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Özel Gereksinimi Olan Çocuklar ve Tamamlayıcı Beslenme

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 287 - 295, 08.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.38108/ouhcd.853340

Öz

Özel gereksinimi olan çocuklar, karşılaştıkları gelişimsel sorunlar nedeniyle yaşlarına göre beklenen rolleri yerine getirememekte ve özel yardıma ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Çocuğun altıncı aydan sonra oral duyu motor gelişiminin hazır olmasıyla kaşıkla ve parmakla beslenmeye başlanması, püre haline getirilmiş ve kolay parçalanan besinleri alması beklenmekte iken, özel gereksinimi olan çocuklarda tamamlayıcı beslenmeye geçiş zamanında gerçekleşememekte ve uygun besinin alımında gecikmeler olmaktadır. Özel gereksinimi olan çocuklarda 0-1 yaş döneminde yeme aktiviteleri sırasında annesini emme, biberondan beslenme, kaşıkla yeme, yutma, çiğneme, yiyeceğe ulaşma ve yiyeceği ağzına götürerek yemede sorunlar görülmektedir. Yeterli ve dengeli beslenme, çocukların sağlıklı büyüme ve gelişmesi için gereklidir. Özel gereksinimi olan çocukların beslenmesi birçok faktörden etkilenmektedir. Yetersiz beslenme, yoksulluk ve beslenme bozuklukları gibi nedenlerle dünyada milyonlarca çocuğun sağlığını etkileyen sorunlardan biridir ve özel gereksinimi olan çocuklar için ayrıca risk oluşturmaktadır. Yetersiz beslenme, engelliliğin hem nedeni hem de sonucu olabilmektedir.
Çocuk hemşiresinin çocuktaki gelişimsel yetersizlikleri ve gereksinimleri bilmesi, erken müdahale ile komplikasyonların önlenmesi için önemlidir. Bu derleme, özel gereksinimi olan çocukların tamamlayıcı beslenmede yaşadığı sorunların değerlendirilmesi amacıyla literatürdeki kaynaklardan yararlanılarak hazırlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı ile Sağlık Bakanlığından: Çocuklar İçin Özel Gereksinim Değerlendirmesi Hakkında Yönetmelik. 20 Şubat 2019. Sayı: 30692. Erişim tarihi: 20.12.2020, https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2019/02/20190220-1.htm
  • Andrew MJ, Sullivan PB. (2010). Feeding difficulties in disabled children. Pediatrics and Child Health, 20 (7), 321-6.
  • Aponte CA, Romanczyk RG. (2016). Assessment of feeding problems in children with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 21, 61-72.
  • Arslan SS, Ilgaz F, Demir N, Karaduman AA. (2018). The effect of the inability to intake chewable food texture on growth, dietary intake and feeding behaviors of children with cerebral palsy. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 30, 205-14.
  • Brody J, Webber L. (1994). Let’s eat: Feeding a child with a visual impairment. Blind Children’s Center, Los Angeles, CA, 10-2.
  • Budman I, Meiri G, Ilan M, Faroy M, Langer A, Reboh D, Michaelovski A, Flusser H, Menashe I, Donchin O, Dinstein I. (2019). Quantifying the social symptoms of autism using motion capture. Erişim Tarihi: 11.12.2020, www.nature.com/scientificreports.
  • Cakmak S. (2014). Helping visually impaired children acqouire self-care skills through modeling: The effectiveness of a training program for mothers using videos. International Research Journal of Human Resources and Social Sciences, 1 (2), 136-50.
  • Caroli M, Mele RM, Tomaselli MA, Cammisa M, Longo F, Attolini E. (2012). Complementary feeding patterns in europe with a special focus on Italy. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 22 (10), 813-8.
  • Cavkaytar, A., Diken, İH. (2012) Özel Eğitim 1. Özel Eğitim ve Özel Eğitim Gerektirenler. 1. Baskı, Ankara, Vize Basın Yayın, s. 8.
  • Conk, Z., Başbakkal, Z., Yardımcı, F. (2013). Çocuk sağlığına genel bakış. Conk Z, Başbakkal Z, Yılmaz HB, Bolışık B, editörler. Pediatri Hemşireliği. Ankara: Akademisyen Tıp Kitabevi, s. 1-48.
  • Cook EJ, Powell FC, Ali N, Penn-Jones C, Ochieng B, Randhawa G. (2020). Parents’ experiences of complementary feeding among a United Kingdom culturally diverse and deprived community. Maternal&Child Nutrition, 1-14.
  • Darıca, N., Abidoğlu, Ü., Gümüşcü, Ş. (2011) Otizm ve Otistik Çocuklar. 5. Baskı, İstanbul, Özgür Yayınları, s.145-62. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ). (2011). Dünya Engellilik Raporu. Erişim tarihi: 20.12.2020, http://static.ohu.edu.tr/uniweb/media/portallar/engelsizuniversite/duyurular/1345/diwnu3i5.pdf
