoxicity, histopathological, developmental and behavioral abnormalities, and oxidative stress. In addition, eye irritation and dermatological defects may occur due to exposure. This review has been prepared by taking into account the studies related to chlorpyrifos and includes information on the structure of chlorpyrifos the ways of exposure to chlorpyrifos the formation and detection mechanisms of the toxic effects of chlorpyrifos

Kaynakça

  • 1. Yang KJ, Lee J, Park HL. Organophosphate pesticide exposure and breast cancer risk: a rapid review of human, animal, and cell-based studies. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17 (14): 5030.
  • 2. EPA, 2000. Human Risk Assessment: Chlorpyrifos. US Environ, Protection Agency.
  • 3. ATSDR, 1997. Toxicological Profile for Chlorpyrifos Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
  • 4. Eaton DL, Daroff RB, Autrup H, et al. Review of the toxicology of chlorpyrifos with an emphasis on human exposure and neurodevelopment. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2008; 38: 1–125.
  • 5. Jeyaraatnam J. Acute pesticide poisoning: a major global health problem. World Health Stat Q. 1990; 43: 139–144.
  • 6. World Health Organization (WHO). Who specifications and evaluations for public health pesticides. 1997;42-44.
  • 7. Goel A, Dani V, Dhawan DK. Zinc mediates normalization of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes in chlorpyrifos induced toxicity. Toxicol Lett. 2007; 169: 26–33.
  • 8. Ozturk Kurt B, Konukoğlu D, Kalayci R, et al. Investigation of the protective role of selenium in the changes caused by chlorpyrifos in trace elements, biochemical and hematological parameters in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2021; Feb 10. doi: 10.1007/s12011-021-02616-2.
  • 9. Kopjar N, Žunec S, Mendaš G, Micek V, et al. Evaluation of chlorpyrifos toxicity through a 28-day study: cholinesterase activity, oxidative stress responses, parent compound/metabolite levels, and primary DNA damage in blood and brain tissue of adult male Wistar rats. Chem Biol Interact. 2018; 279: 51–63.
  • 10. Rathod A, Garg R. Chlorpyrifos poisoning and its implications in human fatal cases: a forensic perspective with reference to Indian scenario. J Forensic Legal Med. 2017; 47: 29–34.
  • 11. Demirdöğen BC. Organofosfatlı-pestisit-zehirlenmeleri ve serum paraoksonaz 1 (Pon1) enziminin organofosfat metabolizmasındaki rolü. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2010; 67 (2): 97-112.
  • 12. Katz KD, Brooks DE. (2009). Organophosphate Toxicity. In: Medscape. Editors: Talavera F, Tarabar A, Kirkland L, http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/167726- overview (Erişim tarihi: 10.12.2009)
  • 13. İnternet:URL:http://faculty.pasadena.edu/dkwon/chap%208_files/textmostly/slide58.html, Son Erişim Tarihi: 21.02.2015
  • 14. Robey WC, Meggs WJ. (2004). Insecticides, Herbicides and Rodenticides. Tintinalli JE, Kelen GD, Stapczynski JS, eds. Emergency Medicine (6th ed): a Comprehensive Study Guide. McGraw Hill Company, New York, 1134-1143.
  • 15. Jortner BS. Effect of stress at dosing on organophosphate and heavy metal toxicity. Toxico Appl Pharm. 2008; 233: 162–167.
  • 16. Ma T, Chambers JE. Kinetic Parameters of Desulfuration and Dearilation of Parathion and Chlorpyrifos by Rat liver Microsomes. Food Chem Toxicol. 1994; 32 (8): 763-767.
  • 17. Timchalk C, Busby A, Campbel, JA, et al. Comparative pharmacokinetics of the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos and its major metabolites diethylphosphate, diethylthiophosphate and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol in the rat. Toxicol. 2007; 237: 145-157.
  • 18. Heilmair R, Eyer F, Eyer P. Enzyme-based assay for quantification of chlorpyrifos oxon in human plasma. Toxicol Lett. 2008; 181: 19-24.
