Non-Drug Treatment Methods Used in Alzheimer Patients

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3, 329 - 337, 31.12.2020

Canan Bozkurt , Ayfer Karadakovan

https://doi.org/10.38108/ouhcd.775116

Cited By: 2

Öz

Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by the presence of senile plaques and neurofibrillary nodes in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex and subcortical areas. The early stages of the disease are classically associated with a weakening of memory. In the early stage of the disease, individuals find words, remember the names of new people, and have difficulties in their social / work duties. Moreover, problems such as forgetting the text he has read recently and placing the objects incorrectly can be seen. As the disease progresses, forgetting important events or personal memories in the middle stage, social withdrawal, not remembering addresses or phone numbers, disruption in time and location orientation, choosing clothes suitable for the season / environment, changes in sleep patterns, risk of wandering or loss, personality or behavior changes (suspicion, impulsivity, delusions, and repetitive behaviors). Various approaches to early diagnosis, treatment and especially prevention are needed to end these problems caused by Alzheimer's Disease. Despite the increase in the world and our country with the advancement of technology, the prevention and definitive treatment of the disease is not yet possible. However, in addition to drug therapy, non-drug methods are also used to reduce the symptoms of the disease in order to increase the quality of life and to participate in daily life activities of elderly individuals with Alzheimer's Disease.
The aim of this review is to guide nurses and other health professionals as well as pharmacological treatment, as well as traditional and supportive methods that can be used to reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer's patients and improve their quality of life.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Alzheimer's disease, cognitive status, complementary therapy

Alzheimer Hastalarında Kullanılan İlaç Dışı Tedavi Yöntemleri

Öz

Alzheimer hastalığı, hipokampus, serebral korteks ve subkortikal alanlarda senil plaklar ve nörofibriler düğümlerin varlığı ile karakterize en sık görülen nörodejeneratif hastalıktır. Hastalığın erken aşamaları klasik olarak bellekteki zayıflama ile ilişkilidir. Hastalığın erken evresinde bireyler kelime bulmakta, yeni insanların isimlerini hatırlamakta ve sosyal/iş görevlerinde zorluk yaşamaktadırlar. Beraberinde son günlerde okuduğu yazıyı unutma ve nesneleri yanlış yerleştirme gibi sorunlar görülebilmektedir. Hastalık ilerledikçe orta evrede önemli olayları veya kişisel anıları unutmak, sosyal geri çekilme, adres veya telefon numaralarını hatırlayamama, zaman ve yer oryantasyonunda bozulma, mevsime/ortama uygun kıyafet seçememe, uyku düzeni değişiklikleri, gezinme veya kaybolma riski, kişilik veya davranış değişiklikleri (şüphe, dürtüsellik, sanrılar ve tekrarlayan davranışlar) görülmektedir. Alzheimer hastalığının neden olduğu bu sorunların sona erdirilmesi için erken tanı, tedavi ve özellikle de önlenmesine yönelik çeşitli yaklaşımlara gereksinim vardır. Teknolojinin de ilerlemesiyle dünyada ve ülkemizde çalışmaların artmasına rağmen hastalığın önlenmesi ve kesin tedavisi henüz mümkün olmamaktadır. Ancak Alzheimer hastalığına sahip yaşlı bireylerin günlük yaşam aktivitelerine katılımı ve yaşam kalitesinin artırılabilmesi için ilaç tedavisinin yanı sıra özellikle hastalığın belirtilerini azaltmakta ilaç dışı yöntemler de uygulanmaktadır.
Bu derleme, farmakolojik tedavinin yanı sıra Alzheimer hastalarının semptomlarını azaltmak ve yaşam kalitesini artırmak için kullanılabilecek geleneksel ve destekleyici yöntemlerin hemşireler ve diğer sağlık profesyonellerine yol göstermesini amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Alzheimer hastalığı, bilişsel durum, tamamlayıcı terapi