  • Emond A, Emmett P, Steer C, Golding J. (2010). Feeding symptoms, dietary patterns, and growth in young children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics, 126 (2), 337-42.
  • Fernández JMMdZ, Arnal IR, Segura JLP, Romero RG, Martínez GR. (2020). Nutritional status of a population with moderate-severe cerebral palsy: Beyond the weight. Annals of Pediatrics, 92, 192-9.
  • Galloway AT, Lee Y, Brich LL. (2003). Predictors and consequences of food neophobia and pickiness in young girls. Journal of The American Dietetic Association, 103 (6), 692-8.
  • Gotlieb CA, Moenner M, Cappa C, Darken MS. (2009). Child disability screening, nutrition, and early learning in 18 countries with low and middle incomes: data from the third round of UNICEF’s Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2005–06). Lancet, 374, 1831-9.
  • Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü. (2019). Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması (TNSA) 2018. Erişim tarihi: 18.12.2020, www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/tnsa2018/rapor/TNSA2018_ana_Rapor.pdf
  • Hasewaga M, Tomiwa K, Higashiyama Y, Kawaguchi C, Kin H, Kubota M, Shima M, Nogami K. (2020). Risk factors of malnutrition in children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities. Brain&Development, 42, 738-46.
  • Kamini D, Amrita K, Preeti C-G, Sadhana J. (2020). Breast milk components and neuro-development of children. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 11 (8), 32-7.
  • Kerr RB, Dakishoni L, Shumba L, Msachi R, Chirwa M. (2008). “We grandmothers know plenty”: Breastfeeding, complementary feeding and the multifaceted role of grandmothers in Malawi. Social Science&Medicine, 66 (5), 1095-105.
  • Kim J, Lee I, Lim S. (2017). Overweight or obesity in children aged 0 to 6 and the risk of adult metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26, 3869-80.
  • Kittisakmontri K, Fewtrell M, Roekworachai K. (2019). Complementary feeding: Attitudes, knowledge and practices of urban families in northern Thailand. Nutrition & Dietetics Journal of Dietitians Australia, 76 (1), 57-66.
  • Köroğlu, E. (2015) Ruhsal Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal El Kitabı (DSM-5). 5. Baskı, Ankara, Hekimler Yayın Birliği, s: 1-1200.
  • Levent, F. (2014) Üstün Yetenekli Çocukları Anlamak. Üstün Yetenekli Çocuklar Sarmalında Aile, Eğitim Sistemi ve Toplum. 3. Baskı, Ankara, Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, s. 35-6.
  • Maulik PK, Darmstadt GL. (2007). Childhood disability in low- and middle-income countries: Overview of screening, prevention, services, legislation and epidemiology. Pediatrics, 120 (Ek-1), 1-55.
  • Nagayoshi M, Hirose T, Toju K, Suzuki S, Okamitsu M, Teramoto T, Omori T, Kawamura A, Takeo N. (2017). Related visual impairment to mother-infant interaction and develop-mant in infants with bilateral retinoblastoma. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 28, 28-34.
  • Oktar Ö, Coşkun AM, Bostancı S. (2018). Anne sütü mucize olmaya devam ediyor. Turkiye Klinikleri, 10 (3): 228-37.
  • Patro-Gołąb B, Zalewski BM, Kołodziej M, Kouwenhoven S, Poston L, Godfrey KM, Koletzko B, van Goudoever JB, Szajewska H. (2016). Nutritional interventions or exposures in infants and children aged up to 3 years and their effects on subsequent risk of overweight, obesity and body fat: a systematic review of systematic reviews. Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 17 (12), 1245-57.
  • Perry RA, Mallan KM, Too J, Mauch CE, Daniels LA, Magarey AM. (2015). Food neo-phobia and its association with diet quality and weight in children aged 24 months: A cross sectional study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12 (13), 1-8.
  • Remijn L, Costa S, Bodde C, Gerding R, Weenen H, Vereijken C, Schans C. (2019). Hand motor skills affect the intake of finger foods in toddlers (12-18 months). Food Quality And Preference, 74, 142-6.
  • Sarıca AD, Akcamete AG, Gurgur H. (2015). A mother-child interaction intervention for Turkish mothers of toddlers with visual impairments. International Journal Of Early Childhood Special Education, 7 (1), 151-69.