  • 19. Pardridge WM. Drug delivery to the brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1997; 17: 713-731.
  • 20. Timchalk C, Nolan RJ, Mendrala AL, et al. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) model for the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos in rats and humans. Toxicol Sci. 2002; 66:34–53.
  • 21. Güven M, Sungur M. Organophosphorus poisonings and future directions. Curr Topics in Toxicol. 2005; 2: 57-65.
  • 22. Joshi S, Biswas B, Malla G. Management of organophosphorus poisoning. Update in Anaesth. 2005; 19: 1-2.
  • 23. Meeker JD, Ravi SR, Barr DB, et al. Circulating estradiol in men is inversely related to urinary metabolites of non-persistent insecticides. Reprod Toxicol. 2008; 25 (2):184–191.
  • 24. Uchendu C, Ambali SF, Ayo JO. The organophosphate chlorpyrifos, oxidative stress and the role of some antioxidants: a review. Afr J Agric Res. 2012; 7 (18): 2720–2728.
  • 25. Kiziewicz B, Czeczuga B. Bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides in the trophic chain alga-freshwater fish. Acta Ichthyolog et Piscator. 2002; 32(1): 41-51.
  • 26. Tankiewicz M, Fenik J, Biziuk M. Determination of organophosphorus and organonitrogen pesticides in water samples. Trends Analyt Chem. 2010; 29: 1050-1063.
  • 27. Eleršek T, Filipič M. (2011). Organophosphorus pesticides mechanisms of their toxicity. In M. Stoytcheva (Ed.). Pesticides-the impacts of pesticide exposure. London: InTech. 243-260.
  • 28. Bolognesi C. Genotoxicity of pesticides: a review of human biomonitoring studies. Mutat Res. 2003; 543: 251–272.
  • 29. Han C, Zhu LS, Wang J, et al. Residue analysis of chlorpyrifos and its toxic metabolite TCP in water by HPLC. J Ago-Environ Sci. 2009; 28:1552–1556.
  • 30. Al-Badrany YMA, Mohammad FK. Effects of acute and repeated exposure to the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos in open field activity in chicks. Toxicol Lett. 2007; 174: 110–116.
  • 31. Nolan RJ, Rich DL, Freshour NL, et al. Chlorpyrifos: pharmacokinetics in human volunteers following single oral and dermal doses. Toxicol App Pharmacol.1984; 73: 8–15.
  • 32. Griffin P, Mason H, Heywood K. Oral and dermal absorption of chlorpyrifos: a human volunteer study. Occup Environ Med. 1999; 56: 10–13.
  • 33. Meuling WJ, Ravensberg LC, Roza L, et al. Dermal absorption of chlorpyrifos in human volunteers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2005; 78 (1):44–50.
  • 34. Supreeth M, Raju NS. Biotransformation of chlorpyrifos and endosulfan by bacteria and fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2017; 101 (15): 5961–5971.
  • 35. Kara IH, Guloglu C, Karabulut A, et al. Sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory features of cases of organic phosphorus intoxication who attended the Emergency Department in the Southeast Anatolian Region of Turkey. Environ Res. 2002; 88: 82-88.
  • 36. Vale A, Lotti M. Organophosphorus and carbamate insecticide poisoning. Handb Clin Neurol. 2015; 131: 149–168.
  • 37. Willems JL, De Bisschop HC, Verstraete AG, et al. Cholinesterase reactivation in organophosphorus poisoned patients depends on the plasma concentrations of the oxime pralidoxime methylsulphate and of the organophosphate. Arch Toxicol. 1993; 67(2): 79-84.
  • 38. Brahmi N, Mokline A, Kouraichi N, et.al. Prognostic value of human erythrocyte acetyl cholinesterase in acute organophosphate poisoning. Am J Emerg Med. 2006 Nov; 24(7):822-827.
  • 39. Midtling JE, Barnett PG, Coye MJ, et al. Clinical management of field worker organophosphate poisoning. West J Med. 1985; 142: 514-518.
  • 40. Alp H, Karakuş A, Çelik MM, et al. Organofosfat Zehirlenmesinde Yeni Bir Tedavi Yaklaşımı:Fitoterapi. Mustafa Kemal Üniv Tıp Derg. 2012; 3:9.