Kaynakça

• Aarts MPJ, Aries MBC, Diakoumis A, Van Hoof J. (2016). Shedding a light on phototherapy studies with people having dementia: a critical review of the methodology from a light perspective. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias, 31(7), 551-563. doi:10.1177/1533317515628046
• Alzheimer’s Association. (2020). Alzheimer’s Association 2020 Facts and Figures Report. Erişim Tarihi: 02 Haziran 2020, https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/facts-figures%0Ahttps://www.alz.org/media/Documents/alzheimers-facts-and-figures_1.pdf
• Alzheimer's Association. (2018). Alzheimer's Disease Facts And Figures. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 14(3), 367-429.
• Aromaterapi Derneği. (2020). Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2020, http://www.aromaterapidernegi.com/
• Ashraf G, Alexiou A. (2019). Biological, diagnostic and therapeutic advances in Alzheimer’s disease: non-pharmacological therapies for Alzheimer’s disease.
• Aslan M, Hocaoğlu Ç. (2017). Yaşlanma ve yaşlanma dönemiyle ilişkili psikiyatrik sorunlar. Düzce Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilim Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(1), 53-62.
• Aydin Yildirim T, Kitis Y. (2020). The effect of aromatherapy application on cognitive functions and daytime sleepiness in older adults living in a nursing home. Holistic Nursing Practice, 34(2), 83-90. doi:10.1097/HNP.0000000000000371
• Balcı Alparslan G, Özkaraman A, Özbabalık D, Çolak E. (2019). The effect of light on daily life activities and sleep in patients with Alzheimer’s Disease. Journal of Turkish Sleep Medicine, 3, 59-64. doi:10.4274/jtsm.galenos.2019.27247
• Bluck S, Levine LJ. (1998). Reminiscence as autobiographical memory: a catalyst for reminiscence theory development. Ageing and Society, 18(2), 185-208. doi:10.1017/s0144686x98006862
• Butler RN. (1963). The Life Review: an interpretation of reminiscence in the aged. Psychiatry (New York), 26(1), 65-76. doi:10.1521/00332747.1963.11023339
• Centers For Disease Control And Prevention. (2017). Erişim Tarihi: 02.06.2020, https://www.cdc.gov/aging/aginginfo/alzheimers.htm#burden
• Cheng C, Baker GB, Dursun SM. (2019). Use of multisensory stimulation interventions in the treatment of major neurocognitive disorders. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 29(4), 916-921. doi:10.1080/24750573.2019.1699738
• Cuevas PEG, Davidson PM, Mejilla JL, Rodney TW. (2020). Reminiscence therapy for older adults with Alzheimer’s disease: A literature review. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29(3), 364-371. doi:10.1111/inm.12692
• Duru Aşiret G, Kapucu S. (2016). The effect of reminiscence therapy on cognition, depression, and activities of daily living for patients with Alzheimer Disease. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 29(1), 31-37. doi:10.1177/0891988715598233
• Forbes D, Blake CM, Thiessen EJ, Peacock S, Hawranik P. (2014). Light therapy for improving cognition, activities of daily living, sleep, challenging behaviour, and psychiatric disturbances in dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003946.pub4
• Fung JKK, Tsang HWH, Chung RCK. (2012). A systematic review of the use of aromatherapy in treatment of behavioral problems in dementia. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 12(3), 372-382. doi:10.1111/j.1447-0594.2012.00849.x
• Huang L, Abuhamdah S, Howes MJR, Dixon CL, Elliot MS, Ballard C, et al. (2008). Pharmacological profile of essential oils derived from Lavandula angustifolia and Melissa officinalis with anti‐agitation properties: Focus on ligand‐gated channels. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 60(11), 1515-1522. doi:10.1211/jpp/60.11.0013
• Keogh F, Mountain G, Joddrell P, Lord K. (2019). Psychosocial ınterventions for community-dwelling people following diagnosis of mild to moderate dementia: findings of a systematic scoping review. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27(6), 641-651. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2018.12.027
• Kıyak M. (2019). Alzheimer hastalarında müziğin uyum güçlüğünü azaltmadaki etkisi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Eskişehir.
• Kovach CR. (2000). Sensoristasis and imbalance in persons with dementia. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 32(4), 379-384. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2000.00379.x
• Lin Y-C, Dai Y-T, Hwang S-L. (2003). The effect of reminiscence on the elderly population: a systematic review. Public Health Nursing, 20(4), 297-306. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1446.2003.20407.x
• Litchke LG, Hodges JS, Reardon RF. (2012). Benefits of chair yoga for persons with mild to severe Alzheimer’s disease. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 36(4), 317-328. doi:10.1080/01924788.2012.729185
• Lök N, Bademli K, Selçuk‐Tosun A. (2019). The effect of reminiscence therapy on cognitive functions, depression, and quality of life in Alzheimer patients: randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 34(1), 47-53. doi:10.1002/gps.4980