  • Seiverling L, Williams KE, Hendy HM, Adams W, Yusupova S, Kaczor A. (2019). Sensory Eating Problems Scale (SEPS) for children: Psychometrics and associations with meal-time problems behaviors. Appetite, 133, 223-30.
  • Shim JE, Kim J, Mathai RA, Team SKR. (2011). Associations of infant feeding practices and picky eating behaviors of preschool children. Journal of The American Dietetic Association, 111, 1363-8.
  • Tang L, Lee AH, Binns CW. (2015). Predictors of early introduction of complementary feeding: Longitudinal study. Official Journal of The Japan Pediatric Society, 57 (1), 126-30.
  • Tercan H, Bayhan P. (2020). Erken müdahale kapsamında taranan 0-72 aylık çocuklarda gelişimsel gecikmelerin dağılımı. Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12 (22), 25-37.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı, Engelli ve Yaşlı Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü. Engelli ve Yaşlı İstatistik Bülteni Mart 2020. Erişim tarihi: 15.11.2020, https://www.ailevecalisma.gov.tr/media/42250/istatistik-bulteni-2020-mart.pdf
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2020). İstatistiklerle Çocuk 2019. Erişim tarihi: 17.12.2020, https://tuikweb.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=33733#:~:text=Türkiyr%20İstatistik%Kuru-mu%2C%20İstatistiklerle%20Çocuk%2C%202019&text=Adrese%20Dayalı%20Nüfus%20Kayıt%20Sistemi,bin%20798%27ini%20çocuklar%20oluşturdu.
  • Udall JN. (2007). Infant feeding: Initiation, problems, approaches. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care, 37, 374-99.
  • UNICEF. (2005). The State of The World’s Children 2006. Excluded and Invisible. Erişim tarihi: 12.12.2020, http: //www.unicef.org/sowc/archive/ENGLISH/The%20State%20of%20the%20World%27s%20Children%202006.pdf
  • UNICEF. (2013). The State of The World’s Children 2013. Children with Disabilities. Erişim tarihi: 23.12.2020, https://www.unicef.org/sowc2013/report.html
  • UNICEF. (2019). The State of The World’s Children 2019. Children, Food and Nutrition Growing Well in a Changing World. Erişim tarihi: 18.12.2020, https://www.unicef.org/media/60806/file/SOWC-2019.pdf
  • van den Engel-Hoek L, Hulst KCM, Gerven MHJC, Haaften L, Groot SAF. (2014). Development of oral motor behavior related to the skill assisted spoon feeding. Infant Behavior&Development, 37, 187-91.
  • van den Engel-Hoek L, de Groot IJ, de Swart BJ, Erasmus CE. (2015). Feeding and swallowing disorders in pediatric neuromuscular diseases: An overview. Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases, 2 (4), 357-69.
  • Yazev KG, Desta AA. (2021). Determinants for inappropriate initiation of complementary feeding to children aged 6–24 months in Gondar Health Centers, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 14, 100274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2020.100274
  • Yıldırım Sarı, H. (2013). Engelli çocukların hemşirelik bakımı. Conk Z, Başbakkal Z, Yılmaz HB, Bolışık B, editörler. Pediatri Hemşireliği. Ankara: Akademisyen Tıp Kitabevi, s. 869-77.
  • Yıldırım Sarı H. (2019). Özel gereksinimi olan çocuklarda aile merkezli bakım. Geçkil E. editör. Pediatri Hemşireliğinde Aile Merkezli Bakım. Türkiye Klinikleri, 1, 38-43.
  • Yılmazbaş P, Gökçay G. (2018). Çocukluk çağı obezitesi ve önlenmesi. Çocuk Dergisi, 1 (3), 103-12.
  • Yoldaş K, Yılmazer Y. (2021). Down sendromlu bireylerde beslenme. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, (23), 617-26.
  • Yumuşakoğlu Y. (2019). Serebral palside beslenme problemleri. İçağasıoğlu A. editör. Serebral Palsiye Multidisipliner Yaklaşım. Türkiye Klinikleri, 1, 34-7.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2007). International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: Children and Youth Version: ICF-CY. World Health Organization. Erişim tarihi: 18.12.2020, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43737/9789241547321_eng.pdf?sequence=1
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2010). Measuring Health and Disability Manual for WHO Disability Assessment Schedule WHODAS 2.0. Erişim tarihi: 18.12.2020, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitsream/handle/10665/43974/9789241547598_eng.pdf?sequence=1