Organofosfatlı bir insektisit: Klorpirifos

Yıl 2022, , 139 - 147, 14.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.946456

Öz

Organofosfatlı bir insektisit olan klorpirifos tarımsal alanlarda üretimi ve verimliliği arttırmada, evlerde ve çeşitli kapalı alanlarda haşere ve patojenlerin kontrolünde en fazla tercih edilen geniş spektrumlu bir böcek öldürücüdür. Elde edilebilmesinin kolaylığı ve ucuz olması nedeniyle kontrolsüzce ve sıkça kullanılabilen klorpirifos, toprak, hava, gıda ve su gibi maruziyet yollarıyla vücuda girmekte ve hızla dağılarak özellikle yağ dokusu olmak üzere çeşitli doku ve organlarda birikmektedir. Klorpirifos insanların da dahil olduğu birçok hedef dışı organizmada toksisite sebebidir. Organofosfatların neden olduğu toksisitede semptomların görülme hızı ve etkinliği, organofosfata ne kadar süre ile ve hangi yolla maruz kalındığına, organofosfatın kimyasal yapısına bağlı olduğu gibi yıkım hızı ve metabolik aktivasyonda bu mekanizmada etkilidir. Klorpirifosun kolinerjik sinapslarda asetilkolinesterazın (AChE) geri dönüşümsüz inhibisyonuna bağlı nörotoksisiteyi içeren etki mekanizması, sinir sistemi üzerinde istenmeyen etkilere sebep olmaktadır. Klorpirifosun aktif metabolitleri olan 3,5,6-trikloro-2-piridinol (TCP) ve klorpirifos-oksonun yarılanma ömürlerinin klorpirifosa kıyasla daha uzun olması vücuttan atılım sürecini uzattığı için ciddi sağlık komplikasyonlarına yol açmaktadır. Klorpirifos toksisitesi nörolojik disfonksiyonlar, endokrin sistem hastalıkları ve kardiyovasküler hastalıklar ile ilişkilendirilmekle birlikte hematolojik maligniteleri, genotoksisiteyi, histopatolojik, gelişimsel ve davranışsal anomalileri ve oksidatif stresi de indükleyebilir. Ayrıca maruz kalmaya bağlı olarak göz tahrişi ve dermatolojik kusurlar da görülebilmektedir. Bu derleme, klorpirifos ile ilgili çalışmalar dikkate alınarak hazırlanmış olup klorpirifosun yapısı, klorpirifosa maruz kalma yolları, klorpirifosun toksik etkilerinin oluşum ve tespit edilebilme mekanizmaları konusunda bilgiler içermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Yang KJ, Lee J, Park HL. Organophosphate pesticide exposure and breast cancer risk: a rapid review of human, animal, and cell-based studies. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17 (14): 5030.
  • 2. EPA, 2000. Human Risk Assessment: Chlorpyrifos. US Environ, Protection Agency.
  • 3. ATSDR, 1997. Toxicological Profile for Chlorpyrifos Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
  • 4. Eaton DL, Daroff RB, Autrup H, et al. Review of the toxicology of chlorpyrifos with an emphasis on human exposure and neurodevelopment. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2008; 38: 1–125.
  • 5. Jeyaraatnam J. Acute pesticide poisoning: a major global health problem. World Health Stat Q. 1990; 43: 139–144.
  • 6. World Health Organization (WHO). Who specifications and evaluations for public health pesticides. 1997;42-44.
  • 7. Goel A, Dani V, Dhawan DK. Zinc mediates normalization of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes in chlorpyrifos induced toxicity. Toxicol Lett. 2007; 169: 26–33.
  • 8. Ozturk Kurt B, Konukoğlu D, Kalayci R, et al. Investigation of the protective role of selenium in the changes caused by chlorpyrifos in trace elements, biochemical and hematological parameters in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2021; Feb 10. doi: 10.1007/s12011-021-02616-2.
  • 9. Kopjar N, Žunec S, Mendaš G, Micek V, et al. Evaluation of chlorpyrifos toxicity through a 28-day study: cholinesterase activity, oxidative stress responses, parent compound/metabolite levels, and primary DNA damage in blood and brain tissue of adult male Wistar rats. Chem Biol Interact. 2018; 279: 51–63.
  • 10. Rathod A, Garg R. Chlorpyrifos poisoning and its implications in human fatal cases: a forensic perspective with reference to Indian scenario. J Forensic Legal Med. 2017; 47: 29–34.
  • 11. Demirdöğen BC. Organofosfatlı-pestisit-zehirlenmeleri ve serum paraoksonaz 1 (Pon1) enziminin organofosfat metabolizmasındaki rolü. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2010; 67 (2): 97-112.
  • 12. Katz KD, Brooks DE. (2009). Organophosphate Toxicity. In: Medscape. Editors: Talavera F, Tarabar A, Kirkland L, http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/167726- overview (Erişim tarihi: 10.12.2009)
  • 13. İnternet:URL:http://faculty.pasadena.edu/dkwon/chap%208_files/textmostly/slide58.html, Son Erişim Tarihi: 21.02.2015
  • 14. Robey WC, Meggs WJ. (2004). Insecticides, Herbicides and Rodenticides. Tintinalli JE, Kelen GD, Stapczynski JS, eds. Emergency Medicine (6th ed): a Comprehensive Study Guide. McGraw Hill Company, New York, 1134-1143.
  • 15. Jortner BS. Effect of stress at dosing on organophosphate and heavy metal toxicity. Toxico Appl Pharm. 2008; 233: 162–167.