• Lök N, Bademli K. (2016). Effectiveness of music therapy in Alzheimer patients: Systematic review. Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar-Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 8(3), 266-274. doi:10.18863/pgy.238188
• McDermott O, Charlesworth G, Hogervorst E, Stoner C, Moniz-Cook E, Spector A, et al. (2019). Psychosocial interventions for people with dementia: a synthesis of systematic reviews. Aging & Mental Health, 23(4), 393-403. doi:10.1080/13607863.2017.1423031
• Ozdemir L, Akdemir N. (2009). Effects of multisensory stimulation on cognition, depression and anxiety levels of mildly-affected alzheimer’s patients. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 283(1-2), 211-213. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2009.02.367
• Park J, Howard H, Tolea MI, Galvin JE. (2020). Perceived benefits of using nonpharmacological interventions in older adults with alzheimer’s disease or dementia with lewy bodies. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 46(1), 37-48. doi:10.3928/00989134-20191217-01
• Park K, Lee S, Yang J, Song T, Hong GRS. (2019). A systematic review and meta-analysis on the effect of reminiscence therapy for people with dementia. International Psychogeriatrics, 31(11), 1581-1597. doi:10.1017/S1041610218002168
• Rabins PV., Rovner BW, Rummans T, Schneider LS, Tariot PN. (2017). Guideline Watch (October 2014): practice guideline for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. Focus (Madison), 15(1), 110-128. doi:10.1176/appi.focus.15106
• Raglio A, Bellelli G, Traficante D, Gianotti M, Ubezio MC, Villani D, et al. (2008). Efficacy of music therapy in the treatment of behavioral and psychiatric symptoms of dementia. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders, 22(2), 158-162. doi:10.1097/WAD.0b013e3181630b6f
• Ridder HM, Gummesen E. (2015). The use of extemporizing in music therapy to facilitate communication. Australian Journal of Music Therapy, 26(3), 148-173.
• Ridder HMO, Stige B, Qvale LG, Gold C. (2013). Individual music therapy for agitation in dementia: An exploratory randomized controlled trial. Aging & Mental Health, 17(6), 667-678. doi:10.1080/13607863.2013.790926
• Sahyouni R, Verma A, Chen J. (2016). Alzheimer’s disease decoded: The history, present, and future of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. In Alzheimer’s Disease decoded: the history, present, and future of Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. doi: 10.1142/10023
• Sánchez A, Millán-Calenti JC, Lorenzo-López L, Maseda A. (2013). Multisensory stimulation for people with dementia: a review of the literature. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias®, 28(1), 7-14. doi:10.1177/1533317512466693
• Sekiguchi H, Iritani S, Fujita K. (2017). Bright light therapy for sleep disturbance in dementia is most effective for mild to moderate Alzheimer’s type dementia: a case series. Psychogeriatrics, 17(5), 275-281. doi:10.1111/psyg.12233
• Selekler K. (2010). Alois Alzheimer ve Alzheimer Hastalığı. Türk Geriatri Dergisi, 13(3), 9–14. http://geriatri.dergisi.org/text.php3?id=508
• Stephen R, Hongisto K, Solomon A, Lönnroos E. (2017). Physical activity and Alzheimer’s Disease: a systematic review. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 72(6), 733-739. doi:10.1093/gerona/glw251
• Sultana M, Bryant D, Orange JB, Beedie T, Montero-Odasso M. (2020). Effect of Wii Fit© Exercise on balance of older adults with neurocognitive disorders: a meta-analysis. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 75(3), 817-826. doi:10.3233/JAD-191301
• Şentürk SG, Küçükgüçlü Ö. (2015). Aromaterapi Uygulamasının Demanslı Bireylerde Görülen Davranışsal Değişiklikler Üzerine Etkisi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektron Dergisi, 8(3), 190-194.
• Turten Kaymaz T, Ozdemir L. (2017). Effects of aromatherapy on agitation and related caregiver burden in patients with moderate to severe dementia: A pilot study. Geriatric Nursing (Minneap), 38(3), 231-237. doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2016.11.001
• Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu [TÜİK]. (2017). Erişim Tarihi: 02.06.2020, www.tuik.gov.tr
• Türten Kaymaz T, Özdemir L. (2018). Demanslı Bireylerin Ajitasyon Yönetiminde Aromaterapinin Kullanımı. Düzce Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(3), 147-150.
• van Maanen A, Meijer AM, van der Heijden KB, Oort FJ. (2016). The effects of light therapy on sleep problems: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 29, 52-62. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2015.08.009
• Woods B, Spector A, Jones C. (2005). Reminiscence therapy for dementia. The Cochrane Database Systematic Review. 2005(2):CD001120. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001120.pub2
• World Alzheimer Report. (2015). Alzheimer’s Disease International. Erişim Tarihi: 02 Haziran 2020, https://www.alz.co.uk/research/WorldAlzheimerReport2015.pdf