Children with Special Needs and Complementary Feeding

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 287 - 295, 08.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.38108/ouhcd.853340

Öz

Children with special needs cannot fulfill the roles expected for their age due to developmental problems they face and need special assistance. After the sixth month, while the child is supposed to start eating with spoon and finger by completing the oral sensory motor development and to have mashed and easily broken food, the transition to complementary feeding in children with special needs is not timely and there are delays in the intake of appropriate nutrients. Children with special needs have problems sucking their mother, feeding from a bottle, eating with a spoon, swallowing, chewing, reaching the food and taking the food to the mouth during eating activities within the period of 0-1 year. Adequate and balanced nutrition is essential for the healthy growth and development of children. Feeding of the children with special needs is affected by many factors. Malnutrition is one of the problems affecting the health of millions of children in the world due to reasons such as poverty and nutritional disorders also poses a risk for children with special needs. Malnutrition can be both a cause and a consequence of disability. It is important for the pediatric nurse to know the developmental deficiencies and requirements in the child to prevent complications with early intervention. This review has been prepared using the sources in the literature in order to evaluate the problems experienced by children with special needs in complementary feeding.

Kaynakça

  • Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı ile Sağlık Bakanlığından: Çocuklar İçin Özel Gereksinim Değerlendirmesi Hakkında Yönetmelik. 20 Şubat 2019. Sayı: 30692. Erişim tarihi: 20.12.2020, https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2019/02/20190220-1.htm
  • Andrew MJ, Sullivan PB. (2010). Feeding difficulties in disabled children. Pediatrics and Child Health, 20 (7), 321-6.
  • Aponte CA, Romanczyk RG. (2016). Assessment of feeding problems in children with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 21, 61-72.
  • Arslan SS, Ilgaz F, Demir N, Karaduman AA. (2018). The effect of the inability to intake chewable food texture on growth, dietary intake and feeding behaviors of children with cerebral palsy. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 30, 205-14.
  • Brody J, Webber L. (1994). Let’s eat: Feeding a child with a visual impairment. Blind Children’s Center, Los Angeles, CA, 10-2.
  • Budman I, Meiri G, Ilan M, Faroy M, Langer A, Reboh D, Michaelovski A, Flusser H, Menashe I, Donchin O, Dinstein I. (2019). Quantifying the social symptoms of autism using motion capture. Erişim Tarihi: 11.12.2020, www.nature.com/scientificreports.
  • Cakmak S. (2014). Helping visually impaired children acqouire self-care skills through modeling: The effectiveness of a training program for mothers using videos. International Research Journal of Human Resources and Social Sciences, 1 (2), 136-50.
  • Caroli M, Mele RM, Tomaselli MA, Cammisa M, Longo F, Attolini E. (2012). Complementary feeding patterns in europe with a special focus on Italy. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 22 (10), 813-8.
  • Cavkaytar, A., Diken, İH. (2012) Özel Eğitim 1. Özel Eğitim ve Özel Eğitim Gerektirenler. 1. Baskı, Ankara, Vize Basın Yayın, s. 8.
  • Conk, Z., Başbakkal, Z., Yardımcı, F. (2013). Çocuk sağlığına genel bakış. Conk Z, Başbakkal Z, Yılmaz HB, Bolışık B, editörler. Pediatri Hemşireliği. Ankara: Akademisyen Tıp Kitabevi, s. 1-48.
  • Cook EJ, Powell FC, Ali N, Penn-Jones C, Ochieng B, Randhawa G. (2020). Parents’ experiences of complementary feeding among a United Kingdom culturally diverse and deprived community. Maternal&Child Nutrition, 1-14.
  • Darıca, N., Abidoğlu, Ü., Gümüşcü, Ş. (2011) Otizm ve Otistik Çocuklar. 5. Baskı, İstanbul, Özgür Yayınları, s.145-62. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ). (2011). Dünya Engellilik Raporu. Erişim tarihi: 20.12.2020, http://static.ohu.edu.tr/uniweb/media/portallar/engelsizuniversite/duyurular/1345/diwnu3i5.pdf
  • Emond A, Emmett P, Steer C, Golding J. (2010). Feeding symptoms, dietary patterns, and growth in young children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics, 126 (2), 337-42.