  • 16. Ma T, Chambers JE. Kinetic Parameters of Desulfuration and Dearilation of Parathion and Chlorpyrifos by Rat liver Microsomes. Food Chem Toxicol. 1994; 32 (8): 763-767.
  • 17. Timchalk C, Busby A, Campbel, JA, et al. Comparative pharmacokinetics of the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos and its major metabolites diethylphosphate, diethylthiophosphate and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol in the rat. Toxicol. 2007; 237: 145-157.
  • 18. Heilmair R, Eyer F, Eyer P. Enzyme-based assay for quantification of chlorpyrifos oxon in human plasma. Toxicol Lett. 2008; 181: 19-24.
  • 19. Pardridge WM. Drug delivery to the brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1997; 17: 713-731.
  • 20. Timchalk C, Nolan RJ, Mendrala AL, et al. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) model for the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos in rats and humans. Toxicol Sci. 2002; 66:34–53.
  • 21. Güven M, Sungur M. Organophosphorus poisonings and future directions. Curr Topics in Toxicol. 2005; 2: 57-65.
  • 22. Joshi S, Biswas B, Malla G. Management of organophosphorus poisoning. Update in Anaesth. 2005; 19: 1-2.
  • 23. Meeker JD, Ravi SR, Barr DB, et al. Circulating estradiol in men is inversely related to urinary metabolites of non-persistent insecticides. Reprod Toxicol. 2008; 25 (2):184–191.
  • 24. Uchendu C, Ambali SF, Ayo JO. The organophosphate chlorpyrifos, oxidative stress and the role of some antioxidants: a review. Afr J Agric Res. 2012; 7 (18): 2720–2728.
  • 25. Kiziewicz B, Czeczuga B. Bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides in the trophic chain alga-freshwater fish. Acta Ichthyolog et Piscator. 2002; 32(1): 41-51.
  • 26. Tankiewicz M, Fenik J, Biziuk M. Determination of organophosphorus and organonitrogen pesticides in water samples. Trends Analyt Chem. 2010; 29: 1050-1063.
  • 27. Eleršek T, Filipič M. (2011). Organophosphorus pesticides mechanisms of their toxicity. In M. Stoytcheva (Ed.). Pesticides-the impacts of pesticide exposure. London: InTech. 243-260.
  • 28. Bolognesi C. Genotoxicity of pesticides: a review of human biomonitoring studies. Mutat Res. 2003; 543: 251–272.
  • 29. Han C, Zhu LS, Wang J, et al. Residue analysis of chlorpyrifos and its toxic metabolite TCP in water by HPLC. J Ago-Environ Sci. 2009; 28:1552–1556.
  • 30. Al-Badrany YMA, Mohammad FK. Effects of acute and repeated exposure to the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos in open field activity in chicks. Toxicol Lett. 2007; 174: 110–116.
  • 31. Nolan RJ, Rich DL, Freshour NL, et al. Chlorpyrifos: pharmacokinetics in human volunteers following single oral and dermal doses. Toxicol App Pharmacol.1984; 73: 8–15.
  • 32. Griffin P, Mason H, Heywood K. Oral and dermal absorption of chlorpyrifos: a human volunteer study. Occup Environ Med. 1999; 56: 10–13.
  • 33. Meuling WJ, Ravensberg LC, Roza L, et al. Dermal absorption of chlorpyrifos in human volunteers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2005; 78 (1):44–50.
  • 34. Supreeth M, Raju NS. Biotransformation of chlorpyrifos and endosulfan by bacteria and fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2017; 101 (15): 5961–5971.
  • 35. Kara IH, Guloglu C, Karabulut A, et al. Sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory features of cases of organic phosphorus intoxication who attended the Emergency Department in the Southeast Anatolian Region of Turkey. Environ Res. 2002; 88: 82-88.
  • 36. Vale A, Lotti M. Organophosphorus and carbamate insecticide poisoning. Handb Clin Neurol. 2015; 131: 149–168.
  • 37. Willems JL, De Bisschop HC, Verstraete AG, et al. Cholinesterase reactivation in organophosphorus poisoned patients depends on the plasma concentrations of the oxime pralidoxime methylsulphate and of the organophosphate. Arch Toxicol. 1993; 67(2): 79-84.
  • 38. Brahmi N, Mokline A, Kouraichi N, et.al. Prognostic value of human erythrocyte acetyl cholinesterase in acute organophosphate poisoning. Am J Emerg Med. 2006 Nov; 24(7):822-827.
  • 39. Midtling JE, Barnett PG, Coye MJ, et al. Clinical management of field worker organophosphate poisoning. West J Med. 1985; 142: 514-518.
  • 40. Alp H, Karakuş A, Çelik MM, et al. Organofosfat Zehirlenmesinde Yeni Bir Tedavi Yaklaşımı:Fitoterapi. Mustafa Kemal Üniv Tıp Derg. 2012; 3:9.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm DERLEMELER / REVIEWS
Yazarlar

Semra Özdemir 0000-0001-5262-3574

Bahar Öztürk Kurt 0000-0002-1171-002X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 14 Ocak 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Özdemir S, Öztürk Kurt B. Organofosfatlı bir insektisit: Klorpirifos. Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi. 2022;44(1):139-47.


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