  • Fernández JMMdZ, Arnal IR, Segura JLP, Romero RG, Martínez GR. (2020). Nutritional status of a population with moderate-severe cerebral palsy: Beyond the weight. Annals of Pediatrics, 92, 192-9.
  • Galloway AT, Lee Y, Brich LL. (2003). Predictors and consequences of food neophobia and pickiness in young girls. Journal of The American Dietetic Association, 103 (6), 692-8.
  • Gotlieb CA, Moenner M, Cappa C, Darken MS. (2009). Child disability screening, nutrition, and early learning in 18 countries with low and middle incomes: data from the third round of UNICEF’s Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2005–06). Lancet, 374, 1831-9.
  • Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü. (2019). Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması (TNSA) 2018. Erişim tarihi: 18.12.2020, www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/tnsa2018/rapor/TNSA2018_ana_Rapor.pdf
  • Hasewaga M, Tomiwa K, Higashiyama Y, Kawaguchi C, Kin H, Kubota M, Shima M, Nogami K. (2020). Risk factors of malnutrition in children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities. Brain&Development, 42, 738-46.
  • Kamini D, Amrita K, Preeti C-G, Sadhana J. (2020). Breast milk components and neuro-development of children. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 11 (8), 32-7.
  • Kerr RB, Dakishoni L, Shumba L, Msachi R, Chirwa M. (2008). “We grandmothers know plenty”: Breastfeeding, complementary feeding and the multifaceted role of grandmothers in Malawi. Social Science&Medicine, 66 (5), 1095-105.
  • Kim J, Lee I, Lim S. (2017). Overweight or obesity in children aged 0 to 6 and the risk of adult metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26, 3869-80.
  • Kittisakmontri K, Fewtrell M, Roekworachai K. (2019). Complementary feeding: Attitudes, knowledge and practices of urban families in northern Thailand. Nutrition & Dietetics Journal of Dietitians Australia, 76 (1), 57-66.
  • Köroğlu, E. (2015) Ruhsal Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal El Kitabı (DSM-5). 5. Baskı, Ankara, Hekimler Yayın Birliği, s: 1-1200.
  • Levent, F. (2014) Üstün Yetenekli Çocukları Anlamak. Üstün Yetenekli Çocuklar Sarmalında Aile, Eğitim Sistemi ve Toplum. 3. Baskı, Ankara, Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, s. 35-6.
  • Maulik PK, Darmstadt GL. (2007). Childhood disability in low- and middle-income countries: Overview of screening, prevention, services, legislation and epidemiology. Pediatrics, 120 (Ek-1), 1-55.
  • Nagayoshi M, Hirose T, Toju K, Suzuki S, Okamitsu M, Teramoto T, Omori T, Kawamura A, Takeo N. (2017). Related visual impairment to mother-infant interaction and develop-mant in infants with bilateral retinoblastoma. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 28, 28-34.
  • Oktar Ö, Coşkun AM, Bostancı S. (2018). Anne sütü mucize olmaya devam ediyor. Turkiye Klinikleri, 10 (3): 228-37.
  • Patro-Gołąb B, Zalewski BM, Kołodziej M, Kouwenhoven S, Poston L, Godfrey KM, Koletzko B, van Goudoever JB, Szajewska H. (2016). Nutritional interventions or exposures in infants and children aged up to 3 years and their effects on subsequent risk of overweight, obesity and body fat: a systematic review of systematic reviews. Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 17 (12), 1245-57.
  • Perry RA, Mallan KM, Too J, Mauch CE, Daniels LA, Magarey AM. (2015). Food neo-phobia and its association with diet quality and weight in children aged 24 months: A cross sectional study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12 (13), 1-8.
  • Remijn L, Costa S, Bodde C, Gerding R, Weenen H, Vereijken C, Schans C. (2019). Hand motor skills affect the intake of finger foods in toddlers (12-18 months). Food Quality And Preference, 74, 142-6.
  • Sarıca AD, Akcamete AG, Gurgur H. (2015). A mother-child interaction intervention for Turkish mothers of toddlers with visual impairments. International Journal Of Early Childhood Special Education, 7 (1), 151-69.
  • Seiverling L, Williams KE, Hendy HM, Adams W, Yusupova S, Kaczor A. (2019). Sensory Eating Problems Scale (SEPS) for children: Psychometrics and associations with meal-time problems behaviors. Appetite, 133, 223-30.
  • Shim JE, Kim J, Mathai RA, Team SKR. (2011). Associations of infant feeding practices and picky eating behaviors of preschool children. Journal of The American Dietetic Association, 111, 1363-8.
  • Tang L, Lee AH, Binns CW. (2015). Predictors of early introduction of complementary feeding: Longitudinal study. Official Journal of The Japan Pediatric Society, 57 (1), 126-30.
  • Tercan H, Bayhan P. (2020). Erken müdahale kapsamında taranan 0-72 aylık çocuklarda gelişimsel gecikmelerin dağılımı. Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12 (22), 25-37.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı, Engelli ve Yaşlı Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü. Engelli ve Yaşlı İstatistik Bülteni Mart 2020. Erişim tarihi: 15.11.2020, https://www.ailevecalisma.gov.tr/media/42250/istatistik-bulteni-2020-mart.pdf
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2020). İstatistiklerle Çocuk 2019. Erişim tarihi: 17.12.2020, https://tuikweb.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=33733#:~:text=Türkiyr%20İstatistik%Kuru-mu%2C%20İstatistiklerle%20Çocuk%2C%202019&text=Adrese%20Dayalı%20Nüfus%20Kayıt%20Sistemi,bin%20798%27ini%20çocuklar%20oluşturdu.
  • Udall JN. (2007). Infant feeding: Initiation, problems, approaches. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care, 37, 374-99.
  • UNICEF. (2005). The State of The World’s Children 2006. Excluded and Invisible. Erişim tarihi: 12.12.2020, http: //www.unicef.org/sowc/archive/ENGLISH/The%20State%20of%20the%20World%27s%20Children%202006.pdf
  • UNICEF. (2013). The State of The World’s Children 2013. Children with Disabilities. Erişim tarihi: 23.12.2020, https://www.unicef.org/sowc2013/report.html
  • UNICEF. (2019). The State of The World’s Children 2019. Children, Food and Nutrition Growing Well in a Changing World. Erişim tarihi: 18.12.2020, https://www.unicef.org/media/60806/file/SOWC-2019.pdf
  • van den Engel-Hoek L, Hulst KCM, Gerven MHJC, Haaften L, Groot SAF. (2014). Development of oral motor behavior related to the skill assisted spoon feeding. Infant Behavior&Development, 37, 187-91.
  • van den Engel-Hoek L, de Groot IJ, de Swart BJ, Erasmus CE. (2015). Feeding and swallowing disorders in pediatric neuromuscular diseases: An overview. Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases, 2 (4), 357-69.
  • Yazev KG, Desta AA. (2021). Determinants for inappropriate initiation of complementary feeding to children aged 6–24 months in Gondar Health Centers, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 14, 100274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2020.100274
  • Yıldırım Sarı, H. (2013). Engelli çocukların hemşirelik bakımı. Conk Z, Başbakkal Z, Yılmaz HB, Bolışık B, editörler. Pediatri Hemşireliği. Ankara: Akademisyen Tıp Kitabevi, s. 869-77.
  • Yıldırım Sarı H. (2019). Özel gereksinimi olan çocuklarda aile merkezli bakım. Geçkil E. editör. Pediatri Hemşireliğinde Aile Merkezli Bakım. Türkiye Klinikleri, 1, 38-43.
  • Yılmazbaş P, Gökçay G. (2018). Çocukluk çağı obezitesi ve önlenmesi. Çocuk Dergisi, 1 (3), 103-12.
  • Yoldaş K, Yılmazer Y. (2021). Down sendromlu bireylerde beslenme. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, (23), 617-26.
  • Yumuşakoğlu Y. (2019). Serebral palside beslenme problemleri. İçağasıoğlu A. editör. Serebral Palsiye Multidisipliner Yaklaşım. Türkiye Klinikleri, 1, 34-7.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2007). International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: Children and Youth Version: ICF-CY. World Health Organization. Erişim tarihi: 18.12.2020, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43737/9789241547321_eng.pdf?sequence=1
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2010). Measuring Health and Disability Manual for WHO Disability Assessment Schedule WHODAS 2.0. Erişim tarihi: 18.12.2020, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitsream/handle/10665/43974/9789241547598_eng.pdf?sequence=1
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hemşirelik
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Gülşah Hür 0000-0002-1905-4135

Nursan Çınar 0000-0003-3151-9975

Yayımlanma Tarihi 8 Eylül 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Ocak 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Hür, G., & Çınar, N. (2021). Özel Gereksinimi Olan Çocuklar ve Tamamlayıcı Beslenme. Ordu Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Çalışmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 287-295. https://doi.org/10.38108/ouhcd.853340